Out come of literature review regarding bamboo textile

1.  Cellulases enhance the effect of pectinase to a certain extent and add
softness to the bamboo fabric.
 Cellulases are multi component systems commonly produced by soil
dwelling fungi & bacteria. This fungi & bacteria produced cellulase to
reduce cellulose to glucose, which is then used as a nutrient.
 Cellulases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of cellulose
to smaller oligosaccharides and finally glucose.
 Hemicellulose is a common name for polysaccharides that can be obtained
by alkaline extraction of the plant tissues. Some of the main
polysaccharides that constitute hemicellulose are xylan, arabinoxylan,
xyloglucan and glucomannan.
 Enzymes that hydrolyze these polysaccharides are called hemicellulases.

2.  Brightening Mordent (Alum)
 Among all types of alum potash alum is cheap, easily
available and safe to use mordant. It usually produces
pale versions of the prevailing dye color in the plant.
 This mordant most frequently used by dyers for protein
(animal) and cellulose fibres and fabrics. It improves
light and wash fastness of all natural dyes and keeps
colors clear.

3. (1) Heena natural dye consists of properties such as
antioxidant , anti-corrosin , anti-inflammatory, analgesic and
antipyretic , anti-parasitic, tuberculostatic , protein glycation
inhibitory , hepatoprotective , anti-tumoral activity.
Colouring component Lawsonia Inermis Plant

4.  (2) Annatto gold is a natural dye obtained from a tropical plant
growing in America. Its seeds are covered by a red resin which
contains a number of carotenoid compounds that constitute the
main coloring agents.
 Bixin is the predominant coloring compound in liposoluble
preparations, and its chemical structure is norbixin ,which can
be obtained by means of bixin saponification, the main coloring
agent in hydro soluble preparations65.
Colouring component Annatto Gold Plant

5.  Turmeric consists of various molecular constituents, including three
gold-colored alkaloidal curcuminoids curcumin; desmethoxy curcumin
& bisdemethoxy curcumin.
• The curcuminoid content, responsible for color, depends upon the
turmeric variety and, within a variety, on the maturity at harvest.
• Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer
activities and thus has a potential against various malignant
diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease.
Curcumin Compound
Turmeric Plant

6.  Microwave
 Microwave has some special properties in material interaction
energy transfer which makes it useful in processing different
types of material.
 Microwave energy is delivered directly to the material through
molecular interaction with the electromagnetic field the
conventional heating results temperature gradient along the
thickness direction but microwaves can penetrate and supply
energy throughout the material and heat the material
 uniformly so that it can
be called as a volumetric heating process.

7.  Natural Finishing Agent
 Aloe Vera Plant
Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbandensis Miller) is a tropical succulent
plant of liliaceous family. It is a natural plant that has anti-
microbial activity against various micro-organisms.
Aloe vera possesses Aloin, Lupeol, salicylic acid, urea
nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols, acemannan and, sulfur
which can act as antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial
properties, so, it can be exploited for medical textile
applications, such as wound dressing, suture bioactive
textiles, etc..


8.  Gel is a thin, clear, jellylike substance that can scrap
from the leaf. The parenchyma tissue produces the
gel. Gel contains 99% water and rest occupies most
of the part by polysaccharides and active compounds.
Aloin is yellow-brown compound at levels from 0.1 to
0.66 % of leaf dry present in cells adjacent to the rind
of the leaf in gel.
Aloe Vera Gel

9.  Requirement of Antimicrobial Finish on Bamboo
Textiles
 Microbes
 The human skin is usually crowded with innumerable microbes.
In favorable conditions certain bacteria can grow from a single
germ to million in a very short period of time. They can double
every 20 to 30 minutes in a warm and moist micro climate that
has plenty of food for them, e.g. perspiration and other body
secretion, skin particles, fats and leftovers from worn out
threads.
Microbial Infection on Skin

10.  Antimicrobials
 The term antimicrobial refers to a broad range of technologies that provide
varying degrees of protection for products and buildings against microbes.
Antimicrobials are very different in their chemical nature, mode of action,
impact on people and the environment, in-plant-handling characteristics,
durability on various substrates, costs, and how they interact with good and
bad microbes. The use of natural source aloe vera gel as antimicrobials
because of it is an eco-friendly, least toxicity, Suitability for next-to-skin
innerwear, Safe handling and produced antimicrobial properties on textile.
 Components in Aloe Vera Gel Responsible for Antimicrobial Activity
Polysaccharide Acemannan
Barbaloin

11. PLAN OF WORK
Procurement of bamboo textiles (fabric and fiber)
Procurement of enzymes and chemicals
Procurement of natural dye and aloe vera
Conventional Pretreatment at various parameters
Enzymatic pretreatment with different enzymes at various parameters
Predyeing special treatment
Extraction of natural dyes
Dyeing with natural dyes
Extraction of natural finishing agent
Finishing with natural finishing agent
Analytical testing
Analysis of Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)
Evaluation of dyeability
Analysis of fastness properties
Assesment of antibecterial finish
Structural analysis

12.  MATERIALS
 FABRIC
Specifications of Grey Fabric

 FIBRE
 Grey fiber made from 100% bamboo used in the present study obtained from
local supplier in India.
Specification Values
Warp Count (‘S) 4s
Weft Count (‘S) 4S
Ends/ Inch 54
Picks/ Inch 50
Weight (gms/
square meter)
130.46
Weave Plain

13. Materials cont............
CHEMICALS
 All the chemicals used in present study were laboratory reagent; the chemicals
are listed as under in the table
List of Used Chemicals and Suppliers
Sr. No. Name of chemical Molecular
Formula
Molecular Weight
(g/mol)
Supplier name
1 Acetic Acid CH₃COOH 60 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
2 Aceton 100% CH3COCH3 58.08 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
3 Ammonium Oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 110 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
4 Benzene C6H6 78 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
5 Sodium hydroxide NaOH 40 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
6 Common salt NaCl 58.5 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
7 Ethanol C2H5OH 46 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
8 Glauber Salt Na2SO4 142 Suvidhinath
Laboratories

14. Sr. No. Name of chemical Molecular Formula Molecular Weight
(g/mol)
Supplier name
9 Hydrogen Peroxide
(100vol.)
H2O2 34 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
10 Methanol CH3OH 32.04 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
11 Lissapol N ------ ----- Suvidhinath
Laboratories
12 Iodine I2 126.90 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
13 Potassium Iodide KI 166 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
14 Soda Ash Na2CO3 106 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
15 Sodium Acetate CH3COONa 82 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
16 Sodium Bisulphite NaHSO3 120 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
17 Sodium Chlorite NaClO2 90.5 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
18 Sodium Silicate Na2SiO3 108 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
19 Citric Acid C6H8O7 192.124 Suvidhinath
Laboratories
20 Potassium KAl(SO4)2·12H2O 258.205 Suvidhinath

15.  Three different types of enzymes coded A, B & C used in
present study are listed in table
 Details of Enzymes Used
Code Trade
Name
Acts On Optimum
Conditions
Activity
(u/g)
Obtaine
d From
A BGLU Hemicellulos
e & Pectin
Temp.50 ͦ C
& pH 5
75000 Rossari
Biotech,
Banglore
B BIO-
SOFT
Cellulase Temp. 55 ͦ C
& pH 5-5.5
25000 Rossari
Biotech,
Banglore
C PALCOS
-COUR
Fat,wax,pecti
n& lignin
Temp.50- 55 ͦ
C
& pH 5-5.5
120000 Maps(India)
Ltd.

16.  NATURAL DYES
 Two different types of natural dyes used in present study obtained from local
supplier in India. Which are listed in table
 Details of Natural Dye Used
Dye
name
Binomial
name
Powder
color
Extract
from
Structure Molecular
Weight
(g/mol)
Henna Lawsonia
inermis
Green Mature
leaves
174.15
Turmeric Curcuma
longa
Yellow Roots 368.38

17.  NATURAL FINISHING AGENT
 We used natural finishing agent in present study are obtained from local
supplier in India. Which are listed in table
 Details of Natural Finishing Agent
Natural
finishing
agent
Binomial
name
Gel
color
Active
compou
nd
Structure Molecular
Weight
Aloe
Vera gel
Aloe
barbandensis
miller
White
Transparent
Barbaloin 418.39

18. Extraction of dye from henna leaves dried
powder (Alkalization process)
100 g dried leaves powder sample was taken
in saturated Na2CO3 solution for 24 hours at
pH 8.5-9.2 at room temperature.
The solution
becomes reddish orange color.
Then percolated
with Na2CO3 solutions until all of the
color has been removed and then filter
again.
REFRENCE:- M.M Alam,M.L.Rahman and M.Z.Haque.ʽʽExtraction of heena leaf dye & it’
effects on textile fibre. Bangladesh J. Sci.Ind.Res.2007;42(2):217-222.

19. 100 g dried roots sample was
taken & curshed
crushed turmeric
powder, dissolved in distilled
water
subjected to stirring
at 100°C for 40 minutes & filtrate
& dry the pigment of dye
REFRENCE:- Umbreen saima, Ali shaukat, Hussai Tanveer and Nawaz
Rakhshanda.ʽʽDyeing properties of natural dyes extracted from turmeric & their
comparison with reactive dyeing.RJTA.2008;12:4.

20. Collect the mature leaves of aloe vera form plant.
Washed them with luke warm water.
Aloe vera gel was collected from leaves and stored
in glass vessel.
It was dried in oven for two days at 70 ̊C and then
powdered.
The powder was then subjected to soxhlet extraction
using methanol for 12 hrs at 70 ̊C
The extract was used for application.
Reference:- Jeyakodi Moses J and Mariyam Adnan. “Effect of Antibacterial Finishing On Silk/Lyocell Fabric Using Aloe Vera Extract”. Asian Dyer.
July2013; 49 To 53

21.  PHYSICAL TESTING METHODS
 Ends and Picks Per Inch
 Warp and Weft Count
 Denier = Weight of 9000 meters of yarns
 In present experiment 5 meters sample is taken, say weight of this sample is ‘W’
grams.
 Therefore, Denier (D) of sample = 9000×˝Wˮ = 1800 “W”
 5
 From the value of ‘D’, Count is calculated using formula
 Count C = 5315
D
Weight per Unit Area
1 square meter = 1000 square cms. Weight of 100 sq. cms sample determined is say ‘W’
grams
The size of sample is 10 x 10 cms Weight per unit area of fabric = 100xW grams per
square meter
Therefore, Area of sample = 100 square cms.
Pick Glass

22.  Fabric samples are used to analyze for its chemical composition using
 standard A. J. Turner & Dowry scheme method.
 (A) Water Soluble
A sample of about 1 gm was cut & conditioned at room temperature for 24 hours. The
weight of conditioned sample was measured accurately on electronic weighing
balance. Say this is initial weight W1gms.
This sample was then extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with water (30: 1 liquor ratio) for 5
hours at boil. After extraction sample was removed, dried in oven at 100 ͦC for 1 hour.
Then conditioned for 24 hours at room temperature. The sample was then weighted
accurately on electronic weighing balance. Say this is final weight W2grams.
The amount of water soluble present in the sample = (W1-W2) grams
Therefore % of water soluble present = (W1-W2) x 100
W1

23.  (B) Pectic Matter
Sample after (A) was boiled in 1% ammonium oxalate in Soxhlet apparatus for 1
hour, and then washed thoroughly with distilled water to make it free from oxalate.
Dried & conditioned for 24 hours & weighed accurately on electronic weighing
balance (Say this weight is W3 grams).
Percentage of pectic matter present in the sample was calculated as follows,
Weight with pectic matter = W2 grams
Weight after removal of pectic matter = W3 grams
Quantity of pectic matter present = (W3-W2) grams
% pectic matter present = (W3-W2) x 100
W1
Where W1 is initial weight of sample at the beginning of chemical analysis.

24.  ( C )Hemicellulose
Sample after removal of
pectic matter was used for
estimation of hemicellulose.
For hemicellulose estimation the
sample was extracted by boiling
with 2% NaoH for 1 hour in Soxhlet
apparatues.
After extraction, the sample was
washed, dried & conditioned for 24
hours & weighted accurately. The %
Hemicellulose present in fabric
sample was calculated as follows,

25.  Hemicellulose conti………
Weight before hemicelluloses removal = W3gms
Weight after hemicelluloses removal = W4gms
Quantity of hemicellulose present = (W4-W3)
grams
% Hemicellulose present = W4 –W3 x100
W1
Where W1 is initial weight of sample at
the beginning of chemical analysis

26.  (D) Lignin
1
• Delignification of sample (after removal of hemicelluloses) was
carried out to estimate the quantity of lignin present in the fabric.
Solution of 0.7% NaClO2 was prepared & pH adjusted to 4 by addition
of acetic acid.
2
• Sample having weight W4 grams was reflux in this solution for 2 hours
in Soxhlet apparatus keeping 50:1 liquor ratio. After reflux sample was
washed in 750ml distilled water, then with 250ml of 2 percent NaHSO3,
then with 1000ml water, dried at 105 ͦC, then conditioned for 24 hours.
3
• After then (removal of lignin) sample was weighted on electronic
balance (say W5 grams).The % lignin present in the sample was the
determined as follows,
4
• Weight before lignin in removal = W4 grams
• Weight after lignin removal = W5 grams
• Quantity of lignin present = (W5-W4) grams
• % Lignin present in the sample = (W5-W4) x 100
W1

27.  (E) Cellulose