Advances in design and construction of freshwater hatcheries

2. INTRODUCTION
• Quality of seed is the basic requirement for successful
aquaculture.
• Till early seventies, riverine spawn collection accounted for
about 92%.
• Induced breeding and bundh breeding in hatcheries through
hypophysation has gained tremendous momentum.
• Several hatcheries designed for hatching of fertilized egg.

3. Status of carp seed production
Basavaraja, N. (2007)
Carp hatcheries in both private and public sectors have
contributed for the increase in seed production from 6,321
million fry in 1985-86 to over 37,000 million fry presently.

4. Fish production in last Seven Year

5. Contribution of Fisheries sector to GDP
(at current Prices)
(Rs. in crores)

6. History of fish seed production
As early as more than 2400 years ago, an ecological method for natural
spawning of common carp was conducted by Fan Li, a fish culturist in China.
Seed was collected from natural water resources after breeding season and used
as stocking material.
In past years the major source of fish seeds was wild collection.
The concept of Bundh Breeding of carps originated after fish farmer named
Manu Teli observed breeding of major
carps in Sorabati bundh of West Bengal in 1882.

7. twentieth century, Chinese scientists succeeded in egg collection,
fertilization and hatching of eggs of
silver carp, grass carp etc., caught from rivers.
The present day concept of induced breeding of fish can be traced back
from the work of Houssay (1930) of Argentina
who attempted the application of pituitary hormons for spawning of
fish.
Brazil was the first country to develop the technique of hypophysation
(Von Inhering, 1935).
Experiments of artificial fertilization of cyprinid eggs were tried during 1937
by Porbst in Germany and at same time by
Steinmann and Surbeck in Switzerland.
In India, ovulation in Cirrhinus mrigala was induced by administration of
mammalian pituitary hormone in 1938, but the
eggs were not fertilized.

8. The Chinese also succeeded in induced propagation of big head and black carp
from the wild.
These achievements are known as semi-artificial propagation methods.
Chaudhari (1955) successfully induced spawing, for the first time, in an Indian
major carp species using pituitary gland extract.
The pioneering success in induced breeding of major carps achieved by Dr.
Hiralal Chaudhuri and Prof. Alikunhi on the 10th July 1957,
In China the first success of artificial propagation of Chinese carps was
achieved in 1958 by stimulating favourable ecological conditions and
gonadotropin hormone injection.
The circular model hatchery was developed in China during 1960, which could
provide a suitable environment for induced breeding and egg incubation
operation.
In India, induced breeding of Chinese caps was successful in 1962 by
employing a similar technique by
Chaudhari and Sukumaran.

9. Important considerations in design and
construction of hatchery
• Biological
• Economical
• Target of production
• Minimization of operating costs- e.g. labour
• Minimization of stress
• Disease prevention

10. Design and Construction
• Site selection
• Planning of Layout
• Listing out of various requirements
• Specifications
• Construction of hatchery- correct placement

11. Developments in Carp Hatcheries
1. Hatching pits
2. Hatching Happa
3. Floating Hapa
4. Glass jar hatchery
5. LDPE- model
6. Transparent polythene jar hatchery
7. Chinese Circular Hatchery
8. Potable circular Hatchery

12. HATCHERY PITS
 Most primitive type of
hatching device.
 Used in the Bundh type
of breeding in W.B.
 Dug in the ground
( 3´ x 2´x 1´)
 Inner wall plastered
with mud.
 Capacity/ pit : 30,000 to
40,000 eggs.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Not suitable for large
scale spawn production.
• Leads to mass mortality
of the spawn.

13. Earthen Pot Hatchery
• Used in association with bundh
type breeding system.
• Earthen pots arranged at
different levels.
• Flowing current of water,
cooled by surface evaporation
of the porous earthen pots in
which the carps eggs hatched.

14. HATCHING HAPA
• Introduced by Dr. Alikunhi
• Two separate Hapa
1. Outer hapa (1.8 x 0.9 x 0.9m, markin cloth)
2. Inner hapa ( 1.75 x 0.75 x 0.5m, mosquito net )
• Capacity : 0.75 to 1 lac eggs

17. MERITS
• Used for very small
scale spawn production
• Cheap
• Requires less technical
knowledge
• Separates egg shell
from the hatchling
effectively
DEMERITS
• Water quality cannot be
controlled.
• The predatory fishes from
outside can damage the
hatchling through the hapa
layers.

18. Floating Hapa
2.1×1.1×1.2 m fitted in frame of plastic pipe
•Outer- 2×1×1 m
•Inner- 1×0.5×0.5 m
•Capacity, 75,000 to 1,00,000 eggs

19. GLASS JAR HATCHERY
• Introduced in India by Dr. Bhomic
• Designed by CIFRI.
• Comprises of 4 parts:
1) Water supply system
2)Breeding tank
3)Incubation or hatching jars
4)Spawnery

20. Glass Jar carp hatchery at fish seed farm,
T B Dam (HOSPET) KARNATAKA

21. BREEDING TANKS
 Overhead showers are fitted
 2-3 breeding tanks are required for 20 glass jar
 Dimension – 2 x 1 x 1 or 1.8 x 0.9 x 0.9m
INCUBATION JARS
 Cylindrical towards top and bottom funnel shape
 Cylindrical part is 40.5 cm length, 13 cm dia.
 Inner and outer diameter at the bottom end are 1 and 1.27 cm
respectively Capacity of each jar - 6.35 l and accommodates
50000 developing eggs
 Water supply is through the bottom and regulated by
bibcock.

22. SPAWNERY
 Overhead showers are also fitted in it.
 Dimension- 1.8x0.9x0.9m.
 a nylon hapa is fitted on a frame placed inside
cement system.
OPERATION
 It takes 12-15 hrs to hatch out at normal water of
26-27˚C
 For IMC 0.6 to 0.8L/min
EMC 0.8 to 1L/min

23. MERITS
 Can be adopted for
large scale operation.
 Easy view of egg
and larvae.
 Do not require much
water
 Simple in design
 Water quality can be
controlled
DEMERITS
 Need constant vigil
and care
 Can break
 Possibility of escape
of egg through outlet

24. TRANSPERENT POLYTHENE HATCHERY
• Same as glass jar hatchery, but polythene is used for
hatching jar
• Jar is 27cm in ht. and 10 cm dia
• Can hold 2 l of water
• Provision of egg container
• Flow of water is 1 l/min

25. LDPE MODEL
• Designed by Dr. S.N. Dwivedi.
• Higher version of vertical jar hatchery
• Hatchery units made of LDPE
• Major component:
1) Breeding cum spawnery
2) Hatching unit
3) Air compressor with distribution system

27. 1) Overhead tank – 5000 L
2) Cooling tower
3)1/2 or1 HP water pump
4)Two large portable plastics pools of 0.9 to 2.5m
dia, 0.6 to 1.2m height or 2000 to 3000 l capacity
– It can be either rectangular or circular in shape
with water sprayer.
BREEDING UNIT

28. HATCHING UNIT
• It consist of 6/12/24/48 conical bottom
hatchery jars
• Water inlet is from the bottom
• There is a provision of egg container and
aeration
• And it can hold 8 to 10 lakhs of egg
• The outlet is at the top portion of jar

29. • It is a fiber glass or copper container of 6 m
dia. And 1m height
• Incubation in this hatchery is 13 to 14hr.
• A definite speed of water is maintained
SPAWNERY
FRP/ metallic container
6 feet in dia & 1 m in height
Hapa is fixed to the frame

30. MERITS
•Distribution of oxygen
is effective
•Water quality can be
maintained
•Additional aeration is
possible
•Easy to repair without
dismantling
•Not very expensive to
install
DEMERITS
•Can not lead to large
scale production
•Needs vigil and care
to operate

31. CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY
• Popular type of hatchery
• It comprises of different components
1)over head tank
2)spawning pool
3)incubation tanks
4)spawn collection tank
Overhead tank
• Made of R.C.C.
• Capacity is 10000 to 15000L
• It must be kept at a height

32. Spawning pool
• The dia is 5 to 8m
• Bottom is slope towards the
center where the outlet is
located
• This outlet leads to egg
collection chamber if any or
goes to the incubation tank
directly
• Inlet pipes are fitted on the wall
of the tank at an angle of 600 the
pipe dia-2 to 3 inch.
• There is provision of water
showers

33. • At a time 150 to 200 kg
male and female can be
introduced
• Can get 9 to 12 million eggs
in one operation
• Water current is kept at 0.2
to 0.5m/sec
Incubation pools
• It comprises of two tanks
• Outer tank (3 to 6 m dia)
• Inner tank (0.8 to 1.5m dia)

34. • Water holding capacity is 9 to 12 cubic meter
• Circular wall separates the outer wall to inner
wall and is fitted with fine mesh
• Center of inner pipe has outlet pipe
• Inlet pipes are located in the bottom
• These are duck mouthed and fitted at an angle
of 45 degree
• Pool can hold 7 lakh egg /m3

35. Speed
• 0.4 to 0.5m/sec
• Increased to 0.3 to 0.4 and continued
• From the incubation pool there is a pipe
leading to spawn collection tank
Spawn collection tank
• It is a rectangular tank

37. PORTABLE CIRCULAR HATCHERY
• It is devised for small scale
farmer
• low cost hatchery
• It is made of galvanized iron.
80cm dia and 60 cm height
• Water holding capacity-300L
• The hatchery unit comprises of 2
chambers
1. Outer is larger and there is a
provision of 8 inlet jets in the
bottom made of copper of 0.8cm
dia at 60 degree

38. • At the bottom there is a outlet
of 3cm which is pluggable
• Inner chamber is 28cm in dia
and is separated by iron mesh
grill guarded by monofilament
cloth of 40-60 meshes
• There is a PVC pipe in the
middle acting as overflow
pipe
• Entire unit supported by
2.5cm iron frame stand
Rate of flow
• 8-10L/min

39. Portable FRP Carp Hatchery Technology
• Under AICRP centre at CIFA on Application of Plastic
in Agriculture (ICAR) ,Bhubaneshwar has designed
and developed the complete set of hatchery system in
FRP for carp fish breeding and hatchery rearing of seed.
• In one cycle -1.0-1.2 million spawn
Components of FRP Hatchery
1. Breeding /Spawning pool
2. Hatching / Incubation pool
3. Egg /Spawn collection chamber
4. Over head storage tank/water supply

40. Breeding /Spawning pool
• Cylindrical shape
• Dia - 2.15m,Height - 0.9m
• Bottom slope-1:22 (Outlet at centre)
• Capacity - 3,400 lit.
• 15mm dia. Rigid PVC elbow are fitted
with PVC nipples (15x75mm) are
fitted at bottom of the side wall at
equal spacing in the same direction.
• Provision of shower points at the top
of the tank to sprinkle water and aerate
it.
• Holding capacity of Brooder: 10-12
Kg
• Flow rate: 1 to 1.5 lit/sec.

42. Incubation pool

43. Hatching /Incubation Pool
• Cylinderical shape
• Dia -1.4m, Height-0.98m
• Bottom slope-1:22 (Outlet at centre)
• Capacity-1,400 lit.
• Net egg incubation volume: 1,200 lit.
• Inner Chamber: Dia.0.4m, height: 89 cm
• Nylon Bolting cloth mesh:0.25mm
• Duck mouth fitted at bottom at 45o
:5nos.(15mm dia )
• Egg Hatch -14 -18 h
• Remain spawn in pool -72 hrs.
• Hatching capacity-1.0-1.2 million egg per
operation
• Hatching percentage: 80-95
• Flow rate maintained :0.3-0.4 l/sec

44. Eggs/Spawn Collection Tank:
• Rectangular tank size:1.0x 0.5 x0.5m
• Capacity:250 lit.
• Wall Thickness:3mm
• Water level height:0.45m
• Net Capacity : 225 lit.

46. Reference
Basavaraja, N. 2007. Freshwater fish seed resources in India, pp. 267–327. In: M.G.Bondad-Reantaso (ed.).
Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No.
501. Rome, FAO. 2007. 628p.
Jhingran , V.G. and R.S.V pullin. 1985. A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian Major carps.
ICLARM studies and reviews 11,191p. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines and International Center
for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.
Nalini rajan kumar and M. Krishnan, 2011. Farmers focused startegies to enhance local availability of quality
fish seed for commercial aquaculture. pp 78-88. In: Krishnan, M., Anantha, P.S., R.S. Biradar and W.S. Lakra.
(eds.). Farmers as stakeholders in commercial aquaculture, A ompedium of lectures of CIFE golden jubilee mini
symposium held on 30 April 2011 CIFE, Mumbai. pp 109.
Sarangi, N. Jena, J.K.,Das, B.K, Sahoo,P.K., Mohapatra, B.C. (eds).2004. CIFA Technologies. CIFA. Orissa.
India.pp.57
Thomas, P.C., Suresh Ch. Rath, Kanta and Das Mohapatra.2003. Breeding and Seed Production of finfish and
shell fish. Daya publishing House. Delhi, India.
www.nabard.org
www.youtube.com

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