17. 17
Conclusion: Alfacalcidol can be used to control
secondary hyperparathyroidism at doses of 1.5–2.0
times that of calcitriol.
The two drugs are equally efficacious and lead to similar
changes in calcium and phosphorus.
Nephrology 16 (2011) 277–284
18. Calcimimetics: เติมรูป
Cinacalcet 25 mg (Regpara®) บริษัทเคียววะ
ฮัคโค คิริน
• US-FDA approved for the treatment of 2º
hyperparathyroidism in HD patients
• Increase sensitivity of calcium sensing receptors
(CaSR) on the surface of parathyroid gland to
calcium.
• Decrease PTH, Calcium and Phosphate.
• ADR: hypocalcimia
Management of hyperparathyroidism:
19. 19
ภาวะโลหิตจาง
สาเหตุ
Insufficient EPO
Iron deficiency
Hyperparathyroidism
Inflammation or
infection
Inadequate dialysis
Aluminium toxicity
Vitamin B12 or folate def.
Shortened red cell survival
Carnitine deficiency
ACEI
Hyporesponse to EPO
35. 35
Susceptibility Increased susceptibility to kidney damage
Advanced age
Reduced kidney mass and low birth weight
Racial/ethnic minority
Family history
Initiation Directly initiate kidney damage
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
Drug toxicity
Urinary stone
Autoimmune disease
Progression Cause worsening kidney damage and faster decline in
kidney function after initiation of kidney damage
Glycemia (among diabetic patients)
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Smoking
Obesity
35
CKD Risk Factors
41. 41
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
• CAGE
• Cathepsin G
• Chymase
adapted from: Chung, Unger., Am J Hypertens 1999;12:150S–156S
• CAGE: chymostatin sensitive AngII-
generating enzyme
42. Summary for RAS inhibitor
• Normotensive DM patients
– macroalbuminuria or microalbuminuria
should be treated with ACEI or ARB.
– normoalbuminuria: ACEI/ARB – not
recommended
• Combined RAAS blockade therapy – not
recommended AJKD 2012; 60(5): 850-866
48. 48TAL: Thick ascending limb of Henle
- Renal
hypoperfusion
- Salt and water
retention
- Hyperkalemia
PGE2:
• Afferent arteriolar
Vasodilatation
• Increased GFR
• Inhibition of TAL Na+, K+-
ATPase
• Inhibition of ADH in the
collecting duct
PGI2:
• Afferent arteriolar
vasodilatation
• Efferent arteriolar
vasodilatation
• Increased GFR
• Release of renin