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Cell
- 2. Learning Competencies 1.explain the postulates of the cell theory; 2.describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles; 3.distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features; 4.classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each ; and 5.describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair).
- 4. Cell Theory
- 5. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • He had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, he observed the movements of protists and sperm, which he collectively termed “animacules”
- 7. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Leeuwenhoek discovered in 1676 the bacteria by observing on the plaque between his own teeth and repeated this observations on 2 ladies and on two (2) old men who had never cleaned their teeth in their lives. He gained much of his inspiration from reading Hooke’s Micrographia.
- 8. Robert Hooke • He coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.
- 9. Robert Hooke • He used to look at dead cells. He prepared a thin section of cork for viewing. What he saw was the remaining cell wall.
- 10. Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann • They were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. They believed that all living things are composed of one or more cells and cell is the basic unit of life.
- 11. Conclusions by Schwann • The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. • The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms. • Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).
- 12. Rudolf Virchow He is a German physician who found that cells divide to form new cells. He concluded that “omnis cellula e cellula” or cells come from pre- existing cells.
- 13. Cell Theory 1. All living things are structurally made up of cells. 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life. 3. Cells come from the existing cells.
- 14. Timeline 1665 • Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures using cork tissue.. 1676 • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered the animacules 1838-39 • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory. 1858 • Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells..
- 16. Animal Cell
- 18. Nucleus • It is the control center or brain of the cell. It regulates organelle activity within the cell and houses the genetic material of a cell. It contains blueprint of life which holds genetic information for each cell. It also directs the production of proteins.
- 19. Cytoplasm • This houses the cell organelles. It is the site where most cellular activities occur. It is a jelly like substance within the cell which contains various enzymes and nutrients that the cell needs.
- 20. Cell membrane • It controls what comes in and out. This acts as a barrier between the cytoplasm and the outside environment of the cell. It is made up of lipid bilayer.
- 22. Mitochondria • This is the powerhouse of the cell. It takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. It is the site for cellular respiration. If the cell is not getting enough energy to survive, more mitochondria can be created.
- 23. Leigh’s disease
- 24. Golgi Apparatus • It is the main protein packaging system of cell. It modifies proteins from ribosomes and ships them to their destination within the cell. It also acts as a warehouse of the cell.
- 25. Achondrogenesis
- 26. Cytoskeleton • It maintains the cell’s shape. It aids in cell movement such as flagella and cilia. It is also responsible for maintaining other organelle’s position within the cell.
- 27. Ribosomes • They are the protein factories of the cell.
- 28. Endoplasmic reticulum • These are the extensive network of channels that account for half of cell’s membrane.
- 29. Lysosome • It functions as the digestive organelle. It breaks down food and other substances within the cell and also works to destroy old organelles
- 30. Cell walls • They are tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds the plant cell. It provides the cells with structural support and protection and also acts as a filtering mechanism.
- 31. Chloroplast • It is an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll which captures light energy to make organic molecules in a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.
- 32. Vacuole • They are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution. It used in homeostasis.
- 33. Centrioles • They are a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
- 34. Activity 1: Role Playing • Act the role and functions of the cell’s main part and its organelles. Category 10 8 6 4 Believability Clarity of Line Body Language Facial Expression Accuracy of content Total score: 50
- 35. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
- 36. Activity 2: Comparing cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell Task: Answer the table below together with your group mates. Objective: Distinguish prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell Parts of the Cell Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Organisms (at least five) Cell wall Centrioles Cilia/flagella Golgi body Lysosomes Peroxisomes Nucleus Plasma membrane Chromosomes Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum
- 37. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell Characterisitics Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Organisms Bacteria and cyanobacteria fungi, plants, and animals Nuclear membrane Absent Present DNA Loop of DNA in the cytoplasm Thin, very long DNA organized into chromosomes in nucleus RNA and protein Both synthesized in the same compartment RNA synthesized in the nucleus; protein synthesized in the cytoplasm Cytoplasm No cytoskeleton; very few organelles present Cytoskeleton present; many organelles present Cellular organization Mainly unicellular Mainly multicellular with differentiation of cells Cell size Generally 1 to 10 micrometer in linear dimension Generally 10 to 100 micrometer in linear dimension
- 40. Activity 2: Comparing cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell Guide Questions: 1. What cellular structures do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common? 2. What organelles do eukaryotic cells have that are not found in prokaryotic cells? 3. In terms of physical features (e.g., size and shape), how do these two types of cells differ? 4. Are all prokaryotes unicellular? Can they be multicellular? 5. Give other examples of single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
- 41. Activity 3: Experiment Time Title: Cheek’s cell and Onion’s skin cell General Task: Draw the physical features of cells you see under the microscope. Objectives: identify the main parts of the eukaryotic cell both plant (onion) and animal (human).
- 42. PLANT TISSUE Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue Apical meristem Lateral meristem Intercalary meristem Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Fundamental tissue
- 43. Plant tissues A tissue is a group of cells that performs essentially the same function. Tissues in plants are classified as follows: 1. Meristematic tissues – tissues primarily concerned with formation of new cells by division. 2. Permanent tissues – tissues that cease to divide, having gained new parts or lost old ones to perform specialized permanent functions.
- 44. Meristematic tissues 1. Apical meristem – a group of meristematic cells found at the tips of the plant, whose division contributes to an increase in height or length of the main axis of the plant. 2. Lateral meristem – a group of actively dividing cells occupying a lateral position, parallel with the sides of stems and roots, increase in width and girth. 3. Intercalary meristem – derived from the apical meristem but continuing meristematic activity at some distance from the apical meristem.
- 47. Did you know that we can determine the age of the tree using the secondary xylem!
- 48. Permanent tissues 1.Dermal tissue – outer protective covering tissue of the plant that includes the epidermis and the periderm. 2.Vascular tissue – the conducting tissue of the plant which functions for food, water and mineral distribution in the plant body. (e.g. phloem and xylem) 3.Fundamental tissue – the entire complex of ground tissue, composed of the tissues comprising the cortex and the pith consisting of fundamental cell types namely parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, and sclerenchyma tissue.
- 50. Online sources: • https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-finally-unravel-mysteries-sperm- 180963578/ • https://www.science-of-aging.com/timelines/hooke-history-cell-discovery.php • https://bitesizebio.com/166/history-of-cell-biology/ • https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en- PH&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=lG7mW4WzK8aB8gXI8YaYDQ&q=Venn+diagram+euk aryotic+and+prokaryotic+cell&oq=Venn+diagram+eukaryotic+and+prokaryotic+cell&gs_l=img.3..0i 8i30k1l4.1364214.1376315.0.1376790.44.37.0.7.7.0.209.4586.0j35j1.36.0....0...1c.1.64.img..1.25.2 551...0j0i67k1j0i5i30k1.0.ywC4mWzB_Ok#imgrc=gCe2Q1ExhufgsM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=XNPnW9iXE8yBoAS7 vLTYDg&q=lateral+meristem&oq=lateral+meristem&gs_l=img.3..0i67k1j0l6j0i67k1j0j0i67k1.26086. 27431.0.27735.7.7.0.0.0.0.206.882.0j4j1.5.0....0...1c.1.64.img..2.5.879...0i7i30k1.0.xra4FUAlFCQ#i mgdii=h4tAOXXgl_kkqM:&imgrc=83l-WDiJLB2YtM: • http://grandpacliff.com/Trees/TreeAge.htm • https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Gt3nW6LwGozr- Qah5qTACA&q=permanent+tissues&oq=permanent+tissues&gs_l=img.3...66223.66223.0.66485.1. 1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img..1.0.0....0.hWB2WwezyGw#imgdii=5byy5p5hhTdNDM:&imgrc=tv qQJFRXPvhNcM:
- 51. References: • Rea, M.D. et al ( 2017). General Biology 1. Rex bookstore, Inc.
Editor's Notes
- Dog & cat sperm cell
- Dog & rabbit sperm cell The person with the dubious honor of being the first to study sperm in detail was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutchman who developed the early compound microscope. Van Leeuwenhoek first used his new tool to examine more chaste subjects such as bee stingers, human lice and lake water in the mid-1670s. Colleagues urged him to turn his lens to semen. But he worried it would be indecent to write about semen and intercourse, and so he stalled. Finally, in 1677, he gave in. Examining his own ejaculate, he was immediately struck by the tiny “animalcules” he found wriggling inside. Hesitant to even share his findings with colleagues—let alone get a wriggler tattooed on his arm—van Leeuwenhoek hesitantly wrote to the Royal Society of London about his discovery in 1677. “If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.” Read more: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-finally-unravel-mysteries-sperm-180963578/#uzfJdJfz3uyPHjIO.99 Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter The Long, Winding Tale of Sperm Science …and why it’s finally headed in the right direction By Laura Poppick SMITHSONIAN.COM JUNE 7, 2017 416060331 Scott Pitnick’s tattoo isn't exactly subtle. The massive black-and-white sperm twists and spires up his right forearm, appearing to burrow in and out of his skin before emerging into a fist-sized head on his bicep. Nor is the Syracuse University biologist reserved about his unusual body art, which once made an appearance in a montage of notable scientist tattoos published in The Guardian. For Pitnick, his intricate ink reflects his deep fascination in sperm’s “unbelievably unique biology.” Consider, he says, that sperm are the only cells in the body destined to be cast forth into a foreign environment—a feat that requires dramatic physical changes as they travel from the testes into a woman’s reproductive tract. RELATED CONTENT The Earliest Mammals Kept Their Cool With Descended Testicles Why Scientists Sent Mouse Sperm to the International Space Station Now You Can Measure Male Fertility With a Smartphone App Contraceptive Gel Called the “IUD For Men” Makes It Through Monkey Trials “No other cells do that,” says Pitnick, who has been studying sperm for more than 20 years. “They have this autonomy.” In his lab, Pitnick engineers the heads of fruit fly sperm to glow a ghostly red and green so that he can observe them moving through dissected female fly reproductive tracts. He hopes his work will help reveal how sperm behave within female bodies, an area of research that's still in its relative infancy. These kinds of innovations could one day explain the great diversity of sperm shape and size across the animal kingdom. Moreover, they could ultimately help researchers develop human infertility treatments, as well as more effective male contraceptives. “We understand almost nothing about sperm function, what sperm do,” Pitnick says. Many of the answers to these unknowns likely hide within the other half of sperm’s puzzle: female bodies. This might come as a disappointment to the courageous biologists who first looked upon sperm cells in their full glory in the 17th and 18th century, using the then-revolutionary microscope. These early sperm scientists found themselves tasked with answering the most basic of questions, for instance: Are sperm living animals? Are they parasites? And, Does each sperm contain a tiny pre-formed adult human curled up inside? (We’ll get to that one later.) image: https://public-media.smithsonianmag.com/filer/7d/b8/7db8111d-000d-4ef4-b057-6c60dceeeafb/sperm_image_1-wr.jpg Leeuwenhoek's early microscopic observations of rabbit sperm (figs. 1-4) and dog sperm (figs. 5-8). (Wikimedia Commons)The person with the dubious honor of being the first to study sperm in detail was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutchman who developed the early compound microscope. Van Leeuwenhoek first used his new tool to examine more chaste subjects such as bee stingers, human lice and lake water in the mid-1670s. Colleagues urged him to turn his lens to semen. But he worried it would be indecent to write about semen and intercourse, and so he stalled. Finally, in 1677, he gave in. Examining his own ejaculate, he was immediately struck by the tiny “animalcules” he found wriggling inside. Hesitant to even share his findings with colleagues—let alone get a wriggler tattooed on his arm—van Leeuwenhoek hesitantly wrote to the Royal Society of London about his discovery in 1677. “If your Lordship should consider that these observations may disgust or scandalise the learned, I earnestly beg your Lordship to regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your Lordship sees fit.” His Lordship (aka the president of the Royal Society) did opt to publish van Leeuwenhoek’s findings in the journal Philosophical Transactions in 1678—thus begetting the brand new field of sperm biology. Even after van Leeuwenhoek discovered sperm in 1677, roughly 200 years passed before scientists agreed on how humans formed. Two primary fields of thought emerged along the way: On the one hand, the “preformationists” believed that each spermatozoa—or each egg, depending on who you asked—contained a tiny, completely pre-formed human. Under this theory, the egg—or sperm—simply provided a place for development to occur. On the other hand, “epigenesists” argued that both males and females contributed material to form a new organism, though they weren’t sure who contributed exactly what. Discoveries throughout the 1700s offered more evidence for this argument, including the 1759 discovery that chicks develop organs incrementally.
- Dog & rabbit sperm cell 2 ladies (his wife and daughter)
- Hooke isn't as well known as some of his contemporaries. But he did make a place for himself in the history books when he looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it. Hooke believed the cells had served as containers for the "noble juices" or "fibrous threads" of the once-living cork tree. He thought these cells existed only in plants, since he and his scientific contemporaries had observed the structures only in plant material. Hooke recorded his observations in the Micrographia, the first book describing observations made through a microscope. The drawing to the top left, of a flea observed through his microscope, was created by Hooke. Hooke was the first person to use the word "cell" to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork.
- flea
- Tyudor swan Metayas shlayden Schleiden was educated at Heidelberg (1824–27) and practiced law in Hamburg but soon developed his hobby of botany into a full-time pursuit. Repelled by contemporary botanists’ emphasis on classification, Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope. While professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote “Contributions to Phytogenesis” (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells or derivatives of cells. Thus, Schleiden became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biologyequal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry. He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and sensed its connection with cell division. Schleiden was one of the first German biologists to accept Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. He became professor of botany at Dorpat, Russia, in 1863. In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying after-dinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The two scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to look at his slides. Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone else’s contribution, including that of Schleiden (1838). He summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells: The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation). We know today that the first two tenets are correct, but the third is clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by division was finally promoted by others and formally enunciated in Rudolph Virchow’s powerful dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula,: “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”.
- In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying after-dinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The two scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to look at his slides. Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone else’s contribution, including that of Schleiden (1838). He summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells: The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation). We know today that the first two tenets are correct, but the third is clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by division was finally promoted by others and formally enunciated in Rudolph Virchow’s powerful dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula,: “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”.
- Rudolf virkow
- The LMNA gene produces the lamin A protein which is the structural scaffolding that holds the nucleus of a cell together. The abnormal lamin A protein that causes Progeria is called progerin. Progerin makes the nucleus unstable. That cellular instability leads to the process of premature aging and disease in Progeria. Example :Leon Botha
- Where cell division occur. Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary and progressive brain disorder. You can't "catch" it from another person. Although symptoms may first show up in midlife, Huntington's can strike anyone from childhood to advanced age. Over 10 to 25 years, the disease gradually kills nerve cells in the brain The mutation, an expanded CAG repeat, is translated into an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein (HTT), which leads to protein misfolding, accumulation of sticky protein aggregates in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and degeneration of neurons, first in the brain's striatum and later in the cortex and elsewhere.
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism: It is an inherited disorder which signifies defective signalling across the plasma membranes of several types of target cells. In that affected cell, the parathormone signal is normally mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase. There is a defective coupling protein in the membrane that prevents transmission of the extracellular hormone signal to the adenylate cyclase. PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and bone. If you have PHP, your body produces the right amount of PTH, but is "resistant" to its effect. This causes low blood calcium levels and high blood phosphate levels. PHP is caused by abnormal genes.
- Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome is a progressive brain disorder that usually appears in infancy or early childhood.[1] Affected children may experience vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, and problems with movement. Heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing can also occur in people with this disorder. Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome is a subtype of Leigh syndrome and is caused by changes in mitochondrial DNA. Mutations in at least 11 mitochondrial genes have been found to cause mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome.[2] This condition has an inheritance pattern known as maternal or mitochondrial inheritance.[2][3] Because mitochondria can be passed from one generation to the next only through egg cells (not through sperm cells), only females pass mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome to their children.
- It makes lysosomes.
- Achondrogenesis is a number of disorders that are the most severe form of congenital chondrodysplasia (malformation of bones and cartilage). These conditions are characterized by a small body, short limbs, and other skeletal abnormalities. As a result of their serious health problems, infants with achondrogenesis are usually born prematurely, are stillborn, or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure. Some infants, however, have lived for a while with intensive medical support. Achondrogenesis type 1A is caused by a defect in the microtubules of the Golgi apparatus. In mice, a nonsense mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 gene (Trip11), which encodes the Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210 (GMAP-210), resulted in defects similar to the human disease.
- 3 kinds of protein filaments-the actin filament, intermediate filament and microtubules
- -examples: trypanosoma bruceii; amoeba, dinoflagelettes, diatoms -pro-before; karyote-nucleus -Prokaryotic cell lacks a nuclear membrane. Its nuclear materials occupy a space in the cell called the central body 0r nucleoloid. The prokaryotic nucleus is described as incipient and the organisms with this type of nucleus are referred to as prokaryote. Eukaryotic nuclear materials are enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
- Primary growth-increasing height and length Example vascular and cork cambium 3. Intercalary occurs in the opposite direction of internode that part of stem wherein the internode is the area for elongation.
- In dicot stems, a vascular cambium is present between the xylem and phloem. By the repeated division of the cell, this lateral mersitem produces secondary phloem and xylem. In an old dicot stem, the central pith is completely replaced by the xylem. The entire xylem tissue inside the vascular cambium is referred to as ‘wood’ and all tissues outside the vascular cambium from the bark.
- Parenchyma-photosynthetic tissue of leaf, soft flesh of fruit, storage tissue of roots and seeds Collenchyma – form strands along the veins in leaves (providing support and strenght against the onslaught of strong winds and rain) Sclerenchyma – strengthening elements to support mature plants.