The document summarizes three Islamic gunpowder empires - the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. All three empires emerged after the Mongol conquests and made extensive use of gunpowder weapons. They had some common elements like nomadic Turkish rulers and influence of Sufism, but also faced common problems as they struggled with the costs of warfare, weak meritocracies, and resistance to new technology. Each empire is then briefly described in terms of its religion, leadership, population, and military.
