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DeepGauge: Multi-Granularity Testing
Criteria for Deep Learning Systems
Lei Ma, Felix Juefei-Xu, Fuyuan Zhang, Jiyuan Sun, Minhui Xue ,
Bo Li, Chunyang Chen, Ting Su, Li Li, Yang Liu, Jianjun Zhao, and
Yadong Wang
will be published @ ASE 2018
Jinhan Kim
2018.8.3
How to Test Deep Learning System
Systematically?
Not Like Traditional Software
Neuron Coverage of DeepXplore
Neuron
Neuron Coverage
• # of neurons activated / # total neurons
-11
Car
Face
hedge
vedge
...
Nose
Eyes
Wheel
...
...
...
f: ReLU
3
1
2
1
2
3
f(1)
1
Neuron coverage: 4/7=57%
when activation threshold=0.75
Fine-grained Neuron Coverage
Neuron-Level Coverage
• k-multisection Neuron Coverage
Neuron
Inputs
0.1
0.13
0.17
0.2
0.43
0.15
Outputs K-Section bucketing
low high
Neuron-Level Coverage
• Neuron Boundary Coverage
K-Section bucketing
low high
Lower Corner Upper Corner
Neuron
Neuron-Level Coverage
• Strong Neuron Activation Coverage
K-Section bucketing
low high
Lower Corner Upper Corner
Neuron
Layer-Level Coverage
• Top-k Neuron Coverage
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
0.5
0.2
0.6
Pick Top-2
“Neuron 3 and 5 are
covered”
Layer-Level Coverage
• Top-k Neuron Patterns
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
Pick Top-1 for each layer
1 4 7
Pattern
Study
Dataset and Model
Configuration
Result: k-multisection Neuron Coverage
Result: Strong Neuron Activation Coverage
Result: Neuron Boundary Coverage
Result: Top-k Neuron Coverage
Result: Top-k Neuron Patterns
Remarks
• Adversarial test-sets boost coverage but..
• Note that increasing the test coverage does not necessarily
imply that new defects could be detected in traditional software
testing.
Comparison with DeepXplore’s NC
Result: DeepXplore’s Neuron Coverage (DNC)
Why?
Investigation on DNC
• DNC uses the same threshold as the activation evaluation for
all the neurons.
• DNC normalizes the dynamic range of neuron outputs
according to max and min output of neurons on the
corresponding layer for each input image under analysis.

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Review: DeepGauge: Multi-Granularity Testing Criteria for Deep Learning Systems