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Introduction to Apache Kudu
1.
1© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Introduction to Kudu: Hadoop Storage for Fast Analytics on Fast Data Jeff Holoman Sr. Systems Engineer
2.
2© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Agenda What is Kudu? (Motivations & Design Goals) Use Cases Overview of Design & Internals Simple Benchmark Status & Getting Started
3.
3© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. What is Kudu?
4.
4© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. But First….
5.
5© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. • Efficiently scanning large amounts of data • Accumulating data with high throughput • Multiple SQL Options • All processing engines • Single Row Access is problematic • Mutation is problematic • “Fast Data” access is problematic Excels at… However… GFS paper published in 2003!
6.
6© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. • Efficiently finding and writing individual rows • Accumulating data with high throughput • Scans are problematic • High cardinality access is problematic • SQL support is so/so due to the above Excels at… However… Big Table Paper published in 2006!
7.
7© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved.
8.
8© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. In 2006… DID NOT EXIST!
9.
9© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 $200 5 10 13 15 15 RAM / GB RAM / GB
10.
10© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved.
11.
11© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Today…Changing Hardware Landscape • Spinning disk -> solid state storage • NAND flash: Up to 450k read 250k write iops, about 2GB/sec read and 1.5GB/sec write throughput, at a price of less than $3/GB and dropping • 3D XPoint memory (1000x faster than NAND, cheaper than RAM) • RAM is cheaper and more abundant • 64->128->256GB over last few years Takeaway 1: The next bottleneck is CPU, and current storage systems weren’t designed with CPU efficiency in mind. Takeaway 2: Column stores are feasible for random access.
12.
12© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Current Storage Landscape in Hadoop Gaps exist when these properties are needed simultaneously The Hadoop Storage “Gap”
13.
13© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. The Kudu Elevator Pitch Storage for Fast Analytics on Fast Data • New updating column store for Hadoop • Simplifies the architecture for building analytic applications on changing data • Designed for fast analytic performance • Natively integrated with Hadoop • Apache-licensed open source (with pending ASF Incubator proposal) • Beta now available FILESYSTEM HDFS NoSQL HBASE INGEST – SQOOP, FLUME, KAFKA DATA INTEGRATION & STORAGE SECURITY – SENTRY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT – YARN UNIFIED DATA SERVICES BATCH STREAM SQL SEARCH MODEL ONLINE DATA ENGINEERING DATA DISCOVERY & ANALYTICS DATA APPS SPARK, HIVE, PIG SPARK IMPALA SOLR SPARK HBASE RELATIONAL KUDU
14.
14© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. • High throughput for big scans • Low-latency for random accesses • High CPU performance to better take advantage of RAM and Flash • Single-column scan rate 10-100x faster than HBase • High IO efficiency • True column store with type-specific encodings • Efficient analytics when only certain columns are accessed • Expressive and evolvable data model • Architecture that supports multi-data center operation Kudu Design Goals
15.
15© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved.
16.
16© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Using Kudu • Table has a SQL-like schema • Finite number of columns (unlike HBase/Cassandra) • Types: BOOL, INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64, FLOAT, DOUBLE, STRING, BINARY, TIMESTAMP • Some subset of columns makes up a possibly-composite primary key • Fast ALTER TABLE • Java and C++ “NoSQL” style APIs • Insert(), Update(), Delete(), Scan() • Integrations with MapReduce, Spark, and Impala • more to come! 16
17.
17© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. What Kudu is *NOT* • Not a SQL interface itself • It’s just the storage layer – “Bring Your Own SQL” (eg Impala or Spark) • Not an application that runs on HDFS • It’s an alternative, native Hadoop storage engine • Colocation with HDFS is expected • Not a replacement for HDFS or HBase • Select the right storage for the right use case • Cloudera will support and invest in all three
18.
18© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Use Cases for Kudu
19.
19© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Kudu Use Cases Kudu is best for use cases requiring a simultaneous combination of sequential and random reads and writes, e.g.: ● Time Series ○ Examples: Stream market data; fraud detection & prevention; risk monitoring ○ Workload: Insert, updates, scans, lookups ● Machine Data Analytics ○ Examples: Network threat detection ○ Workload: Inserts, scans, lookups ● Online Reporting ○ Examples: ODS ○ Workload: Inserts, updates, scans, lookups
20.
20© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Industry Examples • Streaming market data • Real-time fraud detection & prevention • Risk monitoring • Real-time offers • Location-based targeting • Geospatial monitoring • Risk and threat detection (real time) Financial Services Retail Public Sector
21.
21© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Real-Time Analytics in Hadoop Today Fraud Detection in the Real World = Storage Complexity Considerations: ● How do I handle failure during this process? ● How often do I reorganize data streaming in into a format appropriate for reporting? ● When reporting, how do I see data that has not yet been reorganized? ● How do I ensure that important jobs aren’t interrupted by maintenance? New Partition Most Recent Partition Historic Data HBase Parquet File Have we accumulated enough data? Reorganize HBase file into Parquet • Wait for running operations to complete • Define new Impala partition referencing the newly written Parquet file Incoming Data (Messaging System) Reporting Request Impala on HDFS
22.
22© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Real-Time Analytics in Hadoop with Kudu Simpler Architecture, Superior Performance over Hybrid Approaches Impala on Kudu Incoming Data (Messaging System) Reporting Request
23.
23© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Design & Internals
24.
24© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Kudu Basic Design • Typed storage • Basic Construct: Tables • Tables broken down into Tablets (roughly equivalent to partitions) • Maintains consistency through a Paxos-like quorum model (Raft) • Architecture supports geographically disparate, active/active systems
25.
25© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Columnar Data Store A B C A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 Row-Based Storage Columnar Storage
26.
26© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Tables and Tablets • Table is horizontally partitioned into tablets • Range or hash partitioning • PRIMARY KEY (host, metric, timestamp) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(timestamp) INTO 100 BUCKETS • Each tablet has N replicas (3 or 5), with Raft consensus • Allow read from any replica, plus leader-driven writes with low MTTR • Tablet servers host tablets • Store data on local disks (no HDFS) 26
27.
27© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Tables and Tablets(2) • CREATE TABLE customers ( • first_name STRING NOT NULL, • last_name STRING NOT NULL, • order_count INT32, • PRIMARY KEY (last_name, first_name), • ) • Specifying the split rows as (("b", ""), ("c", ""), ("d", ""), .., ("z", "")) (25 split rows total) will result in the creation of 26 tablets, with each tablet containing a range of customer surnames all beginning with a given letter. This is an effective partition schema for a workload where customers are inserted and updated uniformly by last name, and scans are typically performed over a range of surnames.
28.
28© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Client Meta Cache
29.
29© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Client Hey Master! Where is the row for ‘todd@cloudera.com’ in table “T”?Meta Cache
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30© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Client Hey Master! Where is the row for ‘todd@cloudera.com’ in table “T”? It’s part of tablet 2, which is on servers {Z,Y,X}. BTW, here’s info on other tablets you might care about: T1, T2, T3, … Meta Cache
31.
31© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Client Hey Master! Where is the row for ‘todd@cloudera.com’ in table “T”? It’s part of tablet 2, which is on servers {Z,Y,X}. BTW, here’s info on other tablets you might care about: T1, T2, T3, … Meta Cache T1: … T2: … T3: …
32.
32© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Client Hey Master! Where is the row for ‘todd@cloudera.com’ in table “T”? It’s part of tablet 2, which is on servers {Z,Y,X}. BTW, here’s info on other tablets you might care about: T1, T2, T3, … UPDATE todd@cloudera.com SET … Meta Cache T1: … T2: … T3: …
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33© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Tablet Design • Inserts buffered in an in-memory store (like HBase’s memstore) • Flushed to disk • Columnar layout, similar to Apache Parquet • Updates use MVCC (updates tagged with timestamp, not in-place) • Allow “SELECT AS OF <timestamp>” queries and consistent cross-tablet scans • Near-optimal read path for “current time” scans • No per row branches, fast vectorized decoding and predicate evaluation • Performance worsens based on number of recent updates 33
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34© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Metadata • Replicated master* • Acts as a tablet directory (“META” table) • Acts as a catalog (table schemas, etc) • Acts as a load balancer (tracks TS liveness, re-replicates under-replicated tablets) • Caches all metadata in RAM for high performance • 80-node load test, GetTableLocations RPC perf: • 99th percentile: 68us, 99.99th percentile: 657us • <2% peak CPU usage • Client configured with master addresses • Asks master for tablet locations as needed and caches them 34
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35© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Kudu Trade-Offs • Random updates will be slower • HBase model allows random updates without incurring a disk seek • Kudu requires a key lookup before update, Bloom lookup before insert • Single-row reads may be slower • Columnar design is optimized for scans • Future: may introduce “column groups” for applications where single-row access is more important
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36© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Fault tolerance • Transient FOLLOWER failure: • Leader can still achieve majority • Restart follower TS within 5 min and it will rejoin transparently • Transient LEADER failure: • Followers expect to hear a heartbeat from their leader every 1.5 seconds • 3 missed heartbeats: leader election! • New LEADER is elected from remaining nodes within a few seconds • Restart within 5 min and it rejoins as a FOLLOWER • N replicas handle (N-1)/2 failures 36
37.
37© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Fault tolerance (2) • Permanent failure: • Leader notices that a follower has been dead for 5 minutes • Evicts that follower • Master selects a new replica • Leader copies the data over to the new one, which joins as a new FOLLOWER 37
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38© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Benchmarks
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39© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. TPC-H (Analytics benchmark) • 75TS + 1 master cluster • 12 (spinning) disk each, enough RAM to fit dataset • Using Kudu 0.5.0, Impala 2.2 with Kudu support, CDH 5.4 • TPC-H Scale Factor 100 (100GB) • Example query: • SELECT n_name, sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as revenue FROM customer, orders, lineitem, supplier, nation, region WHERE c_custkey = o_custkey AND l_orderkey = o_orderkey AND l_suppkey = s_suppkey AND c_nationkey = s_nationkey AND s_nationkey = n_nationkey AND n_regionkey = r_regionkey AND r_name = 'ASIA' AND o_orderdate >= date '1994-01-01' AND o_orderdate < '1995-01-01’ GROUP BY n_name ORDER BY revenue desc; 39
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40© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. - Kudu outperforms Parquet by 31% (geometric mean) for RAM-resident data - Parquet likely to outperform Kudu for HDD-resident (larger IO requests)
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41© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. What about Apache Phoenix? • 10 node cluster (9 worker, 1 master) • HBase 1.0, Phoenix 4.3 • TPC-H LINEITEM table only (6B rows) 41 2152 219 76 131 0.04 1918 13.2 1.7 0.7 0.15 155 9.3 1.4 1.5 1.37 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Load TPCH Q1 COUNT(*) COUNT(*) WHERE… single-row lookup Time(sec) Phoenix Kudu Parquet
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42© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. What about NoSQL-style random access? (YCSB) • YCSB 0.5.0-snapshot • 10 node cluster (9 worker, 1 master) • HBase 1.0 • 100M rows, 10M ops 42
43.
43© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Xiaomi Use Case • Gather important RPC tracing events from mobile app and backend service • Service monitoring & troubleshooting tool • High write throughput • >5 Billion records/day and growing • Query latest data and quick response • Identify and resolve issues quickly • Can search for individual records • Easy for troubleshooting
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44© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Big Data Analytics Pipeline Before Kudu • Long pipeline high latency(1 hour ~ 1 day), data conversion pains • No ordering Log arrival(storage) order not exactly logical order e.g. read 2-3 days of log for data in 1 day
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45© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Big Data Analysis Pipeline Simplified With Kudu • ETL Pipeline(0~10s latency) Apps that need to prevent backpressure or require ETL • Direct Pipeline(no latency) Apps that don’t require ETL and no backpressure issues OLAP scan Side table lookup Result store
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46© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Use Case 1: Benchmark Environment • 71 Node cluster • Hardware • CPU: E5-2620 2.1GHz * 24 core Memory: 64GB • Network: 1Gb Disk: 12 HDD • Software • Hadoop2.6/Impala 2.1/Kudu Data • 1 day of server side tracing data • ~2.6 Billion rows • ~270 bytes/row • 17 columns, 5 key columns
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47© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Use Case 1: Benchmark Results 1.4 2.0 2.3 3.1 1.3 0.91.3 2.8 4.0 5.7 7.5 16.7 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 kudu parquet Total Time(s) Throughput(Total) Throughput(per node) Kudu 961.1 2.8M record/s 39.5k record/s Parquet 114.6 23.5M record/s 331k records/s Bulk load using impala (INSERT INTO): Query latency: * HDFS parquet file replication = 3 , kudu table replication = 3 * Each query run 5 times then take average
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48© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Status & Getting Started
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49© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. With Kudu: • Ingest and serve data simultaneously • Support analytic and real-time operations on the same data set • Make existing storage architectures simpler, and enable new architectures that previously weren’t possible Basic Features: • High availability, no single point of failure • Consistency by consensus, options for “tunable consistency” • Horizontally scalable • Efficient use of modern storage and processors Basic Kudu value proposition
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50© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Current Status ✔ Completed all components core to the architecture ✔ Java and C++ API ✔ Impala, MapReduce, and Spark integration ✔ Support for SSDs and spinning disk ✔ Fault recovery ✔ Public beta available
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51© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Getting Started Users: Install the Beta or try a VM: getkudu.io Get help: kudu-user@googlegroups.com Read the white paper: getkudu.io/kudu.pdf Developers: Contribute: github.com/cloudera/kudu (commits) gerrit.cloudera.org (reviews) issues.cloudera.org (JIRAs going back to 2013) Join the Dev list: kudu-dev@googlegroups.com Contributions/participation are welcome and encouraged!
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52© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Questions?
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53© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Appendix
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54© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Fault tolerance • Transient FOLLOWER failure: • Leader can still achieve majority • Restart follower TS within 5 min and it will rejoin transparently • Transient LEADER failure: • Followers expect to hear a heartbeat from their leader every 1.5 seconds • 3 missed heartbeats: leader election! • New LEADER is elected from remaining nodes within a few seconds • Restart within 5 min and it rejoins as a FOLLOWER • N replicas handle (N-1)/2 failures 54
55.
55© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Fault tolerance (2) • Permanent failure: • Leader notices that a follower has been dead for 5 minutes • Evicts that follower • Master selects a new replica • Leader copies the data over to the new one, which joins as a new FOLLOWER 55
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56© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. LSM vs Kudu • LSM – Log Structured Merge (Cassandra, HBase, etc) • Inserts and updates all go to an in-memory map (MemStore) and later flush to on-disk files (HFile/SSTable) • Reads perform an on-the-fly merge of all on-disk HFiles • Kudu • Shares some traits (memstores, compactions) • More complex. • Slower writes in exchange for faster reads (especially scans) 56
57.
57© Cloudera, Inc.
All rights reserved. Kudu storage – Compaction policy • Solves an optimization problem (knapsack problem) • Minimize “height” of rowsets for the average key lookup • Bound on number of seeks for write or random-read • Restrict total IO of any compaction to a budget (128MB) • No long compactions, ever • No “minor” vs “major” distinction • Always be compacting or flushing • Low IO priority maintenance threads 57
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