Plan training session

Sector : ELECTRONICS
Qualification Title: COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING – NC II
Unit of Competency: Plan Training Session
Module Title: Planning Training Session
ZAMBOANGA CITY HIGH SCHOOL
Zamboanga City

Plan
Training
Session
Johnny Jean N. Tigas
Computer System Servicing - NC II
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24, 2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

Welcome to the module in Installing and Configuring
Computer Systems. This module contains training materials and activities
for you to complete.
You are required to go through a learning activities in order to
complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome
are information Sheets, Self-Checks, Operation Sheets and Job Sheets.
Follow these activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to
ask your facilitator for assistance.
The goal of this module is the development of practical skills. To gain
these skills, you must learn basic concepts and terminology. For most part,
you’ll get this information from the Information Sheets.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency,
in Computer System Servicing NC II .
This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge
and skills in this particular competency independently and at your own
pace, with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.
Remember to:
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.
Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
He /She is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice
on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shift.
This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also your
confidence.
Use the Self-checks, Operation Sheets or Job Sheets at the end of
each section to test your own progress.
When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask
your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Progress Chart and Achievement Chart.
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24, 2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

SESSION PLAN
Sector : ELECTRONICS
Qualification Title : COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING – NC II
Unit of Competency : Install and configure computer systems.
Module Title : Installing and configuring computer systems.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module you will be able to :
LO1 : 1. Assemble computer hardware
LO2: 2. Prepare installer
LO3: 3. Install operating system and drivers for peripherals/ devices
LO4: 4. Install application software
LO5: 5. Conduct testing and documentation
A. INTRODUCTION
This module deals with the knowledge, skills, and application towards installing, assembling and testing computers and
common peripherals.
B. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
LO 1: Assemble Computer Hardware
Learning Content Methods Presentation Practice Feedback Resources Time
1. Unit assembly
is planned and
prepared to
ensure OH&S
1.Lecture-demonstration
2.Self-paced instruction
3.Group discussion
Read info sheet
1.1-1
Answer
sheet, self
check
Compare
answer
using
answer key
Computer
set and
information
sheet
Computer System Servicing
NCII
Date Developed:
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policies and
procedures are
followed in
accordance with
systems
requirements
2. Materials
necessary to
complete the work
are identified and
obtained in
accordance with
established
procedures and
checked against
systems
requirements
3. Identify tools,
equipment and
testing devices
needed to carry
out the
installation work
are obtained in
accordance with
established
procedures and
checked for
1.1-1
NCII
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correct operation
and safety
4. Computer
hardware is
assembled in
accordance with
established
procedures and
systems requirements
5.Basic-input-
output-system
(BIOS)
configuration is
performed in
accordance with
hardware
requirements
LO 3: Install operating system and drivers for peripherals/ devices
1. Operating system
(OS) is installed in
accordance with
established
installation
procedures and to
1. Lecture
2. Self-paced
instruction
3. Group discussion
*demonstration
Read info sheet
3.4-1
Read n understand Evaluate 1.Computer set,
NCII
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comply with end-user
requirements
2.
Peripherals/devices
drivers are installed
and configured in
accordance with
manufacturer’s
instructions and/or
OS installation
procedures
3. OS and drivers
updates/patches are
accessed and installed
in accordance with
manufacturer’s
recommendations and
requirements
4. On-going checks of
the quality of the work
are undertaken in
accordance with
established
procedures
performance
objectives of task
sheet 3.4-1
Perform task
sheet 3.4-1
performanc
e using
performanc
e criteria
check list
3.4-1
2.PC specification
3.Schematic
Diagrams
4.Diagnostics
software and
CDROMs
5.Books/manuals/m
agazines
6.Tools and test
equipment
-head screwdriver
-Philips head
screwdriver
-Long nosed pliers
-Allen bit wrench
C. ASSESSMENT PLAN
• Written Test
• Performance Test
NCII
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D. TEACHER’S SELF-REFLECTION OF THE SESSION
NCII
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(COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING)
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1.
Install and Configure
Computer Systems
Install and Configure
Computer Systems.
ELC724331
2.
Set-up Computer
Networks
Set-up Computer
Networks
ELC724319
3.
Set-up Computer
Servers
Set-up Computer
Servers
ELC724320
4.
Maintain Computer
Systems and Networks
Maintain Computer
Systems and Networks
ELC724334
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
MODULE TITLE: INSTALLING AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the outcomes required in installing and
configuring desktop and workstation computers systems. It consists of
competencies to assemble computer hardware, install operating system and
drivers for peripherals/devices, and install application software as well as to
conduct testing and documentation
NOMINAL DURATION: 8 hours
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1
ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE
Contents:
1. OH&S policies and procedures
2. Tools, equipment and testing devices
3. Computer hardware
4. Operating system
5. Established installation procedures
6. Peripherals/devices
7. Application software
8. Stress test
Assessment Criteria
1. Installation is planned and prepared to ensure Occupational Health
and Safety policies and procedures are followed, the work is
appropriately sequenced in accordance with requirements
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Date Revised:
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2. Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is
coordinated effectively with others involved on the work site
3. Devices/systems are obtained in accordance with established
procedures and to comply with requirements
4. Location in which devices / systems are to be installed is
determined from job requirements
5. Materials necessary to complete the work are obtained in
accordance with established procedures and checked against job
requirements
6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the
installation work are obtained in accordance with established
procedures and checked for correct operation and safety
7. Preparatory work is checked to ensure no unnecessary damage
has occurred and complies with requirements
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
• PC or workstations
• Instructional Manuals such as: Occupational Health and Safety
policies and procedure manual, device manual and hardware
diagrams and charts.
• Tools, equipment’s and test instruments such as: protective
eyewear, digital multi-meter, crimping tools, pliers, screw drivers.
• Supplies and materials such as: appropriate operating system
,driver software, software applications and programs.
Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral Questioning
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3
INSTALL OPERATING SYSTEM AND DRIVERS FOR PERIPHERALS
/DEVICES
Contents:
1. Operating system (OS) is installed in accordance with established
installation procedures and to comply with end-user requirements
2. Peripherals/devices drivers are installed and configured in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions and/or OS installation procedures.
3. OS and drivers updates/patches are accessed and installed in
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements
4. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in
accordance with established procedures
Assessment Criteria
1. Installation planned and prepared to ensure that safety measures,
policies and procedures followed, and that work is appropriately
sequenced in accordance with the industry standards
2. Technical personnel consulted to ensure that the work coordinated
effectively with others involved on the worksite
3. Computer systems and network devices obtained in accordance with
the established procedures and to comply with requirements
4. Location where devices and systems to be installed is determined from
job requirements
5. Materials necessary to complete the work obtained in accordance with
established procedures and checked against job requirements
6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the
installation work obtained in accordance with established procedures
and checked for correct operation and safety
7. Preparatory work checked to ensure that no unnecessary damage has
occurred and that work complies with requirements
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Date Revised:
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8. OH&S policies and procedures for installing devices/systems are
followed
9. Devices / systems are installed in accordance with requirements,
without damage or distortion to the surrounding environment or
services
10. Variation to devices / systems installation is carried out in accordance
to customer/client requirements
11. Devices / systems are terminated and connected in accordance with
requirements
12. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with
established procedures
13. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from
appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented
14. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in
accordance with established procedures
15. OH&S policies and procedures are followed
16. Circuits and systems are checked as being isolated where necessary
using specified testing procedures
17. Parts or connections of the installation or service that are removed in
order to conduct the test are stored to protect against loss or damage
and in accordance with established procedures
18. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with
established procedures
19. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from
appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented
20. Devices / systems and/or installation is tested to determine whether
it conforms to requirements
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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21. Parts, and/or connections removed for the purpose of testing are
returned to pre-test conditions in accordance with established
procedures
22. Final inspections are undertaken to ensure the installed devices /
systems conforms to requirements
23. Documentation in relation to the test is forwarded to appropriate
personnel and/or authority in accordance with requirements
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Computer Hardware: Optical disc drives, Memory modules
Power supply, Cables and cords, Motherboard, Hard disk, Video card
Sound card
2. Operating systems: Windows, MAC OS X, Linux
3. Utility softwares and CD/DVD-ROMs
4. Books/manuals/magazines
5. Tools and test equipment:
5.1. Slotted head screwdriver
5.2. Philips head screwdriver
5.3. Long nosed pliers
5.4. Allen bit wrench
Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral and written exam
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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Learning Experience
Learning Outcome No. 1
ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on
Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
Policies and Procedures.
2. Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
1
3. Read Information Sheet 1.1-2on
basic requirements for a well planned
project based Installation Service.
4. Answer Self-Check 1.1-2. Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
2.
the fundamentals structures and
types of Operating System
8. Answer Self-Check 1.1-3. Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
3
9. Guided by Information Sheet 1.1-4,
proceed to the tool room and do Task
Sheet 1.1-5 on identifying computer
components and peripherals
Observe safety in the workplace.
Trainee/trainer evaluates
performance/output using
performance checklist 1.1-4 and
makes recommendations.
the types and functions of different
tools and equipments.
12. Answer Self-Check 1.1-5 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
5
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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Revision # 01

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading of this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify the basic precautions and procedures in planning, preparing, installing
and testing of computer hardware and software.
2. Determine the effects of computers to the people, health risk, and to the
environment.
During installation and initial test, careful planning and preparation are to be
done. To avoid personal injury and damages to wiring due to sharp pins on
connectors and printed circuit assemblies, rough chassis edges and corners, and hot
components.
Adhere to warnings and limitations regarding accessibility into areas
designated only for authorized technical personnel.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
SOME BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES:
 Before starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and
procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.
 Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
 Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage to
both CPU and the motherboard.
 Each bank must have the same size and type of memory installed in pairs.
 Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure that you
unplug your power supply. Failure to do so may cause damage to your
motherboard and in the system component.
 Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system requirements
before booting up.
 If the computer does not pass any of the power on self-test (POST), the
computer will receive an irregular power on self-test. An irregular POST is a
beep code which is different from the standard beep which can either be no
beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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Developed by:
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Revision # 01

EFFECTS OF COMPUTERS
Some effects of computers relating to the violation of privacy, the impact on
the labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.
1. Violation of Privacy
Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere--in medical records,
credit reports, tax records, etc. It is crucial that personal and confidential records
be protected properly. In many instances, where these records were not properly
protected, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.
2. Impact on Labor Force
Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an
entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
workers and managers have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that
workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that
some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their
homeland labor force employed.
3. Health Risks
Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the
hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back. Computer users can protect
themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good posture
while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Another health risk,
called computer addiction, occurs when someone becomes obsessed with using the
computer. Once recognized, computer addiction is a treatable disorder.
4. Public Safety
Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share
publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some
of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes
committed by dangerous strangers. Protect yourself and your dependents from these
criminals by being cautious. For example, do not share information that would allow
others to identify or locate you.
5. Impact on Environment
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural
resources and polluting the environment. The amount of resources required to
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Date Revised:
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manufacture a personal computer equals that of a mid-sized car. When computers
are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially dangerous
levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. Strategies that can help protect the
environment include recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the
life of computers, and immediately donating replaced computers
SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1-1
A. IDENTFICATION
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
1. Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
2. After adding and removing any other system components, make sure
that you unplug your power supply.
3. Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system
requirements before booting up.
4. With an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage to
both CPU and the motherboard.
5. After starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and
procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.
B. MATCHING TYPE
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Direction: Select your answer on the choices below that will correspond on
the statement. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
A. Violation of Privacy
B. Impact on the Environment
C. Public Safety
D. Health Risk
E. Impact on Labor Force
1. Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting
natural resources and polluting the environment.
2. Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and
created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the
skills of millions of workers and managers have been replaced by
computers.
3. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly.
4. Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to
share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal
information.
5. Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of
the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back.
Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page. If you
get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next activity but if not,
master the lesson and take the Self-Check again.
ANSWER KEY 1.1-1
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
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A. IDENTIFICATION
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B
2. E
3. A
4. C
5. D
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Date Revised:
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BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLANNED INSTALLATION
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Prepare the required documents or forms before you do a well-planned
installation
2. Identify the qualifications to be a certified hardware professional so that you
could be allowed and authorized to do a well-planned installation
Are you the person everyone calls when they have a computer problem? Have
you considered getting paid for fixing near-fatal errors and turning your PC prowess
into a business? According a recent report, sales of computer services are expected to
exceed $47 billion this year in the U.S. alone, with PC repair leading the way. But
there are some requirements that you need to know before joining the bandwagon of
Computer Hardware Servicing trade, like document/forms (e.g. Job Orders, Request
Forms, and Report Sheets) and qualifications for personnel in repairing computers.
REQUIRED DOCUMENTS/FORMS:
A. Job Order
A Job order (known as works order outside of the United States because the
work is produced in a manufacturing area known as the works) or job
order (sometimes job ticket or work ticket, as it often has some type of ticket
attached) is an order received by an organization from a customer or client, or an
order created internally within the organization. A work order may be for products or
services.
In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales
order to show that work is about to be begin on the manufacture, building or
engineering of the products requested by the customer. In a service environment, a
work order can be equivalent to a service order where the WO records the location,
date and time the service is carried out and the nature of work that is done. The type
of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the WO. A rate (e.g. $/hr,
$/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is also shown on
the work order.
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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A work order may be a maintenance or repair request from students, faculty or
staff in a university.
Orders received from outside an organization are often dispatched (reviewed
and scheduled) before being executed. Work orders may be for preventive
maintenance
Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that contains the
customer information, describes the work performed, lists charges for material and
labor, and can be given to the customer as an invoice.
A job order is an internal document extensively used by projects-based,
manufacturing, building and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for products
and/or services. In a manufacturing environment, a job order is used to signal the
start of a manufacturing process and will most probably be linked to a bill of
material. Hence, the job order will probably state:
1. the quantity of the product to be manufactured, built or fabricated
2. the amount of raw material to be used, its price and amount
3. the types of labor required, rate (per hour or per unit) and amount
4. the machine utilization for each machine during the routing process, its rate
and amount
In a service environment, a job order can be the equivalent to a work or service
order where the job order records the location, date and time the service is carried
out and the nature of service that was carried out. The type of personnel (e.g. job
position) may also be listed on the job order. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the
total amount of hours worked and total value is also shown.
Sample Job Order Form
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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Computer Repair Job Order Form
Teacher Client’s Name School Zamboanga City High School
Date December 12, 2015 Computer # 001
Service Tag# 001 Model Intel i3
Serial # 4737Z
Computer Problem: (Brief Description of the Problem)
***Blue Screen Error***
___________________________________________________________________________
For Technical Department Used Only
Fax No. (02)922-5566
Computer Fixed By: Johnny Jean Tigas
Date Sent Back to School: ________________
Memory Transcend 2 GHz Processor Pentium Dual-Core 2 GHz
Hard Drive Space Hitachi Sata 80 Gig Windows Windows 7 Ultimate
B. Request Form and Report Sheet
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Computer Hardware Servicing maintenance, which includes planned installation,
main objective is to keep and improve production facilities, to keep and improve
production facilities stable and efficient at the lowest life cycle cost with the active
participation of all members in the company. A Request Form is used to put this
objective into action. And the Report Sheet and Request Form bring to life this
maintenance’s purposes which are:
• To increase productivity through maximum utilization and improvement of all
equipment
• To develop maintenance system to reduce life cycle cost of machinery and
equipment through the involvement of everybody in the organization
• To develop the operator’s capability to be competent in maintenance activities
through education, training and motivation.
• To enhance capability for advanced and sophisticated technology that would
reinforce competitive power.
Sample Request Form
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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UNIT NO. 5-2 Description: Acer Aspire 4736Z Laptop Computer
Observation/s:
***Corrupted Operating System***
Date Reported:
December 01,
2015
Reported by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Activity: Reformat Laptop
Date Completed: December 03, 2015
Sign:
Sample Report Sheet
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Repair Report Sheet
Area/Section: CICT Computer Laboratory
Facility Type Nature of
Breakdown
Recommendation
Laptop No
Operating System
Error
Viral Corruption
Refer to the
Technical
Department for
Reformatting of
the Operating
System
Reported by: Juan Dela Cruz
Date: November 15, 2015
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
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Date Revised:
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REQUIRED QUALIFICATION FOR A COMPUTER HARDWARE PERSONNEL:
What Qualifications Do You Need to Become a PC Repair Technician?
Education
Employers prefer applicants who have completed formal electronics training in
a vocational school, community college or similar setting, reports the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Training programs may last from 6 months to two years. Some employers
require at least a high school diploma or GED.
Certifications
Trainees can take the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing assessment to
demonstrate their competency for entry-level jobs to employers. The Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority or TESDA offers a variety of certification
programs. In addition, technicians can achieve certifications even for trainership.
Physical and Personal Traits
PC technicians must be able to squat, bend and reach to access the computer
equipment requiring repair. They should be physically able to lift at least 50 pounds
of computer components. Employers look for technicians who can stand for long
periods of time and have the ability to perceive a variety of colors. Employers want
technicians who think analytically, are organized and pay attention to detail. They
should feel comfortable working under tight deadlines, and companies may expect
them to work overtime or on weekends.
Knowledge and Skills
Applicants should know how to use a variety of standard office software, and
some jobs also require knowledge of networking. Companies prefer candidates with
previous PC repair experience, and they may look for candidates with experience
repairing specific brands of computers. Technicians need strong oral communication
skills and should be able to explain their findings to customers using common terms.
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
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A. IDENTIFICATION
Direction: the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
_________ 1. Anyone can perform a planned installation as long as he knows it.
_________ 2. The Department of Education, Culture and Sports facilitates the
competency assessment for computer technicians.
__________3. Computer Technicians are given the TESDA NC II Computer
Hardware Servicing by TESDA after successfully taking the
Assessment.
_________ 4. Computer Technicians need not to have strong oral
communication skills for they only repair computers.
__________5. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair experience,
and they may look for candidates with experience repairing specific
brands of computers.
__________6. A job order is an external document by a project based
Business.
__________7. A job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order
where the job order records the location, date and time the
service is carried out and the nature of service that was carried
out.
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ANSWER KEY 1.1-2
IDENTIFICATION
1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-3
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Identify fundamentals of operating systems
2. Determine the different types of operating systems
An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer
hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The
operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system.
Application programs require an operating system which are usually separate
programs, but can be combined in simple systems.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system
and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage,
printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the
computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the
hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted
by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer
from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
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Real-time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized
scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior.
The main objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable
response to events. They have an event-driven or time-sharing design and often
aspects of both. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their
priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based
on clock interrupts.
Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer
system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as
they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-
user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a
single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts on a Windows operating
system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator
is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to
login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped
under a single-tasking system. However, when the operating system allows the
execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating
system. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-
emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one
slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux
support pre-emptive multitasking, as does Amiga OS. Cooperative multitasking is
achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined
manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-
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bit versions, both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac OS
prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.
Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers
and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked
computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to
distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one
machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed
system.
Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer
systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very
compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some
examples of embedded operating systems.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Unix and Unix-like operating systems
Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write
Unix, based on his experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and
Unix developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which
have been influential in every modern operating system (see History).
The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major
sub-categories including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a
trademark of the Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system
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that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly used to
refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are
used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and
engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD, are
popular in these areas.
Four operating systems are certified by the The Open Group (holder of the Unix
trademark) as Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the original
System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor's hardware. In
contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris Operating System can run on multiple types of
hardware, including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a
replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is a hybrid kernel-based BSD
variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD.
Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The
POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally
created for various Unix variants.
BSD and its descendants
A subgroup of the Unix family is
the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which
includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, PC-
BSD. These operating systems are most commonly
found on web servers, although they can also
function as a personal computer OS. The Internet
owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the
protocols now commonly used by computers to
connect, send and receive data over a network
were widely implemented and refined in BSD.
The world wide web was also first demonstrated
on a number of computers running an OS based on BSD called NextStep.
BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed
its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science
department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text
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editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the
school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the
computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and decided to fund the
project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took notice and
started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by
AT&T.
Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that
manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP.
One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first web server to create
the World Wide Web.
Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free
code that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued.
Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and
spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD.
Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of open
core graphical operating systems
developed, marketed, and sold by Apple
Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on
all currently shipping Macintosh
computers. Mac OS X is the successor to
the original Mac OS, which had been
Apple's primary operating system since
1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on
technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s
and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a
desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001. Since
then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released,
the most recent being OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion", which was first made available on
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February 16, 2012 for developers, and to be released to the public late summer 2012.
Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats.
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop
counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS
X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that
provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent,
a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others. In Mac OS X
v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been integrated into the client
version.
Linux and GNU
Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-
like operating system that was developed
without any actual Unix code, unlike
BSD and its variants. Linux can be used
on a wide range of devices from
supercomputers to wristwatches.
The Linux kernel is released under an
open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to
run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used
on 1.82% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted for use in servers and
embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in most places,
and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The Linux kernel
is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux
Mint and Google's Android.
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers
who seek to create a completely free and open operating
system that was similar to Unix but with completely
original code. It was started in 1983 by Richard Stallman,
and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux
variants. Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every
operating system are licensed under the GNU General
Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a
side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from
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Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his
project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave
of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers
from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished
GNU parts with the Linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed
by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based
computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected
computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and Windows Server
2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows XP as most used OS.
Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-
DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture
personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released which only used
MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x could run real-mode
MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me, released in 2000, was the
last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all been based on the Windows
NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors,
although Windows 8 will support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT
supported non-Intel architectures.
Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has
expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server
operating environment. However, Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as
on personal computers, as Windows competes against Linux and BSD for server
market share.
A. IDENTIFICATION
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Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement
is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
________1) An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer
hardware resources and provide common services for application
software.
________2) Operating system is not a vital component of the system software in
a computer system. Application programs require an operating
system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined
in simple systems.
________3) Time-sharing operating systems schedule time for efficient
use of the system and may also include accounting for cost
allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources.
________4) For software functions such as input and output and
memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary
between application programs and the computer hardware.
________5) Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers
master the lesson and take the Self-Check again
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ANSWER KEY 1.1-3
IDENTIFICATION
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
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4. FALSE
5. TRUE
COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND DEVICES
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1. Classify of the hardware and software components of a computer with its
corresponding functions.
2. Determine the various computer components and peripherals
A computer system is a special subsystem of an organization's overall
information system. It is an integrated assembly of devices, centered on at least one
processing mechanism utilizing digital electronics, which are used to input, process,
store, and output data and information.
Putting together a complete computer system, however, is more involved than
just connecting computer devices. In an effective and efficient system, components
are selected and organized with an understanding of the inherent tradeoffs between
overall system performance and cost, control, and complexity.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
Basic Hardware Components of Computer System
Today, almost everyone in our information society has a basic understanding of
what a computer is and what it can do. A contemporary computer system consists of
a central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output
devices, and communications devices that work together with software to perform
calculations, organize data, and communicate with other computers.
A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory, that can be programmed to accept data
(input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away in a secondary
storage device (store) for safekeeping or later reuse. The processing of input into
output is directed by the software but performed by the hardware. Figure below
shows some common computer hardware components.
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Common computer hardware components
Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the functions
of input, processing, data storage; output and communication. The devices
responsible for these five areas are as follows:
• Input
devices.
Input
devices
allow
you to
enter
data or
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commands in a form that the computer can use; they send the data or
commands to the processing unit. Commonly-used input devices include
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.
• Output devices. Output devices show people the processed data--information
--in understandable and useful form. Four commonly used output devices are
a printer, a monitor, speakers, and a portable media player. Input/output
devices are playing an increasingly significant role in our lives. The number
and variety of input/output devices are expanding.
• Processing devices. Processing devices are the computer electronic circuitry
housed in the system unit. The circuitry in the system unit is part of a circuit
board called the motherboard. Two major components on the motherboard are
the processor and memory. The processor, formally known as the central
processing unit (CPU), has electronic circuitry that manipulates input data
into the information people want. Computer instructions are actually are
executed in the central processing unit. Memory is a series of electronic
elements that temporarily holds data and program instructions while they are
being processed by the CPU. Both the processor and memory consist of chips.
A chip is an electronic device that contains many microscopic pathways
designed to carry electrical current.
• Storage devices. Storage usually means secondary storage that can store
data and programs outside the computer itself. Storage devices hold data,
information, and programs permanently. These devices supplement memory
(also called primary storage) that can hold data and programs only temporarily.
Common storage devices include a hard disk, USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs,
and memory cards. A drive is a device that reads from and writes onto a
storage medium. A storage medium is the physical material on which data,
information, and program are stored. Some portable devices, such as digital
cameras, use memory cards as the storage media.
• Communications devices. Communications devices provide connections
between the computer and communications networks, and enable computer
users to communicate and to exchange data, information, and programs with
other computers. Communications devices transmit these items over
transmission media such as cables, telephone lines, satellites, and cellular
radio. A widely used communications device is a modem.
In summary, we communicate with computers through input/output devices.
Input devices translate our data and communications into a form that the computer
can understand. The computer then processes these data, and an output device
translates them back into a form we can understand. The central processing unit
manipulates data and controls the other parts of the computer system. Memory
(primary storage) temporarily stores data and program instructions during
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processing, while secondary storage feeds data and instructions into the central
processor and stores data for future use.
The System Unit
The Motherboard
The system unit is a box-like case that houses the processor, memory and other
electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. All other
computer system devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, are linked
either directly or indirectly into the system unit.
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Figure below shows some of the components inside the system unit on a typical
PC, including the processor, memory, expansion cards, drive bays, power supply,
ports and connectors. The processor is the device that executes program instructions.
The memory device is a package that holds temporarily data and program
instructions during processing. An expansion card is a circuit board that adds
devices or capabilities to the computer. Finally, devices outside the system unit, such
as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, or microphone, are attached by a cable to a
port or connector on the system unit.
To conserve on space, all-in-one computer houses the system unit in the same
physical case as the monitor. On notebook computers, the keyboard and pointing
device often occupy the area on the top of the system unit. The display attaches to
the system unit by a hinge. The system unit on a handheld computer usually
consumes the entire device. On these devices, the display is part of the system unit
too.
When the cover of a system unit is removed, the motherboard, also called
system board, can be seen inside the housing. The motherboard, a single circuit
board, provides the path through which the processor communicates with memory
components, other components, and peripheral devices. In a typical personal
computer, the components attached to the motherboard include processor, memory
chips, support electronic circuitry, and expansion boards. It is the processor that is
the most important component of the motherboard.
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Many electronic components attach to the motherboard
A computer chip is a small piece of semi conducting material, usually silicon,
on which one or more integrated circuits are etched. The various chips have
standard-sized pin connectors that allow them to be attached to the motherboard
and, there, to a common electrical path, called bus, that enables data flow between
the various system components.
An integrated circuit (IC) contains many microscopic pathways capable of
carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of elements
such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Transistors act as electronic switches
that may or may not allow current to pass through. If current passes through, the
switch is on, representing the 1 bit. If current does not pass through, the switch is
off, representing a 0 bit. Thus, combinations of transistors can stand for
combinations of bits, which represent numbers, letters, and other characters. The
motherboard in the system unit contains many different types of chips. A
miniaturized central processing unit can be etched on a chip, then the term computer
on a chip.
A central processing unit on a chip is called a microprocessor. On a personal
computer, the central processing unit (CPU) usually is contained on a single chip. On
the larger computers such as mainframes and supercomputer, the various functions
performed by CPU are spread across many separate chips. Today's popular Pentium
microprocessor contains more than one hundred million transistors.
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Ultimately, the type of processor and the amount of RAM placed on the
motherboard define the computer’s speed and capacity. The processor is generally
not made by the manufacturers of PCs. It is made by companies that specialized in
the development and manufacture of microprocessors. A number of companies make
microprocessors, including Intel, IBM, Motorola, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and
Cyrix. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch square. Manufacturer’s package
chips so the chips can be attached to a circuit board such as a motherboard, memory
module, or adapter card.
A variety of chip packages exist. One type, called a dual inline package (DIP),
consists of two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip package to the circuit
board. A pin grid array (PGA) package holds a larger number of pins because the
pins are mounted on the surface of the package. A flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package
is a higher-performance PGA packaging that places the chip on the opposite side of
the pins. Another high performance packaging technique does not use pins. A single
edge contact (SEC) cartridge connects to the motherboard on one of its edges.
The Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU), also called processor, interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The CPU significantly
impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computer's operations. On
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Some common chip packages

larger computers, such as mainframes and supercomputers, the various functions
performed by the processor extend over many separate chips and often multiple
circuit boards. On a personal computer, all functions of the processor usually are on
a single chip.
Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-core processors. A multi-core
processor is a single-chip with two or more separate processors. Two common multi-
core processors used today are dual-core and quad-core. A dual-core processor is a
chip that contains tow separate processors. Similarly, a quad-core processor is a chip
with four-separate processors. Each processor on a multi-core chip generally runs at
a slower clock speed than a single-core processor, but multi-core ships typically
increase overall performance.
Memory
While performing a processing operation, a processor needs a place to
temporarily store instructions to be executed and the data to be used with those
instructions. The CPU cannot process data on an input device or disk directly; the
data must first be available in memory. A computer's memory in the system unit,
located physically close to the CPU (to decrease access time), provides the CPU with a
working storage area for program instructions, data and information. Memory is also
known as primary storage or internal storage. Memory usually consists of one or
more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in the computer.
The major feature of memory is that it rapidly provides the instructions and
data to the CPU. Memory stores three basic categories of items: (1) the operating
system and other system software that control or maintain the computer and its
devices; (2) application programs that carry our a specific task such as word
processing; and (3) the data being processed by the application programs and
resulting information.
This role of memory to store both data and programs is known as the stored
program concept.
Memory and storage sizes
Programs and data are placed in memory before processing, between
processing steps, and after processing has ended, prior to being returned to
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secondary storage or released as output. Recall that a character is stored in the
computer as a group of 0s and 1s, called a byte. Thus, a byte is the basic storage
unit in memory. Like the CPU, memory components contain thousands of circuits
imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current (on) or
not (off). By representing data as a combination of on or off circuit states, the data is
stored in memory. When application program instructions and data are transferred
into memory from storage devices, each of bytes is placed in a precise location in
memory, called an address. This address is simply a unique number identifying the
location of the byte in memory. To access data or instructions in memory, the
computer references the addresses that contain bytes of data. The size of memory is
measured by the number of bytes available for use (Figure 4-17). A kilobyte of
memory is equal to exactly 1,024 bytes. To make storage definitions easier to identify,
computer users often round a kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is
equal to approximately 1 million bytes. A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1
billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes.
The system unit contains two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. The
contents of volatile memory are lost when the computer power is turned off. In
nonvolatile memory, the combination of circuit states is fixed, and therefore the
contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost when power is removed from the
computer. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory. Examples of nonvolatile
memory include ROM, flash memory and CMOS. The following sub-sections discuss
these types of memory.
RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chips that are mounted directly
on the motherboard or mounted on peripheral cards that plug into the motherboard.
The RAM chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to changes in electric
current. When the computer is powered on, certain operating system files are loaded
from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM. These files remain in RAM as
long as the computer is running. As additional programs and data are requested,
they are read from storage into RAM. The processor acts upon the data while it is in
RAM. During the running time, the contents of RAM may change as the program is
executed.
RAM comes in many different varieties. Three basic types of RAM are dynamic
RAM, static RAM, and magnetoresistive RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be
refreshed (or recharged) constantly by the CPU or it loses its contents. Many
variations of DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster than the basic DRAM. One
type of DRAM is Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which is much faster than DRAM
because it is synchronized to the system clock. Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM
chips are eve faster than SDRAM chips because they transfer data twice for each
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clock cycle, instead of just once, and DDR2 and DDR3 are even faster than DDR.
Dual channel SDRAM is faster than single channel SDRAM because it delivers twice
the amount of data to the processor. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) is yet another type of
DRAM that is much faster than SDRAM because it uses pipelining techniques. Most
personal computers today use some form of SDRAM chips or RDRAM chips.
Static RAM (SRAM) is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. The
term static refers to the fact that it does not have to be re-energized as often as
DRAM. SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM, thus it is usually used for special
purpose, such as used in cache.
A newer type of RAM, called magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), stores data using
magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. Manufacturers claim that MRAM has
greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and has faster access times than
electronic RAM. Also, MRAM retains its contents after power is removed from the
computer, which could prevent loss of data for users. As the cost of MRAM declines,
experts predict MRAM could replace both DRAM and SRAM.
RAM chips usually are packaged on a small circuit board, called memory
module, which is inserted into the motherboard (Figure 4-19). Three types of memory
modules are SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. A single inline memory module (SIMM)
has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board that connect together to form a single
set of contacts. With a dual inline memory module (DIMM), the pins on opposite
sides of the circuit board do not connect and thus form two sets of contacts. SIMMs
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A memory module being inserted in a
motherboard.

and DIMMs typically hold SDRAM chips. A Rambus inline memory module (RIMM)
houses RDRAM chips.
The amount of RAM a computer requires often depends on the types of
applications you plan to use on the computer. A computer only can manipulate data
that is in memory. A computer needs a certain amount of memory to store programs,
data, and information. The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer will
respond.
A software package usually indicates the minimum amount of RAM it requires.
If you want the application to perform optimally, typically you need more than the
minimum specifications on the software package. The necessary amount of RAM
varies according to the type of work you do and the type of software applications you
are using. The amount of RAM on your computer determines how many programs
and how much data a computer can handle at one time and thus affects overall
performance. Generally, home users running Windows Vista and using basic
application software such as word processing should have at least 1GB of RAM. Most
business users who work with accounting, financial, or spreadsheet programs, and
programs requiring multimedia capabilities should have 1 to 4 GB of RAM. Users
creating professional Web sites or using graphics-intensive applications will want
4GB or more of RAM. The amount of RAM in computers purchased today ranges from
1GB to 64GB. In an advertisement, manufacturers specify the maximum amount of
RAM a computer can hold, for example, 1GB expandable to 2GB.
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions. That is, the items stored in ROM chips cannot be modified--hence, the
name read-only. ROM is usually nonvolatile. In ROM, the combination of circuit
states is fixed, and therefore its contents are not lost if the power is removed. The
data, instructions, or information stored on ROM chips often are recorded when the
chip is manufactured. ROM chips that contain permanently written data,
instructions, or information are called firmware. Firmware can be read and used,
but cannot be changed by user. For example, ROM contains the programs that direct
the computer to load the operating system and other files when the computer is
turned on. In addition to computers, many devices contain ROM chips. For example,
ROM chips in printers contain data for fonts.
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a blank ROM chip on which you
can permanently place data and programs. Once the data and instructions are
programmed into PROM chip, the chip functions like a regular ROM and cannot be
erased or changed. A variation of the PROM chip, called electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chip, allows a programmer to erase
the microcode with an electric signal. EEPROM chips are where the CPU's data and
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instructions change, but only infrequently, such as an industrial robot used in an
automobile manufacturer.
Flash Memory
Another type of nonvolatile memory is called flash memory. Flash memory is a
chip that keeps its memory when the power is shut off. Similar to a EEPROM chip,
flash memory can be erased electronically and reprogrammed. Most computers use
flash memory to hold their startup instructions because it allows the computer easily
to update its contents. For example, when the computer changes from standard time
to day-light savings time, the contents of a flash memory chip (and the real-time
clock chip) change to reflect the new time.
Flash memory chips also store data and programs on many mobile computers and
devices, such as smart telephones, digital cameras, pagers, PDAs, automotive
devices, portable media players, digital voice recorders, and printers. When you
enter names and addresses in a smart phone or PDA, a flash memory chip stores the
data. Some portable media players such as MP3 players store music on flash
memory chips; others store music on tiny hard disks or flash memory cards. The
logic capabilities of these devices can be upgraded by simply downloading new
software from the Internet or a vendor-supplied disk to flash memory.
CMOS
Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips use
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology because it provides
high speeds and consumes little power. CMOS technology uses battery power to
retain information even when the power to the computer is off. Battery-backed CMOS
memory chips, for example, can keep the calendar, date, and time current even when
the computer is off. The flash memory chips that store a computer's startup
information often use CMOS technology.
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
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An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard that
can hold an adapter card. An
adapter card, also called
expansion card, is a circuit
board that enhances functions
of a component of the system
unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals. A
peripheral is a device that
connects to the system unit and
is controlled by the processor in
the computer. Examples of
peripherals are modems, disk drives, printers, scanners, and keyboards. The adapter
cards contain the electronic circuitry for many supplemental capabilities, such as
more memory, higher-quality sound devices, a modem, extra ports, or graphics
capabilities. Figure shows an expansion card being plugged into an expansion slot on
a personal computer motherboard.
Figure below lists currently used types of adapter cards. Sometimes, all functionality
is built in the adapter card. With others, a cable connects the adapter card to a
device, such as a digital video camera, outside the system unit.
Some motherboards include all necessary capabilities and do not require adapter
cards. Other motherboards may require adapter cards to provide capabilities such as
sound and video. A sound card is used to enhance the sound-generating capabilities
of a personal computer by making two basic functions possible. First it enables
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An adapter card being inserted in an expansion slot
Currently used adapter cards and their functions

sounds to be captured and stored on disk. Second, it enables sounds to be played
through external speakers. The sound card can add realism to computer games with
stereo music and sound effects.
It also allows us to speak commands and enter words to our PCs via speech
recognition. The typical sound card will have receptacles for a microphone, a headset,
an audio output, and a joystick. A video card, also called video adapter or
graphics card, converts computer output into a video signal that is sent through a
cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen.
In the past, installing a card was not easy and required you to set switches and
other elements on the motherboard. Today, many computers support Plug and Play,
which refers to the computer's capability to automatically configure adapter cards
and other peripherals as you install them. Having Plug and Play support means that
a user can plug in a new component turn on the computer, and then use or play the
component without having to configure the system manually.
There are four widely used types of removable flash memory devices: flash
memory cards, USB flash drives, PC cards, and ExpressCard modules. Unlike
adapter cards that require you to open the system unit and install the card on the
motherboard, you can change a removable flash memory device without having to
open the system unit or restart the computer. This feature, called hot plugging, allows
you to insert and remove the removable flash memory and other devices while the
computer is running.
Flash memory cards and USB flash drive
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A flash memory card is a removable flash memory device, which you inset and
remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Many mobile
and consumer devices, such as smart phones, digital cameras, portable media
players, and PDAs use these memory cards. Some printers and computers have built-
in card readers/writers or slots that read flash memory cards. In addition, you can
purchase an external card reader/writer that attaches to any computer. Flash
memory cards are available in a variety of shapes, sizes and capacities.
A USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port
on a computer or portable device. A special type of USB flash drive, called a U3
smart drive, includes preinstalled software accessed through a Window-type
interface.
Many computers have a PC Card slot or an Express Card slot, which is a
special type of expansion slot that holds a PC Card or an Express Card module,
respectively. A PC Card is a thin, credit card-sized removable flash memory device
that primarily is used today to enable notebook computers to access the Internet
wirelessly. Express Card modules are the next generation of PC Cards. An Express
Card module, which can be used as a removable flash memory device, adds
memory, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to computers. Both
PC Cards and Express Card modules conform to standards developed by the Personal
Computer Memory Card International Association. These standards help to ensure
the interchangeability of PC Cards and Express Card modules among personal
computers.
Other Components
Buses
As previously explained, a computer processes and stores data as a series of
electronic bits. These bits are transferred internally within the circuitry of the
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A PC Card slides in a PC Card slot

computer along electrical channels. Each channel, called a bus, allows the various
devices inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other. Just
as vehicles travel on a highway to move from one destination to another, bits travel
on a bus.
Buses are used to
transfer bits from input
devices to memory, from
memory to the CPU, from
the CPU to memory, and
from memory to output or
storage devices. All buses
consist of two parts: a
data bus and an address
bus. The data bus
transfers actual data and
the address bus transfers
information about where
the data should go in
memory.
A bus is measured by its size. The size of a bus, called the bus width, determines the
number of bits that can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 32-bit bus can
transmit 32 bits (4 bytes) at a time. On a 64-bit bus, 64 bits (8 bytes) are transmitted
from one location to another at a time. The larger the number of bits handled by the
bus, the faster the computer transfers data. If a number in memory occupies 64 bits,
it must be transmitted in two separate steps when using a 32-bit bus: once for the
first 32 bits and once for the second 32 bits. Using a 64-bit bus, however, the
number can be transmitted in a single step, transferring all 64 bits at once. The
wider the bus, the fewer number of transfer steps required and the faster the transfer
of data. Most personal computers today use a 64-bit bus.
Every bus also has a clock speed. Just like the processor, the clock speed for a bus is
measured in megahertz. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the transmission
of data, which results in applications running faster. Most of today's processors have
a bus clock speed of 400, 533, 667, 800, 1066, or 1333 MHz.
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Just as vehicles travel on a highway, bits travel on a bus

Two basic types of buses are found in a computer: a system bus and an expansion
bus. A system bus is part of the motherboard and connects the CPU to main
memory. An expansion bus allows the CPU to communicate with peripheral devices.
Data transmitted to the CPU travels from the expansion bus and the system bus.
When computer professionals use the term bus by itself, they usually are referring to
the system bus. Since the types of expansion buses on a motherboard determine the
types of expansion cards you can add, you should understand the expansion buses
commonly found in today's personal computers:
• An old and slowest expansion bus is the ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture) bus. A mouse, modem card, sound card, and low-speed network
card are examples of devices that connect to the ISA bus directly or through an
ISA bus expansion slot.
• The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is a high-speed expansion
bus that connects higher speed devices. Types of cards inserted into a PCI bus
expansion slot include video cards, sound cards, SCSI cards, and high-speed
network cards. The PCI bus transfers data about four times faster than the ISA
bus. Most current personal computers have a PCI bus.
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Buses allow the various devices inside and attached to the system unit to
communicate with each other

• The PCI Express (PCIe) bus is an expansion bus that expands on and doubles
the speed of the original PCI bus. Nearly all video cards today use the PCI
Express bus, as well as many hard disks and network cards. Experts predict
the PCI Express bus eventually will replace the PCI bus completely.
• The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is actually a bus designed by Intel to
improve the speed with which 3-D graphics and video are transmitted. When
an AGP video card is inserted in an AGP bus slot, the AGP bus provides a
faster, dedicated interface between the video card and memory. Newer
processors support AGP technology.
• The Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire bus are buses that eliminate
the need to install expansion cards into expansion slots. In a computer
equipped with a USB, USB devices are connected to each other outside the
system unit and then a single cable attaches to the USB port. The USB port
then connects to USB, which connects to the PCI bus on the motherboard. The
USB hot plug feature allows peripheral devices to be connected to or removed
from the USB port while the PC is running. The FireWire bus works in a similar
fashion. With these buses, expansion slots are available for devices not
compatible with USB or FireWire.
• The expansion bus for a PC Card is the PC Card bus. With a PC Card inserted
into a PC Card slot, data travels on the PC Card bus to the PCI bus.
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A system unit has many ports
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a
system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from the
computer. An peripheral device, such as a keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse, digital
camera, and microphone, often attaches by a cable to a port on the system unit. Most
of the time, ports are located on the back of the system unit, but they also can be
placed on the front .
A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches
to a port on the system unit, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches
to a port on the peripheral. Most connectors are available in one of two genders: male
and female. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins. Female connectors have
matching holes to accept the pints on a male connector. Manufacturers often identify
the cables by their connector types to assist you with purchasing a cable to connect a
computer to a peripheral. Figure show the different types of connectors you may find
on a system unit. Notice that some are color-coded to help you match the connector
to the correct port. Some system units include these connectors when you buy the
computer. You add other connectors by inserting adapter cards on the motherboard.
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Certain adapter cards have ports that allow you to attach a peripheral to the adapter
card.
The motherboard is designed with several port options, including at least one
serial port and parallel port each, several USB ports, and a FireWire port.
• A serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by
transmitting data one bit at a time. It usually used to connect devices that do
not required fast data transmission rates, such as a mouse or keyboard. The
COM port (short for communications port) on the system unit is one type of
serial port. Some modems, which connect the system unit to a telephone line,
use a serial port because the telephone line expects the data in a serial form.
Serial ports conform to either the RS-232 or RS-422 standard with 9-pin or 25-
pin. One of the 9 or 25 lines carries the serial signal to the peripheral device,
and another line carries the signal from the device. The other lines carry
control signals.
• Parallel ports allow the parallel transmission of data; that is, several bits are
transmitted simultaneously. Figure also shows how 8-bit bytes travel in
parallel over 8 separate lines. Extra lines carry control signals. Parallel ports
use the same 25-pin RS-232C connector or the 36-pin Centronics connector.
These ports provide the interface for such devices as high-speed printers,
external magnetic tape or disk backup units, and other computers. Two newer
types of parallel ports, the EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) and the ECP (Extended
Capabilities Port), use the same connectors as the Centronics port, but are
more than 10 times faster.
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A serial port and parallel port
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are used in high-speed device interfaces. Up
to 127 peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single USB port. USB ports
are ideal for digital cameras, scanners, games controllers, MP3 music player,
CD & DVD, removable hard disk, PDA, smart phone, and high-speed modems.
Many system units have six to eight USB ports. Some newer peripheral devices
may attach only to a USB port. Others attach to either a serial or parallel port,
as well as a USB port. When connecting a device to a USB port, you do not
need to install a card in the computer. Simply plug one end of the cable into
the USB port and the other end into the device. To attach multiple peripherals
using a single USB port, you can use a USB hub. A USB hub is a device that
plugs in a USB port on the system unit and contains multiple USB ports in
which you plug cables from USB devices. Some USB hubs are wireless. The
latest version of USB, called USB 2.0, is a more advanced and faster USB, with
speeds 40 times higher than that of its predecessor.
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• FireWire ports, also
called IEEE 1394
port, are similar to
the USB port and can
connect multiple types
of devices that require
faster data
transmission speeds
such as digital video
cameras, digital VCRs
color printer,
scanners, digital
cameras, and DVD
drives to a single
connector. Up to 63
devices can be connected together using a FireWire port. The latest FireWire
version, called FireWire 800, is much more advanced than its predecessor,
FireWire 400. The FireWire also supports Plug and Play. Many computer
professionals believe that ports such as USB and FireWire someday will replace
serial and parallel ports completely. Having standard ports and connectors,
such as USB and FireWire, greatly simplify the process of attaching devices to
a computer. In general, FireWire has replaced parallel and SCSI ports, and
USB ports have replaced mouse, keyboard, serial, audio, and parallel ports.
Some newer computers do not have a serial or parallel port. Users plug the
device in a USB or FireWire port. Figure 4-32 shows how USB and FireWire are
replacing other ports completely.
There are five special-purpose ports available: MIDI, eSATA, SCSI, IrDA, and
Bluetooth. These ports are not included in typical computers. For a computer to have
these ports, you often must customize the computer purchase order. MIDI (Musical
Instrument Digital Interface) ports connect the system unit to a musical
instrument, such as an electronic keyboard. The electronic music industry has
adopted MIDI as a standard to define how devices, such as sound cards and
synthesizers, represent sounds electronically. A synthesizer, which can be a
peripheral or a chip, creates sound from digital instructions. A system unit with a
MIDI port has the capability of recording sounds that have been created by a
synthesizer and the processing the sounds to create new sounds. Nearly every sound
card supports the MIDI standard, so you can play and manipulate on one computer
sounds that originally were created on another computer.
An eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) port, allows
you to connect an external SATA hard disk to a computer. SATA hard disks are
popular because of their fast data transmission speeds. eSATA connections provide
up to six times faster data transmission speeds than external hard disks attached to
a computer's USB or FireWire port.
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USB and FireWire ports are replacing traditional ports

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports are special high-speed
parallel port and provide a parallel interface that enables faster data transmission
than serial and parallel ports. Also up to 15 SCSI peripheral devices can be daisy-
chained to a single SCSI port; that is, they are connected along a single cable. The
first SCSI device connects to the computer, the second SCSI device connects to the
first SCSI device, and so on. SAS (serial-attached SCSI) is a newer type of SCSI that
transmits at much faster speeds than parallel SCSI.
Power Supply, Cooling Technology
Many personal computers plug in standard wall outlets, which supply an
alternating current (AC) of 115 to 120 volts. This type of power is unsuitable for use
with a computer, which requires a direct current (DC) ranging from 5 to 12 volts. The
power supply is the component of the system unit that converts the wall outlet AC
power into DC power. Different motherboards and computers require different
wattages on the power supply. If a power supply is not providing the necessary
power, the computer will not function properly.
Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps the power supply cool. Many
newer computers have additional fans near certain components in the system unit
such as the processor, hard disk, and ports. Processor chips generate quite a bit of
heat, which could cause the chip to burn up. Although the computer’s main fan
generates airflow, many of today’s processors require additional cooling. A heat sink
is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on its surface that absorbs and
disperses heat produced by electrical components such as a processor. Because a
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heat sink consumes extra space, smaller device called a heat pipe cools processors in
notebook computers.
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TASK SHEET. 1.1-4
Title: Identify the Different Computer Components and Peripherals
Performance Objective In the tool shop, given the supplies, computer
components and peripherals, materials, and equipment, you are
required to identify the different computer components and peripherals
and their specifications in 15 Minutes.
Supplies/Materials: Paper and Pen
Equipment:
1. Computer
2. PPE
Steps/Procedure:
1. Proceed to the station (with PC Unit) assigned to you
2. Identify the different components and write the specifications of
each component on your paper.
3. Submit output to trainer for evaluation
Assessment Method: Practicum with interview

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST TASK 1.1-4
Criteria Yes No
Computer components and peripherals are identified
correctly
Questions about the computer components and peripherals
are answered correctly
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Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) were used properly
The objective of the activity are achieved accordingly
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
1. Identify the different tools and equipment used in computer systems
and networks
2. Determine the different use and functions of these tools and equipments
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One important thing to consider before executing a well-planned computer
installation is that one must be knowledgeable in the different tools and equipments
used in computer systems and networks. Furthermore, the idea on how these tools
and equipments are properly used is another important consideration in installing
computer systems.
Hardware Tools/Equipments
and their Functions
Illustrations
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Protective Eyewear
enclose or protect the eye area in
order to prevent particulates,
infectious fluids, or chemicals
from striking the eyes
Multi-tester or Multi-meter
A multi-meter or a multi-tester,
also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm
meter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one
unit
Pliers (Assorted)
Pliers is a hand tool used to hold
objects firmly, for bending,
or physical compression.
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Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool for
driving screws and often rotating
other machine elements with the
mating drive system
Soldering Gun
A soldering gun is
a tool for soldering metals using
tin-based solder to achieve a
highly conductive contact
Desoldering Tool
Desoldering tools are used for
removing the molten solder so that
the joint may be separated.
Allen Wrench
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A hex key, Allen key, or Allen
wrench (also known by various
other synonyms) is a tool of
hexagonal cross-section used to
drive bolts and screws that have a
hexagonal socket in the head
(internal-wrenching hexagon drive)
Flashlight
A flashlight (or torch in British
English) is a hand-held portable
electric-powered light source.
Usually the light source is a
small incandescent light
bulb or light-emitting diode (LED)
IC Insertion and Extraction Tool
Used for extracting and inserting
BIOS Chip
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Mirror
In hardware servicing a mirror is
used for inspecting the peripherals
Tweezers
Tweezers are tools used for
picking up objects too small to be
easily handled with
the human hands
Antistatic Wrist Strap
An antistatic wrist strap, ESD
wrist strap, or ground bracelet is
an antistatic device used to
safely ground a person working on
very
sensitive electronic equipment, to
prevent the buildup of static
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electricity on their body, which
can result in electrostatic
discharge (ESD)
Gloves
A gloves are garments for covering
and protecting the whole hand
Printer
a printer is a peripheral which
produces a text or graphics of
documents stored in
electronic form, usually on
physical print media such as
paper or transparencies
Computer
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A computer is
a programmable machine designe
d to automatically carry out a
sequence of arithmetic or logical
operations
Windows Operating System
CD/DVD
An operating system is used as an
intermediary between hardware
and software
Device Driver
CD/DVD
An application used
to install the device
and peripherals of a
computer systems
and networks
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RS 232 pin
insertion/extraction
tool
RS232 and D-Sub
Pin Insertion and
Removal Tool
Computer Networking
Tools and Device and
their Functions
Illustrations
Crimping Tool
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Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

A crimping tool is a tool
designed to crimp or
connect a connector to the
end of a cable. For
example, network cables
and phone cables are
created using a crimping
tool to connect the RJ-
45 and RJ-11 connectors
to the end of the cable. In
the picture to the right, is
an example of what a
crimping tool looks like.
This example shows a tool
capable of crimping both
RJ-11 and RJ-45
connectors.
LAN Tester
A Device used for
testing network
cable connectivity
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

UTP Unshielded
Twisted Pair Cat 5
Cable
A cable used for
computer
networking
RJ 45 Connector
A plastic connector
used for UTP Cable
to connect
computers in a
network
Ethernet Switch
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

A network
switch or switching
hub is a computer
networking
device that
connects network
segments or networ
k devices
References
1. http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
2. www.cengageasia.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
A. IDENTIFICATION.
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
________1. Protective Eyewear enclose or protect the nose area in order to
prevent particulates, infectious fluids, or chemicals
________2. Uni-tester is an electronic device for measuring instrument that
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

combines several measurement and functions
________3. Fliers are hand tool used to hold objects firmly for beding or physical
Compression
________4. A screw is a tool for driving screws and often rotating other machine
elements with the mating drive system
________5. A Soldering Gun is a tool for soldering metals using tin-based solder
to achieve a highly conductive contact
B. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Select your answer on the choices below that will correspond on the
statement. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
1. Mirror
2. Flash light
3. Gloves
4. Tweezers
5. IC Insertion and Extracting Tool
______ 1. A hand held portable electric light source
______ 2. Used for extracting and inserting BIOS Chip
______ 3. Used for inspecting peripherals
______ 4. Intended for picking up objects too small for human hands
______ 5. Used for hand protection
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

ANSWER KEY 1.1-5
C. IDENTIFICATION
1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

4. FALSE
5. TRUE
D. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. G
2. J
3. F
4. I
5. H
EVIDENCE PLAN
Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Date Developed:
October 24,2015
Date Revised:
Document No.
Issued by:
Developed by:
Johnny Jean Tigas
Revision # 01

Plan training session

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