Updated Apr 18, 2021

1. Defining Urban, Urbanization
and Urbanism
Urbanization is
happening faster than
any time in history

2. Cities are where the future happen firstl they are
open, creative, dynamic, democratic.
They take up 3 % of the world’s surface area.
Muggah, 2017 said

3. Cities account for more than 75% of our energy consumption;
They emit 80% of our greenhouse gases and our cities hace
chronic water shortages
Muggah (2017)

4. Generally speaking, sub-Saharan Africa is the
most fragile while eastern Asia and Europe are
the most stable.

5. To the east, Chinese,
Korean, and Japanese
cities remain rock-
solid.

6. Resilient cities are
smarter, more liveable
and fit for the future.
These cities addresses a broad range of challenges including
struggling economies, traffic congestion, crime, food and water
shortages, natural disasters, disease and terrorism.

7. https://www.google.com/search?q=world+map+of+liveable+cities&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPH741PH741&tbm=isch&source=iu&
ictx=1&fir=2NxKc_p_HmB3sM%252CCp0GLoZJQyjI0M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQumoqHEvsu-
b__gphRmR0vo3AuNA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX0urt0_juAhWIF6YKHcb8B6gQ9QF6BAgKEAE#imgrc=k81MKBeJm4JS
7M

8. There are 10,000 Cities on Planet
Earth. Half Didn’t Exist 40 Years Ago

11. Urban
URB= (City) + AN =(Denotes Place)
Pertaining to a large city. An urban area might
be defined as an area with a large amount of
people residing in it, an area that has been
significantly developed, or an area where the
distance between buildings is very small.
Urban is used in contrast to rural, which
generally indicates a low-population, often
agricultural-based area.

12. Most people can agree that cities are places where
large numbers of people live and work; they are hubs
of government, commerce and transportation. But
how best to define the geographical limits of a city is
a matter
of some debate.
So far, no standardized
international criteria exist
for determining the
boundaries of a city and
often multiple boundary
definitions are available
for any given city.
2050

13. An Urban Area is a human settlement with
high population density and infrastructure
of built environment. Urban areas are
created through Urbanization and are
categorized by urban morphology as cities,
towns, conurbations, or suburbs.
In Urbanism, the term contrast to rural
areas such as villages and hamlets and in
urban sociology or urban anthropology it
contrast with natural environment.

14. Urban settlements have been
defined on the basis of:
Cultural Definition- Urban Culture
Political Definition- Administrative Functions
Economic Definition- percentage of people
in non agricultural populations
Demographic Definition- size of the
Population
 Functional geography

15. Cultural Definition
-A city is a state of mind, a body of customs and
traditions
2 types of communities
• “gesellschaft” (urban)- larger scale “Societal”or formal
role relationships
• “gemeischaft”(rural)- more intimate scale
“community”or primary relationships

16. Political Definition
- A national Government may define its urban
areas in terms of functions.
Often those residing in the capital of a
country or province are designated as
urban
In Kenya and Thailand, all incorporated
places are urban, regardless of size
In Canada, Until 1971all incorporated
places were automatically urban

17. Economic Definition
A country has sometimes been described as
urban if less than half of its workers are
engaged in agriculture
“Urban” = “non – agricultural”

18. Demographic Definition
- Demographically, a place is defined as being
urban because a certain number of people live
in it, certain density of people live in it, or both

19. Urbanization
Rural Urban
movement
More people living in
urban areas

20. Urbanization
Urbanization is a process whereby
populations move from rural to urban area,
enabling cities and towns to grow. It can
also be termed as the progressive increase
of the number of people living in towns and
cities. It is highly influenced by the notion
that cities and towns have achieved better
economic, political, and social mileages
compared to the rural areas.

21. Urbanization
Accordingly, urbanization is very common
in developing and developed worlds as more and
more people have the tendency of moving closer
to towns and cities to acquire “privileged” social
and economic services as well as benefits. These
include social and economic advantages such as
better education, health care, sanitation, housing,
business opportunities, and transportation.

22. Urbanization
 Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban
one.
 Urban population - Persons living in cities or towns
of 2,500 or more residents.
 Urbanized area - One or more places and the
adjacent densely populated surrounding area that
together have a minimum population of 50,000.
 Mega-cities - Cities with 10 million residents or more.

23. Traits of Urbanization
Urbanization is an Index of Transformation
It is concentration of population
Quantification of Urbanization is difficult
It is a long term process
It is a finite process
Agrarian to Industrial society
Exciting new Opportunities for Investors

24. Causes of Urbanization
Urbanization occurs naturally from
individual & corporate efforts to reduce time
and expense in commuting in transportation
while improving job opportunities, education,
housing, and transportation
Urbanization permits individuals and
families to take advantage of the opportunities
of proximity, diversity, and market place
competition

25. Causes of Urbanization
 Hub of change
Better services
 Job Opportunity
A greater variety of entertainment &
Better quality of Education

26. Reasons for Migration
- People were losing their jobs on the farms
during the industrialization to machines
• Job opportunities
• Improved facilities
• Better education
• Transportation faster access to
medical help

27. Demographically
-Urbanization is an increase in population
concentration (Numbers and density)
Organizationally
- It is an alteration in structure and patterns
of organization

28. Benefits of Urbanization
 Improvement In Economy
Growth of Commercial
Activities
Social and Cultural Integration
Efficient Services
Resources Utilization

30. Urbanization is accelerating faster
than in any time in human history Concentrating in
cities more than
ever before

31. Future of internally integrated by industrial
and productively connected

32. Urbanization is unstoppable. Globalization has
accelerated the spread of free markets and modern
technology, shaking ever more people from their
rural roots and luring them to cities. By next year,
3.3 billion people, half the world's population, will
live in cities. For cities in all regions, managing
this new large influx will be a major challenge—
but one that each region will face differently.
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/view.htm

33. Asia will have its fair share of
megacities. China is projected to account for
10 of the world's 30 fastest-growing large
cities between 2005 and 2020, and India
will have 8. The rapid growth of several
Asian economies, including those of China
and India, will give them a competitive
advantage in handling new waves of urban
migration.

34. But Asian cities also aspire to be global cities—like
London, Paris, and New York—that have advanced
transportation and communication systems; a
multicultural and cosmopolitan environment with a
developed cultural scene; a critical mass of financial
institutions, law firms, and major corporations; a strong
media presence; a venue for major sporting events; and a
clean, healthy, and beautiful urban environment—with
outstanding architecture, clean air, water, parks, and
gardens.

35. The hardware part is unglamorous but critical: it includes
modern sewage, a reliable electrical supply, and well-
maintained roads and bridges. The inability to deliver a
first-world physical infrastructure may explain why only
4 Asian cities are ranked among the top 50 in terms of
quality of living by Mercer Consulting. They are
Singapore (34), Yokohama (38), Kobe (40), and Osaka
(42). Singapore is ranked first in Asia because, arguably,
it is the best-planned city in the world. New York is
ranked only 48, demonstrating that even first-world cities
like New York and London are gravitating toward third-
world infrastructure because of poor maintenance.
Witness the sinkhole that opened up in Manhattan in July
2007.

36. Yet even if the great Asian cities fail to keep
pace on infrastructure, they could be saved by their
software: the cultural excitement that lures great
talent. In Mumbai, the most densely populated city
in the world (29,650 people per square kilometer),
the physical infrastructure is crumbling and there is
little long-term planning, but there is a vibrant
cultural scene. Its movie industry, Bollywood, has a
huge geopolitical footprint, stretching from
Indonesia to Morocco (and perhaps the suburbs of
New Jersey).

37. In Shanghai, the infrastructure looks better, at
least superficially, with wide new roads and
glittering skyscrapers, but the reality is that the nuts
and bolts need looking after—for example, its
sewage is not first world. Even so, the cultural
excitement in Shanghai today is as explosive as in
Mumbai, largely because the city leaders have
focused on glamorous projects (theaters, libraries,
and museums—some one hundred of which are
planned over the next four years).

38. Urbanism
is the study of the characteristic ways of interaction
of inhabitants of towns and cities (urban areas) with
the built environment. It is a direct component of
disciplines such as urban planning (the physical
design and management of urban structures)
and urban sociology (the study of urban life and
culture). However, in some contexts internationally
Urbanism is synonymous with Urban Planning, and
the ”Urbanist” refers to an Urban Planner.

39. Urbanism
• City way of Life
• Socio cultural consequences of living in urban places
the human side of urbanization
• Social patterns and behavior associated with living
cities
o Emphasis on: Competition, achievement,
specialization, superficiality, anonymity,
independence, are tangential relationships
o Compared with: a simpler and less
competitive idealized rural past

40. New Urbanism
New Urbanism is an Urban
design movement which promotes
environmentally friendly habits by
creating walkable neighbourhoods
containing a wide range of housing and job
types. It arose in the United States in the
early 1980s, and has gradually influenced
many aspects of real estate
development, Urban Planning, and
municipal land Use strategies.

41. New Urbanism
New Urbanism is strongly influenced by
urban design practices that were prominent
until the rise of the automobile prior to World
War II; it encompasses ten basic principles
such as traditional neighbourhood design
(TND) and transit- oriented Development
(TOD). These ideas can all be circled back to
two concepts: building a sense of community
and the development of ecological practices.

42. Sando : Building Smarter City

43. Urban planning
 Underground water and electric tunnel
 Pedestrian
 Telecommunications
 Highways and subways
 Underground waste that goes directly to
waste processing center

44. Singapore
City built in water. A story of
land reclamation
Reclamation Project

46. Housing and Slums
• Acute shortage of housing in urban areas and
much of the available accommodation is
quantitatively of sub standard variety
• With large scale migration for urban areas, many
find that the only option that they have is
substandard housing, overcrowding, lack of
electrification, ventilation, roads, and drinking water
facilities

47. Over crowding

48. Over crowding
• Overcrowding encourages deviant
behaviour, spreads diseases, and creates
conditions to mental illness, alcohol and
riots
• One effect of dense urban living is people’s
apathy and indifference

49. Power shortage
• Power supply has remained insufficient in majority
of Urban Area
• The use of electrical gadgets has increase in cities,
and establishments of new industries and the
expansion of the old ones has also increased
dependence of electricity

50. Pollution
• Towns and cities are major polluters of the
environment, Several cities discharge 40 to 6
percent of their entire sewage and industrial
effluents untreated into the nearby rivers
• Urban industries pollutes the atmospheres with
smoke and toxic causes from the chimneys
• All these Increases the chances of diseases
among the people living in the urban centres

51. Other Problems:
Environmental Problems
Educational Problems
Malnutrition
Poverty
Unemployment

53. Rural rebound
• where people are getting sick of
cities and moving back to Rural
Areas

54. • Make the economy of rural areas
fully viable by undertaking massive
rural development program

55. • Surplus rural manpower should
be absorbed in rural areas
themselves to reduce rural to
urban migration.

57.  Urban Planning and Management
 City Development Strategy
 Systematic development of urban centers
and creation of job opportunities
 Regional planning with city planning
 Encouraging industries to move to backward
area
 Municipalities to find own financial resources
 Adopting Pragmatic Housing Policy

58. We therefore cannot reap the
dividends of a full democracy. So we
enviously look back at the efficient
authoritarian regimes on one bank of
this river and admiringly ahead at the
mature democracies on the other. We
need to push cautiously ahead by
"crossing the river, feeling the pebbles
with our feet," as an old proverb says
Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen said, "Countries should not
become fit for democracy, but become fit through democracy."
In the journey across the river of democracy, India has gone
only halfway.
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/view.htm