2. Infection
• Infection is the entry &
multiplication of an
infectious agent in the
tissues of the host
• Bacteria, virues, fungus
etc…
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3. Infection
• One of the leading causes of preventable
death in hospital
• CDC estimates approx. 2 million
preventable infections in hospital
• Importance of keeping hospitals clean
and infection free is greater now than
ever.
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4. Types of infections :-
• Primary & Secondary
• Local & Systemic
• Acute & Chronic
• Nosocomial
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5. Who is at Risk of Infection??
Health care personals
Clients
Community
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6. Chain of Infection
In order for infection to
spread, several steps (chain
of infection) must occur. An
infection will develop only if
this chain remains intact.
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9. Include entire spectrum of microbes
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
INFECTIOUS AGENT
BREAKING THE CHAIN-1 OF INFECTION
10. Routinely send Blood cultures, urine culture , skin
swabs, throat swabs, tracheal aspirate cultures.
Send Endotracheal Tube tip, Urinary catheter tip and
central line tip for culture after removal.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 1 Cont…..
11. • Proper cleaning by water and mechanical
action with or without detergents.
• Disinfection
• Sterilization of contaminated objects.
Sterilization and disinfection are physical
processes, involving the use of heat, radiation,
chemical processes, etc., which use various
solutions or gases.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 1 Cont…..
13. Regular Cleaning and Disinfection of
• Bed Trolleys
• I.V stands
• Table & Chairs
• Resuscitation equipments
• Suction Apparatus
• Ventilator tubings
• Leads
•Infusion Pumps
•Floor
•Windows
•Walls
•Ceiling
•Wash Basins
•Drums for Biomedical Waste
BREAKING THE CHAIN 1 Cont…..
14. For Sterilized Items:
Store at dry & clean place.
Put date of sterilization.
Use within 72 hrs of sterilization.
Check date before use.
Put indicator tape.
Follow manufacturer’s advice for particular piece of
equipment & their preferable method of sterilization.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
15. BREAKING THE CHAIN-2 OF INFECTION
RESERVOIRS
It includes:
Humans
Animals
The inanimate environment
(water, food, soil and soiled medical equipment)
16. EMPLOYEE HEALTH
Immunization of health personnel’s e.g. Hepatitis B
vaccination.
Regular check up for early detection of any
communicable disease
Restriction from work of patient contact when infected
with communicable disease.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
17. • Cleaning with hospital approved cleaner disinfectant e.g.
phenol.
• Thorough cleaning of bed and bedside equipments before
admitting new admission.
• Separate mops should be used for cleaning of the unit. (twice a
day)
• Damp dusting should be done.
• Avoid Brooming.
• Drains should be patent.
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
18. • Keep the bed sheets dry and clean.
• Change sheets every day.
• Do not shake blankets and linen in ICU area.
• Do not throw them on floor.
• Soiled linen counting should be done in separate
place.
HANDLING OF LINEN
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
19. • Traffic should be restricted except for doctors, nurses
& supportive staff.
• Allow only one attendant.(3-4hrs).
• Keep the doors and windows closed.
• Instruct the attendants about hand washing, disposal
of waste , hygienic preparation of baby’s feed etc.
TRAFFIC CONTROL
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
20. • No personal clothing, flowers and eatables
should be allowed.
• Mobile phones should not be allowed inside
the area.
• Machines(X-Rays ,echo machines ,ultrasound
machines) from outside should be cleaned with
spirit before their use.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
21. • Measures to be taken to avoid their entry into the unit
i.e. by proper cleaning, sealing & draining.
• Patient diet should be kept in covered containers.
• Keep fly flappers on each bedside of patient.
• Fly trapper should be in working order.
• Pesticides sprays should be used weekly.
PEST CONTROL
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
22. • Use of safe drinking water-Purified
• Use of Distilled water for Humidifiers
WATER
BREAKING THE CHAIN 2 Cont…..
24. BREAKING THE CHAIN 3 Contd..
• Practise aseptic precautions.
• Avoid talking directly into the client’s face to
prevent droplet infections.
• Wearing of masks is important once the nurse
herself has infection or deals with clients
suffering from infections.
• Careful handling of wastes like urine, faeces,
emesis and blood is important.
• Disposable gloves should be worn to prevent
direct contact with wastes or infected materials.
27. • Airborne precautions
• Well ventilated, private room with door closed,
should be there for patient with respiratory bacterial or
viral infection.
• Place client in a private room that has negative air
pressure 6-12 air changes per hour.
• Wear masks when entering the room of a client who
is known or suspected of having primary tuberculosis.
• Susceptible people should not enter the room of a
client who has measles or chickenpox. If they must
enter they should wear a respirator.
• Limit movement of client outside the room to
essential purposes.
28. • To be followed in case of Meningitis,
Diphtheria, pertusis, and influenza etc., mumps
• Place client in private room.
• If a private room is not available, place client
with another client who is infected with same
organism.
• Wear a mask if working within 3 feet of the
client.
• Limit movement of client outside the room to
essential purposes. Place surgical mask during
transport.
29. To be followed in case of cellulitis, acute diarrhea, bronchiolitis
etc.
• Place client in private room.
• Wear gloves, Remove gloves before leaving client
room.
• Clean hands immediately after removing gloves. Use
antimicrobial agent.
• Wear gown when entering room if there is a
possibility of contact with infected surfaces or items
or if the client is incontinent or has diarrhoea,
colostomy or wound drainage not covered by a
dressing.
• Remove gown in the client’s room.
30. • Proper Hand washing.
• Separate utensils for each patient.
• Store in air tight containers .
• Separate refrigerator for food.
FOOD HANDLING
BREAKING THE CHAIN 4 Cont…..
31. 1. Primary contamination from improper
sterilizing/packaging procedure.
2. Secondary contamination when fluid
additives from contaminated multi dose
containers are used.
3. Breaks in aseptic tech. most likely at
connection in system.
4. Blood withdrawal through 3-way stop cock
leaves residual blood in system providing
medium for bacterial growth.
5. Flushing a blocked or malfunctioning I.V.
Line may lead to contamination.
6. Prolonged use of site may result in
phlebitis, septicemia
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2
2
3
4
4
5
6
BREAKING THE CHAIN 4 Cont…..
32. DRUGS AND I.V.FLUID THERAPY
• Aseptic Technique while catheter insertion.
• Use of disposable syringes.
• Meticulous cleaning of I.V puncture with
spirit.(3swab method)
• Secure I.V. lines, well cover them with sterile pad.
• Change I.V. site q48hrly or on indication.
• Change of Administration sets-72 hrs
Lipid based solutions-24 hrs
Blood products-discard after use
• Keep them labeled with date and drug name.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 4 Cont…..
34. •Maintain integrity of skin and mucous membranes.
•Proper positioning of tubings, etc. may prevent injuries
and skin breakdown.
•Turning and positioning of debilitated clients
•Ensure personal hygiene of clients regularly.
•Dispose of contaminated syringes and needles properly
to prevent accidental injuries to hospital personnel as
well as clients.
•Proper handling of catheters, drainage sets etc. is
essential.
•Care should be taken while collecting and handling
specimens.
•Regular wound care is to be instituted properly to
prevent infection.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 5 Cont…..
37. Protecting normal defence mechanisms by:
• The appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics
• Maintaining an adequate intake.
• Care of invasive devices that breach the natural
defences. ( e.g. urinary catheter, intravenous
lines)
• Encouraging deep breathing and coughing
exercises.
• Encouraging proper immunization of children
and adult clients.
BREAKING THE CHAIN 6 Cont…..
38. • Promotion of intake of a well balanced diet
containing essential proteins, vitamins, fats and
carbohydrates.
• Institution of measures to improve appetite of
the patient.
• Promotion of the client’s comfort and sleep.
• Helping the client to identify method to relieve
stress
BREAKING THE CHAIN 6 Cont…..
43. • There are three kinds of handwashing used in
the clinical setting, each of which is appropriate
in different situations:
1.Handwashing with plain soap and running
water
2. Handwashing with antiseptic soap and
running water
3.Alcohol handrub
45. Mask :
Maskshould be changedafter
20-30 minutes/ if it becomes
moist
Maskshould not be reused
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46. Disposing of contaminated
equipments:
Decontamination to make
items safer to handle
Cleaning to remove those
materials interfering with
sterilization
Sterilization to minimize risk of
infection
Store items properly for further
use
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48. Aseptic technique
Practices that help reduce the risk of post
procedure infections in clients by
decreasing the likelihood that
microorganisms will enter the body during
clinical procedures
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49. COMPONENTS :
• Surgical scrub
• Using barriers
• Client preparation
• Maintaining a sterile field
• Using safe operative
technique
• Maintaining a safer
environment in the
surgical/procedure area
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50. Surgical scrub
Helpprevent this rapid growth of
microorganisms
Willreduce the riskof infections
• Warm water makes antiseptics and soap
workmore effectively
• Scrubbing for at least 3-5 minutes.
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51. Surgical attire
acts as a barrier that protects clients from
exposure to microorganisms that could cause
infections include:
• Surgical Gloves
• Caps
• Masks
• Gowns
• Footwear
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52. Client prep for clinical procedures
• Clean with soap & water
• Apply antiseptic & gently
scrub in circular motion
• Before giving injection, wipe
with antiseptic solution
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53. Creating and maintaining a
sterile field
A sterile field is an area created by
placing sterile towels or surgical drapes
around the procedure site and on the
stand that will hold sterile instruments
and other items needed during the
procedure.
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54. To maintain the sterile field:
• Place sterile items within the sterile field.
• Do not contaminate sterile items when
opening, dispensing, or transferring them.
• Consider items located below the level of the
draped client to be unsterile.
• Do not allow sterile personnel to reach across
unsterile areas or to touch unsterile items.
• Recognize that a sterile barrier that has been
wet, cut, or torn is considered contaminated.
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55. Using safe operative technique
• Makingsmallincisions
• Avoiding traumato tissue and
surrounding structures
• Controllingbleeding
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56. Maintaining a safer environment in the
surgical/procedure area
• Limitthe number of people who enter surgicalareas.
• wear cleanclothes, a mask, a cap, and sturdy footwear.
• Enclosethe areas to minimizedust and eliminateinsects.
• Air-conditionthe room, if possible.
• Beforea new clientis brought into theroom, clean and
disinfectall surfaces
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57. Control of Hospital Associated
infections
The hospital-Associated infection Control Committee
should be responsible for:
• monitoring of HAI
• implementation of
control measures
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58. ISOLATION SYSTEM
Isolation or barrier nursing is technique which is
intended to confine the micro- organisms within a given
and recognizedarea.
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59. Universal precautions by
Occupational Safety & Health
Administration
• Disease Specific isolation method: certain
practices are followed for each infectious
disease.
• Client specific isolation: grouped into
following categories
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60. A. STRICT ISOLATION:
Prevents transmission of highly contagious
infections by air & contact like rabies
Gowns, plastic aprons, masks, and gloves
should be worn.
Crockery & cutlery should be disposable.
All other clinical equipment should be
sterilized.
Hospital staff and visitors should be made
aware of the risks when attending such
patients.
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61. B. CONTACT ISOLATION
• Prevents transmission of infections spread
by close/ direct contact
• Private room
• Hand washing
• Wearing gown & Gloves while caring etc
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62. C. Respiratory isolation
• Prevents transmission of highlytransmissible infections
spread by close contacts incase of respiratory diseases or
infectionspread by droplet infectione.g. Swineflu,
influenza,T.B. etc.
• Wear gowns, gloves & masks before touching in caseof
drooling.
• Restrict numbers of visitors
• Patients advised to cover nose andmouth during
coughing, talking, sneezingetc.
• Keepreasonable distancefrom the patients
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63. D. Enteric isolation
• Prevents infectiontransmission by direct orindirect
contact with faeces.
• Gloves andgown worn when handling soiled articles.
• Thorough hand washingby patients and nurses with
antiseptic soaps.
• Scrubnailbeds.
• Disinfectionof soiled linen.
• Ensuredaily cleaningand disinfectionof articles
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64. E. Wound and skin isolation
• Prevents infectiontransmitted by direct or indirect
contact with purulent materialor drainage from an
infected body site.
• Use gown andgloves.
• Strict isolationfor patients with infected burns, rabies,
tetanus, scabies
• Frequent and thorough hand washing.
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65. ROLE OF THE NURSE
In controlling Infections
• Washinghands
• Adhering to aseptic techniques
• Segregate contaminated articles
• Isolationof infected material
• Periodical screening &immunization
• Surveillanceof nosocomial infections
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66. BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
POLICY
• Biomedical waste (management and handling) rules,
1998 are promoted by the ministry of environment and
forest’s, govt. of India, under environment protection act,
1986.
• These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect,
receive, store, transport, treat dispose or handle
biomedicalwaste inany form.
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67. 1.Infectiouswaste : Waste suspected to contain
pathogens e.g. laboratory cultures; waste from
isolation wards; swabs, or equipments that
have been in contact with infected patients;
excreta.
2.Pathologicalwaste: Human tissues or fluids e.g.
body parts; blood and other body fluids; fetuses
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68. 3.Sharps: Sharp waste e.g. needles; infusion
sets; scalpels; knives; blades; broken glass
4. Pharmaceutical waste: Waste containing
pharmaceuticals e.g. pharmaceuticals that
are expired or no longer needed; items
contaminated by or containing
pharmaceuticals ( bottles, boxes)
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69. 5. Genotoxicwaste Waste containing substances with
genotoxic properties e.g. waste containing cytostatic
drugs (often used in cancer therapy);
6. Chemicalwaste: Waste containing chemical substances
e.g. laboratory reagents; film developer; disinfectants
that are expired or no longer needed; solvents
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70. 7. Wastes with high content ofheavy metals:
Batteries; broken thermometers; blood-
pressure gauges; etc.
8. Pressurized containers:Gas cylinders; gas
cartridges; aerosol canes
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71. 9. Radioactive waste: Waste containing radioactive
substances e.g. unused liquids from
radiotherapy or laboratory research;
contaminated glassware, packages, or
absorbent paper; urine and excreta from
patients treated or tested with radionucleides
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