1. Training Program for
UGC NET Examination
Research Aptitude
Dr. Jagannath K. Dange
Dept. of Studies in Education
Kuvempu University
Shankaraghatta
Karnataka, India
jkdange@gmail.com

2. II Research Aptitude
• Meaning, Characters, types
• Steps
• Methods
• Workshop/conference/seminar
• Research report
• Publication
• Ethics
• Check your progress

3. - A careful investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.
- Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.
- Pursuit of truth / search for knowledge through
objective and systematic method of finding
solution to a problem
What is Research ?

4. Research is the systematic and
objective analysis and recording of
controlled observations that may
lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or
theories, resulting in prediction and
possibly ultimate control of events.
Definition of Research

5. Characteristics of Research
-Directed towards the solution of a problem.
-Emphasizes the development of generalizations,
principles or theories helpful in predicting future
occurrences.
-Based upon observable experience or empirical
evidence.
-Demands accurate observation and description.
-Involves gathering new data from primary/first-hand
sources/using existing data for a new purpose.

6. - Requires carefully designed procedures and
expertise.
- Is objective and logical; attempts to validate the
procedures employed and the conclusions
drawn.
- Is meaningfully planned, systematically executed,
carefully recorded and reported.
- Requires resourcefulness, originality, scientific
temper and courage.

7. Types of Research
-Fundamental v/s Applied /Action : development of
theories,
discover a solution for practical problem, finding solution for
classroom problems
-Descriptive v/s Analytical : surveys, fact finding enquiries,
ex post facto studies, comparative and correlational studies : analyse
the information available and evaluate the material
- Quantitative v/s Qualitative
- Conceptual v/s Empirical : develop new concepts or
reinterpret existing ones: relies on experience , observation,
experimentation etc.,
- Other Types : Historical, exploratory, laboratory research,
clinical / diagnostic, etc..,

8. 1. Formulating the Research problem
2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Developing the Hypotheses
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Determining Sample Design
6. Execution of the Project
7. Collecting the Data
8. Analysis of Data
9. Hypotheses Testing
10. Generalization and Interpretation
11. Preparation of the Report
Research Process - (steps)

9. Types of Research methods
D e s c rip tiv e
C o m p a ra tiv e
C o rre la tio n a l
C a u s a l C o m p a ra tiv e
N o n -E x p e rim e n ta l
T ru e
Q u a s i
S in g le S u b je c t
E x p e rim e n ta l
Q u a n tita tiv e
C a s e S tu d y
P h e n o m e n a o lo g y
E th n o g ra p h y
G ro u n d e d T h e o ry
Q u a lita tiv e
C o n c e p t A n a ly s is
H is to ric a l A n a ly s is
A n a ly tic a l S tu d y M ix e d M e th o d
R e s e a rc h D e s ig n s

10. • Historical - What was
• Descriptive (sometimes called Survey) –
What is
• Experimental – What can be

11. Descriptive research is used to obtain
information concerning the current status of
the phenomena to describe "what exists" with
respect to variables or conditions in a
situation.
The methods involved range from the survey
which describes the status quo,
the correlation study which investigates the
relationship between variables,
developmental studies which seek to
determine changes over time.

12. Descriptive Research
• Because of its flexibility and the fact that it
deals with current topics, descriptive research
is probably the most popular form of
research.
• It is also popular because data can be
collected from a wide variety of sources.

13. Survey method
• Sur/sor –Over
• Veeir/vor- to see
• To look over or to over see
• Critical inspection
• Employed to collect detailed descriptions of
existing phenomena in order to justify current
conditions and practices, or to make more
intelligent plans for improving them.

14. CASE STUDY
• P.V. YOUNG: “A fairly exhaustive study of
a person or group is called a life of case
history”.
“Case study is a method of
exploring and analyzing the life of a social
unit be that unit a person, a family,
institution, culture group, or even an entire
community.”

15. Experimental ResearchExperimental Research

16. If x, then y; if frustration, then aggression…the
researcher uses some method to measure x and
then observes y to see if associated variation
occurs.
(Kerlinger, 1970)

17. • The essential feature of experimental research
is that investigators deliberately control and
manipulate the conditions which determine the
events in which they are interested.
• At its simplest, an experiment involves making
a change in the value of one variable—called
the independent variable—and observing the
effect of that change on another variable—
called the dependent variable.

18. Provides much control, establishes systematic
and logical association between manipulated
factors and observed effects.
Experimental Research

19. Characteristics of Experimental
Research
Control
Manipulation(treatment)
Observation
Replication
A.Control- Refers to the extent to which different factors
in an experiment are accounted for. In other words, it is
to arrange a situation in which the effect of variables
can be measured.
E.g. In studying effectiveness of Lecture method and
Discussion in teaching of Geography, two identical
groups of subjects required except the ways they are
taught Geography.

20. Controlling Extraneous Variables:
Removing the Variables:
Randomisation:
Matching Cases:
Balancing Cases or Group Matching:

21. Methods for controlling inter- subject differences
Random assignment of subjects to group- A scientific and
systematic procedure based on probability theory. It is assumed
that groups are comparable at the start of the experiment on the
dependent variable as well as on the extraneous variable.
e.g. assigning teachers, classrooms, assignments, equipments
etc. strictly on random basis.
Matching subjects with random assignments- Match
individual subjects on as many extraneous variables as possible
which might affect the dependent variable and then apply
random technique to assign one of the matched pair to each
group.
- Subject to subject matching- match individual subjects.
- Matching by Mean and S.D- match the groups.
- Ranking of subjects in matching variables- from each pair of
a rank serially, one is assigned to each group randomly.

22. Random assignment on the basis of
homogeneous selection- Selecting groups that
is homogeneous on the variable likely to affect
the dependent variable. For example, gender
affecting the dependent variable, the researcher
may select the subjects of a particular gender,
and assign subjects randomly to two groups.

23. Methods for controlling Situational Variables
• Holding situational variables constant-
treating all subjects alike except for their
exposure to independent variables. E.g.
- Equal number of subjects in each group.
- Teaching by same teachers.
- Same instructions, apparatus, test etc.
• Randomization – Random allocation of
variables like time, apparatus, tests etc. e.g. in
a testing situation of ½ hr for several batches,
allot group randomly.

24. B. Manipulation
• Refers to deliberate operation of the conditions
by the researcher. Researcher sets the stage for
the occurrence of the factor whose
performance/ effect is to be studied under
conditions in which the effects of all other
factors are eliminated/ controlled.
• e.g. Study of relative effectiveness of two
methods of teaching- method of teaching is the
independent variable which is to be
manipulated.

25. C. Observation
Seeing the effect on manipulation of the
independent variable on the dependent
variable.
E.g. Observations with respect to some
characteristics of behaviour of the subjects in
the experiment – the test scores reflecting the
performance.

26. D. Replicationresearcher attempts to control the extraneous
variable through the rounds of
randomization or other methods still some
discrepancies invariable remain and
influence the results of the experiment .
such discrepancies may be taken care of
through the replication of the study.
E.g. conducting a number of sub experiments within the
frame work of over all experiment.

27. Qualitative vs Quantitative
Qualitative method:
Participant- observation: immersing yourself in the study
Ethnography-process of describing a culture of people(Folk)
Photography-ethnography with photography or film making
Ethno-methodology- conversation analysis.
Dramaturgical Interviewing- doing research by role playing.
Sociometry-measurement of social distance in group members
Natural Experiment-difference between groups- study the
difference
Case study-
Unobtrusive measures-gathering data in which subjects are not
aware.
Content analysis-gathering and analysis of the content from text.
Historiography-historical research.
Secondary analysis of data-analysis of data originally compiled by
another researcher

28. Workshop/conference/seminar
Purpose
Difference

29. Benefits of participation in the workshop are
1. Development(First hand experience)
2. Thinking of educational and career goals
3. Enhanced preparation for future career
4. Self- confidence as a researcher taken seriously by others
5. Socialization into the profession
6. Sense of responsibility and independence as researcher
Seminar
Structured group discussion that may follow a formal lecture
Planning
Organizing
Presenting
Conference: importance to the discussion through individual and
panel presentation.

30. Format of the Research Report
A. Preliminary Section / Front Matter
- Title Page
- Acknowledgement (if any)
- Table of Contents
- List of Tables (if any)
- List of Figures (if any)

31. B. Main Body Of the Report
1. Introduction
a Statement of the Problem
- (specific questions / hypotheses)
b. Significance of the Problem
c. Purposes of the Study
d. Assumptions, limitations and
delimitations
e. Operational Definition of Key Terms

32. 2. Review / Analysis of Related Research
3. Design / Methodology of the Study
a. Design of the Study
b. Sample for the Study / Sources of Data
c. Tools used for Data Collection
d. Procedure / Methods of Gathering Data
e. Statistical Techniques Used for Data
Analysis

33. 4. Analysis and Presentation of Data
- Text, Tables, Figures
5. Summary and Conclusions
a. Significance of the Problem
b. Restatement of the Problem – research questions,
hypotheses and objectives of the Study
c. Design, Sample, Tools Used, Procedure for
Collection and Statistical Techniques for Analyses
of the Data
d. Principal / Major Findings and Conclusions
e. Suggestions for Further Research

34. C. Reference Section
1. Bibliography
- Books, Periodicals, Special
Documents (websites, e-journals)
2. Appendix
- Tools, Papers / Abstracts, Any other
Special Documents

35. There are several different styles of referencing:
• APA
• Harvard
• MLA
• Oxford
• Chicago
Each style has its own rules for properly citing sources.
• Author-date styles (e.g. APA, MLA, and Harvard) put the author's
name inside the text of the article.
• Documentary-note styles (e.g. Chicago and Oxford) put the author's
name in a footnote at the bottom of each page, or in an endnote at the
end of the article.
Styles of Referencing

36. Ethics in Research
• Honesty in data collection and work
• Truthful in findings
• Away from forgery and ghost writing
• Respect and dignity of respondents
• Sacrifices for social cause.
• Commitment to the truth than to personal
gains

37. Article
Descriptive theoretical
Research based Findings
Purpose of article:Disseminate

38. Why Research Papers Are Important?
1. Publish or perish: Yes, if you don't publish, you perish.
2. We think by writing. We think well by writing well.
3. More papers----- more visibility.
4. Good papers build your reputation over time.
5. Publications are a way to communicate, exchange ideas,
etc.
6. Increasing pressure from administrators and others that you
push yourself to publish your work.

39. 7. Personal growth, enhanced self-discipline, personal life-long
learning, and career enhancement come from the publication
process by knowing others will benefit from your work and that
you can feel connected to the profession.
8. It is important to your discipline that you help to create new ideas,
advance theory, describe your emerging techniques, challenge
widely held views, and influence others with your growing
knowledge base.
9. You serve your profession, your field, and knowledge in general
by adding to it.
10. Can cover a variety of topics and statistics brought to a reader's
attention.

40. Types of Manuscripts
Mainly classified as
Argumentative research paper
• It makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific
evidence. A good topic might then be debatable or controversial.
Analytical research paper
• Such a paper is often an exercise in exploration and evaluation. goal is
to offer a critical interpretation of primary and secondary sources
throughout the paper-sources that should, ultimately, support his
particular analysis of the topic.
Informative article: This may cover aspects such as arranging
information around a definition, classifying examples, demonstrating
similarities/ differences between two or more people or things.

41. Types of Manuscripts
Research Papers: both quantitative and qualitative research.
Theoretical/Conceptual Papers: These papers present non-empirical work related to
the education in order to determine major issues of importance for future research,
to understand these issues in relation to theory and application, to find the frontier
of research on a problem, to relate a problem to existing theory, or to put a
conceptualized problem in the context of previous research.
Position Papers: Position papers can describe a problem or an issue with a suggested
solution or direction. These papers should support the position with both a logical
argument and a review of the theory and/or the research literature.
Case Studies: Case studies highlight special issues related to the individual or group of
individuals or organizations/institutions. They present what theory and/or the
research literature reports on the problem or issue, what was done to try to solve or
explore it, the results of the project and implications and suggestions for others
interested in addressing similar challenges or in future research.

42. Check your progress!
Ready?

43. 1. Research can be conducted by a person who:
(A) Has studied research methodology
(B) Holds a postgraduate degree
(C) Possesses thinking and reasoning ability
(D) Is a hard worker
Answer:
(C) Possesses thinking and reasoning ability

44. 2. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Objectives of research are stated in first chapter of the thesis
(B) Researcher must possess analytical ability
(C) Variability is the source of problem
(D) All the above
Answer:
(D) All the above

45. Answer:
(A)Observation
.
3. Which of the following is not the Method of
Research ?
(A)Observation
(B)Historical
(C) Survey
(D) Philosophical

46. 4. Research can be classified as:
(A) Basic, Applied and Action Research
(B) Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(C) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research
(D) All the above
Answer:
(D) All the above

47. 5. The first step of research is:
(A)selecting a problem
(B)Searching a problem
(C) Finding a problem
(D) Identifying a problem
Answer:
(D) Identifying a problem

48. 6. The essential qualities of a researcher are
(A) Spirit of free enquiry
(B) Reliance on observation and evidence
(C) Systematization or theorizing of knowledge
(D) All the above
Answer
(D) All the above

49. Answer:
(C) A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
7. Action research means-
(A) A longitudinal research
(B) An applied research
(C) A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
(D) A research with socioeconomic objective

50. 8. Research is
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any
problem
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of
any problem

51. 9. A common test in research demands much priority on
(A) Reliability
(B) Usability
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above

52. 10. A research paper is a brief report of research work based on
(A) Primary Data only
(B) Secondary Data only
(C) Both Primary and Secondary Data
(D) None of the above
Answer
(C) Both Primary and Secondary Data

53. 11. Controlled group condition is applied in
(A) Survey Research
(B) Historical Research
(C) Experimental Research
(D) Descriptive Research
Answer
(C) Experimental Research

54. Answer:
(D) Hands on training/experience
12. Workshops are meant for
(A) Giving lectures
(B) Multiple target groups
(C) Showcase new theories
(D) Hands on training/experience

55. 13. Which one of the following is a research tool ?
(A)Graph
(B)Illustration
(C) Questionnaire
(D) Diagram
Answer:
(C) Questionnaire

56. 14. The term ‘phenomenology’ is associated with the process of
(A) Qualitative Research
(B) Analysis of Variance
(C) Correlational Study
(D) Probability Sampling
Answer:
(A) Qualitative Research

57. 15. Research is not considered ethical if it
(A) Tries to prove a particular point.
(B) Does not ensure privacy and anonymity (secrecy)of the
respondent.
(C) Does not investigate the data scientifically.
(D) Is not of a very high standard.
Answer
(B) Does not ensure privacy and anonymity of the
respondent.

58. 16. Conference are meant for-
A, Multiple target groups
B, Group discussions
C, Show- casing new research
D, All the above
Answer:
D, All the above

59. 17. Ex post facto research means-
A, The research is carried out after the incident
B, The research is carried out prior to the incident
C, The research is carried out along with the happening of an
incident
D, The research is carried out keeping in mind the possibilities of
an incident
Answer:
A, The research is carried out after the incident

60. Answer:
D, all the above
18. A research problem is feasible only when-
A, it is researchable
B, it is new and adds something to know-ledge
C, it has utility and relevance
D, all the above

61. 19 Nine years old children are taller than 7 years old ones. It is
an example of-
A, vertical studies
B, cross- sectional studies
C, case studies
D, experimental studies
Answer:
B, cross- sectional studies

62. 20. The other name of independent variable for an experimental
research is/ are-
A, treatment variable
B, experimental variable
C, manipulated variable
D, all the above
Answer:
D, all the above

63. 21. What is survey method?
A, laboratory experiments
B, field experiments
C, field studies
D, historical researches
Answer
C, field studies

64. ‘To understand is hard.
Once one understands, action is easy.’
(Sun Yat Sen, 1866–1925)

65. THANK
YOU