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Key Signatures (Simplified)
Scales
● If you read through Understanding Scales
then you know that our Western two scales
Major and Minor are built off the Harmonic
Sequence
Letter Names
● Because of the original 7 degrees of the
scale we assign the first notes of that
scale letter names
● A, B, C, D, E, F, G
● The half steps in between are designated
with a # (sharp) for the note above or a
(flat) for the note below♭
12 Keys
● This also means that some keys can have
two names (the key of G# is the same as
A )♭
● To simplify things, we will focus on the 12
possible keys (not their enharmonic
equivalents)
● A B C D E F G A B D E♭ ♭ ♭ ♭F# (or G )♭
Memorize these Two Keys
● C Major (no sharps
or flats)
● F Major (one flat B )♭
Two Tricks
● All other key signatures can be determined
by two simple rules
● Rule for Sharps: It's the note above the last
sharp of the key signature.
● Rule for Flats: It's the second to last flat
● This is assuming the piece is Major, we'll
worry about Minor later.
Using the Rules
● The last sharp in the
key signature is the
second line from the
top – in Treble Clef
that is a D
● Therefore the key
signature is the note
above D – E Major
Using the Rules
● The second to last flat
is on the second
space from the bottom
– in the Treble Clef
that is an A
● Therefore the key
signature is A♭
All Keys
● No Sharps or Flats –
You memorized this
● C Major
● Relative Minor: A minor
All Keys
● One Sharp – F#
● G Major
● Relative Minor: E minor
All Keys
● Two Sharps – Last is C#
● D Major
● Relative Minor: B minor
All Keys
● Three Sharps – Last is G#
● A Major
● Relative Minor: F# minor
All Keys
● Four Sharps – Last is D#
● E Major
● Relative Minor: C# minor
All Keys
● Five Sharps – Last is A#
● B Major
● Relative Minor: G# minor
All Keys
● 6 Sharps – Last is E#
● F# Major
● 6 Flats – Second to last
● G Major♭
● Relative Minor: D# minor or E minor♭
All Keys
● Five Flats – Second to last
● D Major♭
● Relative Minor: B minor♭
All Keys
● Four Flats – Second to last
● A Major♭
● Relative Minor: F minor
All Keys
● Three Flats – Second to last
● E Major♭
● Relative Minor: C minor
All Keys
● One Flats – You memorized
● F Major
● Relative Minor: D minor
Bonus Slide
● Here's what happens if we diagram these
keys out – it's called the Circle of Fifths

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Key signatures (lesson 6)

  • 2. Scales ● If you read through Understanding Scales then you know that our Western two scales Major and Minor are built off the Harmonic Sequence
  • 3. Letter Names ● Because of the original 7 degrees of the scale we assign the first notes of that scale letter names ● A, B, C, D, E, F, G ● The half steps in between are designated with a # (sharp) for the note above or a (flat) for the note below♭
  • 4. 12 Keys ● This also means that some keys can have two names (the key of G# is the same as A )♭ ● To simplify things, we will focus on the 12 possible keys (not their enharmonic equivalents) ● A B C D E F G A B D E♭ ♭ ♭ ♭F# (or G )♭
  • 5. Memorize these Two Keys ● C Major (no sharps or flats) ● F Major (one flat B )♭
  • 6. Two Tricks ● All other key signatures can be determined by two simple rules ● Rule for Sharps: It's the note above the last sharp of the key signature. ● Rule for Flats: It's the second to last flat ● This is assuming the piece is Major, we'll worry about Minor later.
  • 7. Using the Rules ● The last sharp in the key signature is the second line from the top – in Treble Clef that is a D ● Therefore the key signature is the note above D – E Major
  • 8. Using the Rules ● The second to last flat is on the second space from the bottom – in the Treble Clef that is an A ● Therefore the key signature is A♭
  • 9. All Keys ● No Sharps or Flats – You memorized this ● C Major ● Relative Minor: A minor
  • 10. All Keys ● One Sharp – F# ● G Major ● Relative Minor: E minor
  • 11. All Keys ● Two Sharps – Last is C# ● D Major ● Relative Minor: B minor
  • 12. All Keys ● Three Sharps – Last is G# ● A Major ● Relative Minor: F# minor
  • 13. All Keys ● Four Sharps – Last is D# ● E Major ● Relative Minor: C# minor
  • 14. All Keys ● Five Sharps – Last is A# ● B Major ● Relative Minor: G# minor
  • 15. All Keys ● 6 Sharps – Last is E# ● F# Major ● 6 Flats – Second to last ● G Major♭ ● Relative Minor: D# minor or E minor♭
  • 16. All Keys ● Five Flats – Second to last ● D Major♭ ● Relative Minor: B minor♭
  • 17. All Keys ● Four Flats – Second to last ● A Major♭ ● Relative Minor: F minor
  • 18. All Keys ● Three Flats – Second to last ● E Major♭ ● Relative Minor: C minor
  • 19. All Keys ● One Flats – You memorized ● F Major ● Relative Minor: D minor
  • 20. Bonus Slide ● Here's what happens if we diagram these keys out – it's called the Circle of Fifths