Result & Discussion

1.  Chemical components of lignin, waxes and pectins and
carbohydrate content is contributing in UV blocking and
pretreatment, produced shrinkage it make fabric structure is
built more denser so UV rays % transmission is decreased.
 UPF value is higher in special treatment compare to
conventional and enzymatic pretreatment because of cellulase
enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose compound so the etching of
fabric surface. After etching the surface area also increases so
the dye penetration on the fiber increased and UPF value also
increases.
 The dyed sample was finished with aloe vera extract the UPF
value increased because of aloe vera extract contain vitamins
(A,C,B12), metals, sugars compounds which decreased UV
transmission

2.  STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS
Grey fabric Conventionally pretreated Enzymatically pretreated
SEM Image of Various Bamboo Fabric Sample at 100X
Magnification

3.  Surface morphology of various samples was compared at
same magnification (100X) in SEM image of grey fabric
sample indicates accumulation of impurities. SEM image of
conventionally pretreated sample reveals the removal of
impurities to some extent. Which is well comparable with the
SEM image of enzyme pretreated sample. In addition to this
SEM image of enzyme pretreated sample is clearer and some
cracks and cavities are observed. The cracks and cavities are
observed because of cellulase enzyme effects on surface of
fibre and bring about hydrolysis of cellulose

4. Grey fabric Conventionally pretreated Enzymatically pretreated
SEM Image of Various Bamboo Fabric Sample at 1000 X
Magnification
At higher magnification i.e. 1000X the finding become more clear.
Similar behavior of finding are observed at 1000X magnifical as that
of 100X.

5.  INFRA-RED ANALYSIS
 Was carried out in the region of 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1 and
the spectra are shown in figure. These spectra were analyzed
based on band assignment and interpretations of these
results
 Bamboo contains hemicelluloses, pectin, lignin etc. in
various compositions along with cellulose. The chemical
structure of these components has been given earlier.
 The intensities and value of IR peaks at different stages
indicate that absence and reduction of these components in
the treated bamboo fibre.

6. 40060080010001200140016001800200024002800320036004000
1/cm
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
%T
(A) IR Spectra of Untreated Bamboo Fibre

7. 40060080010001200140016001800200024002800320036004000
1/cm
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
%T
(B) IR Spectra of Conventional PretreatedBamboo
Fibre

8. 40060080010001200140016001800200024002800320036004000
1/cm
15
22.5
30
37.5
45
52.5
60
67.5
%T
(C) IR Spectra of Enzymatic Pretreated Bamboo Fibre

9.  IR Spectra Peaks of Various Samples
Approximate position of
bands (cm-1)
Relative
intensity of
sample no.
Interpretation
1 2 3
3200-3600 SB SB MB Hydrogen bonded OH stretching
vibration
2900-3100 SN SN WN -CH stretching vibration
1700-2600 SN MN WN Adsorbed water
1282-1319 SN SN MN -CH bending
1000-1200 WB SB WB -OH in plane bending
895-984 SB MN WN -CO stretching
750-620 WN MN MN -OH out of plane bending
Note: SB:- Strong and broad, SN:- Strong and narrow, MB:- Medium and broad, MN:-
Medium and narrow, WB:- Weak and broad, WN:- Weak and narrow
Observation of table it is clearly indicates that the strong broad band around 3200 cm-1 in
the spectra is due to bonded OH stretching. As impurities removed successively, this band
widener and observed at 3250.4 cm-1 and 3000.0 cm-1 as in spectra of fig.C.This may be due
to the reduction in H-bonding capacity due to OH group removal. This indicates some of
the OH group containing components is removed by this treatment and these components
are hemicelluloses and pectin.

10.  The strong and narrow band at 2900.0 cm-1 (fig.A), 2904.5
cm-1 (fig.B) indicates CH stretching vibration.
 The weak and narrow band at 2900.6 cm-1 (fig.C) attributed
to CH2 symmetrical stretching.
 The strong and narrow band at 1752.2 cm-1 in the spectra of
untreated sample is attributed to adsorbed water molecules
that is indicate low water adsorption in spectra of untreated
bamboo fibre With removal of hemicelluloses, pectin and
removal of non cellulosic impurities band become medium
to weak and narrow indicating high water adsorption in
spectra of treated bamboo fibre at 1500cm-1, 1800cm-1 as in
spectra of fig . B and C.

11.  The band near 1319 cm-1 attributed to CH bending, at 1200 cm-1
attributed to OH in plane bending, at 1000 cm-1 attributed to CO
stretching. 700 cm-1 attributed to OH out of plane bending. These
bands becomes weaker with removal of hemicelluloses and other
non cellulosic impurities as seen from the spectra of fig no. B and
C treated sample.
 From this observation of change in intensity and position of
various picks in different samples we can say that the change in a
pick corresponding to a particular component indicates the
change in composition of the particular component. So compare
to grey fabric the position of picks in conventionally as well as
enzymatically pretreated samples indicates the removal of non
cellulosic impurities like hemicelluloses, pectin, lignin, fat and
waxes this is in agreement with the chemical composition analysis
results of these samples. Thus, IR spectroscopy of untreated and
treated sample provide the evidence of change in chemical
composition on treatment.

12.  X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS
 X-ray diffraction is a versatile technique that reveals detailed
information about the crystalline and amorphous region in
the bamboo fabric. X-ray Diffractometer is the instrument
used for analyzing the structure of bamboo fabric from the
scattering pattern produced when a beam of X-rays interacts
with it.
 X- ray diffraction diagram of various samples are shown in
figure (D,E,F). In this entire diffraction pattern a peak from
002 planes is observed.
 The observation indicates that the position of (002) peak is
observed in the region of 22-23 degree (2ᶿ) in all samples.
This confirmed that the similar origin of all samples. I.e.
Bamboo fiber.

13.  X-Ray Diffraction Profile of Various Samples
Sample
code
Fabric
sample
description
Height Width Position of
002 peak (2 ᶿ)
Intensity
of 002
Peak (%)
G Grey 782.45 3.86 23.0175 25.62
C7
Conventionally
pretreated
842.23 3.85 23.03 28.55
E17
Enzymatically
pretreated
738.46 3.89 22.81 29.78
Fig. D X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Grey Fabric Sample

14. Fig. E X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Conventionally Pretreated Fabric Sample
Fig. F X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Enzymatically Pretreated Fabric Sample

15.  The redial intensity of this peak increases in the sample from grey
to enzymatic pretreated and so on with maximum value 29.78% in
fig.F this indicate the progressive removal of some components
from grey sample which riches at maximum in fig. F
(Enzymatically
 Pretreated). This is also confirmed from chemical analysis of these
samples.
 The height and sharpness of (002) peak is increasing from 782,
842 and so on. It reaches maximum value of 842.23 in fig.E
(Conventionally pretreated) indicating the degree of crystallinity
increases to some extent. No significant change in width of this
peak is observed. During the pretreatment of bamboo fabric the
impurities are removed of non cellulosic nature.
 The x-ray diffraction analysis revels that crystallinity increases.
This is in agreement that in non cellulosic impurities are removed
from amorphous region. IR spectroscopy discussed in also
supports these findings.

16.  In this dissertation research work has been carried out on
wet processing of bamboo textiles keeping in consideration
the environment friendly process.
 It has been revealed from literature survey that bamboo is
emerging as green fibre with various excellent features like
anti-bacterial, UV protection, moisture Absorption and Air
Permeability, Natural Health Protection. Wet processing of
bamboo textiles involves use of hazardous chemicals. This
research work emphasized various other possible
alternatives for ecofriendly green processing so that its
green status is preserved.

17.  Chemical composition as analyzed in this study revealed that
bamboo contain 26.6% non-cellulosic constituent which is in
accordant with the reported values in order to convert grey
bamboo textiles into applicable textiles a certain level of non-
cellulosic constituents are remove in pretreatment process
reflecting in weight loss.
 Conventionally pretreatment with caustic soda and hydrogen
peroxide performed at various parameters resulted in weight loss
in the range of 2.80% to 9.76%.
 As a results of this pretreatment change in physical properties,
termed as pretreatment performances, was analyzed. Based on
pretreatment performance the conventional pretreatment was
optimized this revolves that at 2 gpl concentration of NaOH and 9
gpl hydrogen peroxide concentration at temperature 90ºC for 1
hour treatment 6.8% weight loss obtained that gives absorbency
of 1.11 second with whiteness 55.942 units this was consider as
optimum conventional pretreatment.

18.  Pretreatment removes the non-cellulosic to certain extent which
has been confirmed by chemical analysis.
 In optimized conventional pretreatment non-cellulosic reduce
from grey 26.6 to 19.41%. In this study conventional pretreatment
has been succefully replaced by green pretreatment using
enzymes of various activities various combination of enzymes
namely BGLU (Hemicellulase), BIO-SOFT (Cellulase),
PALCOSCOUR ( pectinase) at different pretreatment conditions
resulted in weight loss from 0.822 to 6.84% as a result of removal
of non-cellulosic to different extent thus the optimum weight loss
as achieved in conventional pretreatment can be obtained in
enzymatic pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatment was optimized
with respect to weight loss i.e. 6.86%.
 The pretreatment performance in terms of various physical
properties of optimized enzymatic pretreatment found to be well
comparable with that of conventional pretreatment. Strength of
the enzymatic pretreated sample was given better than that of
conventional pretreated sample.

19.  Optimized samples were specially treated with cellulase and microwave
prior to dyeing and dyed with natural dye namely turmeric and henna.
Dyeability of these samples as analyzed in terms of k/s value.
 The dyability is higher in case of turmeric dye in all optimum samples
because of water solubility and fiber- mordent-dye interaction bond is
stronger in the turmeric dye compare to henna dye. The higher k/s value
obtained in optimum enzyme sample dyed with both natural dyes.
I.e.The k/s value is 6.6920 in case of turmeric dye and 6.3111 in case of
henna dye.K/S value is higher in the enzymatic pretreated sample
because of enzyme treatment decreased the scattering coefficient, thus
increasing K/S values of pretreated samples.
 In addition, attack on the accessible and amorphous areas as well as
crystallite surfaces by the enzymatic action might consequently
developed additional accessible regions to dye thereby enhancing the
dyeability of the pretreated fabrics. Microwave treatment increases k/s
values because of microwave irradiation improve the exhaustion and
promoting the adsorption of dye molecule by slightly damaged on
surface of bamboo fibre.

20.  In order to complete the green processing, the finishing was
also carried out using natural aloe vera. The satisfactory
results were obtained in this era.
 Bamboo is known for its Antimicrobial and UV protection
properties. The antimicrobial assessed in terms of zone of
inhibition for gram positive and gram negative organisms
increased from 5 to 9.20mm in case of conventionally
processed bamboo fabric where as this value reaches
9.60mm for enzymatically treated fabric.
 The samples dyed with turmeric dye found to have
drastically antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial
property is higher in all dyed sample against the gram
positive bacteria Staphylococcusaurues (SA). This means
the special feature antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibre
not only retain but increased during green processing.
Similarly ultraviolet protection factor also improve during
this green processing.

21.  UPF rating of conventionally pretreated fabric was found to be 18
corresponding to good protection category where as in case of
green processed sample this value drastically increased to 45
correspond to excellent protection category, thus, UV protection
factor also found to improve during this green processing.
 Changes take place at micro level as a result of conventional as
well as green processing were analyzed through scanning electron
microscopy, infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The
removals of non-cellulosic in conventional as well as a green
processed sample were confirmed in SEM and IR spectra of these
samples. The change in position of 002 peak in x-ray diffraction
diagram of grey, conventionally pretreated and enzymatically
pretreated samples indicates the progressive removal of some
components from grey bamboo. Which is in agreement with the
chemical analysis of corresponding samples.
 Thus, the object of this work has been successfully achieved by
green processing of bamboo fabric as well as fibre and found to be
well comparable or even better than that of conventional
processing.

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 Hafiz A. Sis-F-EI, Ame.Dye.Rep.1991;80:37.
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 Zhao xue, and He jin-xin.ʽʽImprovement in dyeability of wool fabric
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24.  I wish to express my sincere thanks to,
My guide, Dr. J.N.SHAH , under whose guidance I have
carried out this work. His insight & critical evaluation have
been of great help throughout the work.
Mrs. Laxmi Mehra & Dhirendra Patel in Q.C department of
Arvind mills ltd. Naroda, Ahmedabad; for giving permission for
Work in their QA and R&D lab
 Head, Textile Engg. Dept.; Head, Head, Pharmacy Dept.; Head,
Applied Chemistry Dept; Head, Metallurgical and Materials Engi.
Dept; Head, Chemical Engg. Dept.; for Testing of various
samples.

25.  Prof. (Dr.) D. P. Chattopadhyay, Head, Department of
Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Tech. & Engg. for his co-
operation during this work. I express my special thanks
to the staff of Textile Chemistry Department for their co-
operation during the entire work.
 I wish to express my sincere thanks to, Gmk Exim Pvt
Ltd, Rossari Biotech, Maps India Ltd. for providing
materials for this work.