Over the past few decades, the poultry sectors growth and trend towards intensification and concentration to meet the increasing demand for in expensive and safe supply of meet and egg have given rise to a number of environmental concerns. A direct consequence of this structural changes in poultry production is that far more waste than can be managed by land disposal is produced, resulting in environmental problems. As a result, environmental regulations are increasingly developing world wide and poultry producers have to comply with it.
Poultry production adversely affects the environment in numerous ways –through poor management of litter and manure water streams from processing plants, dust, odoure tc.
2. INTRODUCTION
– intensification and concentration have given rise to a
number of environmental concerns.
– cant be managed by land disposal
– environmental regulations are increasingly developing
world wide
– ways through poor management of litter and manure
water streams from processing plants, dust, odor etc
8. MANURE
– The high nutrient content and low water content
– fertilizer or as animal feed
– Pollutants like gases, leachate
– proper disposal-, incineration, compositing, and
rendering, biogas
11. Water pollution
– The application of excessive amounts of poultry manure can result
in leaching of nutrients through the soil and into the groundwater.
– Pollution of manure application can occur in several ways
including:
– Direct dumping into surface water.
– Runoff from feedlots or stockpiles.
12.
13. – Overflow from manure storage of inadequate capacity
– causing eutrophication, algae bloom ,impaired fisheries fish kills
and increase turbidity.
– responsible for nitrate poisoning in both animals and humans
particularly infants
– effect drinking water quality manure can impact taints and orders to
drinking water.
14. MANURE GASES
– Aerobic decomposition of poultry manure is basically an odorless
process
– which produce stabilized organic matter some carbon dioxide and
water
– anaerobic decomposition of liquid manure (collection pits holding
banks and storage lagoons )
– produces obnoxious odours and the production of considerable
amount of gas which are hazardous
15. – Reaches in higher concentration at the time of removal
– Main gases are:
– CO2
– NH3
– H2S
– CH4
– CO
– HCHO
16. CO2 Carbon Dioxide
– colorless odorless gas.
– highly soluble in water.
– Normal air has 300 PPM.
– released through respiration of animals and by manure
decomposition.
– being heavier it settles down and in ventilation is not proper it
causes O2 deficiency
17. – threshold limit value for man is 5000 PPM
– 10,000 PPM courses violent painting and at
– 2,50,000 PPM for few hours can cause death.
– Death due to CO2 asphyxiation very rarely any death will probably
be the result of heat stress and O2 deficiency
18. NH3 - Ammonia
– colorless gas with characteristic pungent odor.
– It is lighter than air and soluble in water
– Air mixed with more than 16% NH3 is considered an explosive.
– It is released from fresh manure and during anaerobic decomposition
– TLV for man is 50 PPM to protect against irritation to the eyes
– 5000 PPM causes suffocation
– in chicken 50 to 100ppm retards growth and feed consumption and causes
keratoconjunctivitis
19. – There are several ways in which the concentration of NH3 can be
control these methods includes;
– Rapid manure removal from the facility
– Adequate floor slopes to ensure good drainage
– Liberal use of bedding and increased ventilation rates
– Use of liquid systems to dissolve NH3
20. H2S – HYDROGEN SULPHADE
– colorless gas with a rotten egg smell.
– Most toxic and dangerous
– Soluble in water and produced during anaerobic fermentation
– a concentration of 0.09 PPM is accpectable
– indicated by formation of black accumulations of copper sulfide on
copper thermostat and electrical wiring
– white deposits of zinc sulfate on galvanized metal
– TLV for this gas is set at 10 PPM which is not commonly
acceptable in poultry house
21. – It is flammable and can be explosive in an O2 mixture.
– The greatest risk from gas occurs when emptying tanks and pits
above which concentration levels can reach lethal level in as little
as a few minutes.
– Minimization include:
– Do not agitate the pit
– Provide proper ventilation
– Use gas traps
– Empty pits frequently
22. CH4 - METHANE
– This is a colorless gas lighter than air
– Not very soluble in water
– Highly inflammable it burns with a blue flame
– higher concentrations causes explosion.
– Cause thinning of ozone layer
– Has a tendency to rise and pool at top
23. CO – CARBON MONOXIDE
– Colorless gas
– Same density as air
– Rare gas expectable in animal houses.
– By burners and/or burning of charcoal/coal
– It is exhausted from gas engines, gas, and oil and coal heaters.
– Ensure that all engines are vented to the outside of the facility
24. HCHO FORMALDIHIDE
–Most common fumigant
–By control fumigation, levels of HCHO are very remote.
–During following emptying of the storage.
25. GASES IN POULTRY HOUSE
Gases Lethal limit Practical limit
CO2 Above30 Below1
CH4 Above5 Below 5
H2S Above0.05 Below0.04
NH3 Above0.05 Below0.0025
O2 Below6 Optimum21
1%=10,000ppm
26. ODOUR
– Public complaint
– The biological breakdown of the poultry manure within
storages
– Absence of dissolved oxygen in stored manure
– Accelerate with increasing bird age
– Not hazardous to human health but nuisances
– Cause real or perceived illness
27. MEASUREMENT OF ODOUR
– not been successfully developed.
– Two approaches have been taken;
– organoleptic (sensory)
– physical/chemical.
28. SOURCES OF ODOUR
– Manure
– Animal odour
– Openlots
– Anaerobic storages
– Ventilation air
32. MAXIMUM GAS
CONCENTRATION AND ODOUR
Gas Odour Concentration
CO2 None 3,000ppm
NH3 Sharp, pungent 15ppm
H2S Rotten egg smell 3ppm
Co None 50ppm
33. DUST
– Feature of animal production units.
– Where a dry manure-end product is produced.
– Good air circulation and adequate ventilation will limit
the effects
– Proper management with a high standard of hygiene can
greatly reduce the problems of dust associated with
poultry manure.
34.
35. FACTORS AFFECTING DUST
CONCENTRATION
– Temperature
– Relative humidity
– Ventilation systems
– Feeding practices
– Stocking density
– cleanliness of the buildings
– Bedding materials
– Animal activities.
36.
37.
38.
39. DUST IS AN OCCUPATIONAL
HAZARD
– harmful dust is aerosol dust (size range of 2.5 micrometers
and smaller).
– reach the lungs when inhaled by birds or humans.
– Barn workers have an increased risk
– Bronchitis,
– Chronic farmer lung disease,
– Occupational asthma
– Organic dust toxic.
40. AEROSOLS AND BROILER DUST
– By reactions among gases or injected into the air by processes on the ground.
– Size from < 1 um to the size of a sand grain.
– 25 times greater than urban area
– Dust comprises feather fragments
– Fecal material & skin debris
– Feed particles
– Mold spores
– Bacteria & fungus fragments
– Litter fragments.
41. FACTORS AFFECTING DUST
LEVELS
– With age of flock,
– The number of birds
– Season of the year.
– Bird activity
– Temperature
– Relative humidity
– Type of bedding
42. DUST CONTROL
Management practices that can greatly reduce the amount of dust in
poultry buildings are described below:
– Clean interior building surfaces regularly.
– Reduce dust from feed.
– Manage the relative humidity
– Remove air borne dust using air-cleaning devices and workers
provided with dust masks.
– Properly managed mechanical ventilation and clean regularly.
43. – Maximizing the distance between barn and residences.
– Established a row of trees between your poultry house and
residences.
– Choose a time for clean-out that minimizes inconvenience to
residents.
– Strive to maintain litter moisture conditions which are not
excessively dry or damp.
– Control of darkling beetles will reduce the contribution of insect.
45. Infective agents
viruses
– Only few viruses that can affect humans.
– The Avian Influenza strains of viruses that caused the Hong Kong
flu
– Newcastle virus can cause conjunctivitis in the eyes of
– Bronchitis, Bursal and Adenovirus will not affect humans
46. BACTERIA
– Generally dust levels are highly diluted by air as the vented dust
from the barns enters the environment. There is
– Almost no risk
– Capable of resisting bacterial infection.
– Tuberculosis – mycobacterium avium – abdominal pain, cough
48. PESTS
– Manure makes an ideal substrate for to breed and feed upon.
– including flies & rodents
– Nuisance and carriers of disease.
– not obvious as gases, odours
and water pollution,
49. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES REGARDING
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
– use cropland for manure application,
– If the land base is insufficient, choose another
environmentally satisfactory solution.
– Ensure sufficient manure storage capacity
– Storage must eliminate seepage into ground water.
– Avoid land application of manure during winter and
permit most effective crop use of nutrients
50. – Adequate separation and suitable screening of location
– Use weather conditions to best advantage to minimize
odour nuisance during field spreading of manure
– Use soil injection, and gain reduced nitrogen losses and
surface runoff.
– Control manure by frequent transfer of manure
51. CONCLUSION
– Impact of the sector is substantial.
– Pollutants including oxygen demanding substance, ammonia, solids
nutrients, pathogens trace elements antibiotics, pesticides,
hormones and odour and other air born emission
– Existing scientific knowledge is sufficient for problem recognition
– It still not presenting the final solution.
– Aware of ways in which their production threatens environment
– Only thus they will be able to find and adopt solutions that are
profitability and sustainability of poultry production.
52. REFERENCE
– Scientific poultry production a unique encyclopedia - By P.V
SREENIVASAIAH
– Poultry production and the environment – By P. GERBER
&C.OPIO
– The environmental impact on poultry production – By V.RODIC &
L.PERIC
Editor's Notes
The high nutrient content and low water content in poultry litter make it valuable input to agriculture. Manure is either used as fertilizer or as animal feed. Pollution of soil and water with nutrients, pathogens and heavy metals is generally caused by poor manure management and occur where manure is stored. Improper disposal of poultry carcass and manure can contribute to water quality problems especially in areas prone to flooding. Methods for the proper disposal of poultry carcasses include burial, incineration, compositing, and rendering. Large volume of carcass can generate excessive amount of leachate and other pollutants, increasing the potential of environmental contamination.
The application of excessive amounts of poultry manure can result in leaching of nutrients through the soil and into the groundwater. Efficient manure management ensures that manure or its constituents cannot gain access to rivers, streams, lakes, or water supplies.
Pollution of manure application can occur in several ways including:
Direct dumping into surface water.
Runoff from feedlots or stockpiles.
Overflow from manure storage of inadequate capacity
There probably exist several ways in which water pollution can occur. The addition of poultry manure constitutes such as nitrate and phosphate main course or contribute to eutrophication and the resultant and slightly growth of algae. Excess nutrients in surface water can cause algae blooms in paired fisheries fish kills Orders and increase turbidity. Water pollution by poultry manure can result in several consequences the oxygen level in the water is depleted because bacteria decomposing the manure constituents utilize Oxygen and hence when dissolved oxygen concentration are seriously depleted making it unsuitable aquatic life such as fish consequently water become septic and unpleasant.
The pollution of water resulting from poultry manure can also present a health hazard to both humans and livestock. In addition the pollution of water by poultry manure may be responsible for nitrate poisoning in both animals and humans particularly incense finally the pollution of water by poultry manure can greatly affect drinking water quality manure can impact taints and orders to drinking water.
Aerobic decomposition of poultry manure is basically an odourless process which produce stabilized organic matter some carbon dioxide and water anaerobic decomposition is typically of liquid manure handling systems and characteristics of collection pits holding banks and storage lagoons the anaerobic decomposition process is characterized by obnoxious Orders and the production of considerable amount of gas which are hazardous to both men and livestock.
Gases in poultry houses reach higher concentration when the manure is agitated usually when it is being removed if ventilation is insufficient and or mechanical systems of ventilation if employed fails the concentration of gases can reach toxic levels. The house temperature that is optimum for broilers and layers are also optimum for fermentation process in the litter by microorganisms. Humans can be overcome by the high concentration of these classes because all of these gases are colorless
This is a colorless odourless gas considered really heavier than air and highly soluble in water. Normal air has 300 PPM and more is released through respiration of animals and by manure decomposition. Being heavier it settles down and if ventilation is not proper it causes O2 deficiency. Threshold limit value for man is 5000 PPM. 10,000 PPM causes violent panting and at 250000 PPM for few hours can cause death. Death due to O2 asphyxiation occurs very rarely any death will probably be the result of heat stress and O2 deficiency
This is a colorless gas with characteristic pungent odour. It is lighter than air and soluble in water. Air mixed with more than 16% NH3 is considered an explosive. It is released from fresh manure and during anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. TLV for man is 50 PPM to protect against irritation to the eye, 5000 PPM causes suffocation. In chicken 50 to 100ppm retards growth and feed consumption and causes keratoconjunctivitis however in only under ventilated poultry houses its concentration is likely to exceed 50 PPM.
Because of its high water solubility NH3 can be more easily confirmed in liquid systems than in solid systems low concentration can greatly affect animal health and performance.
This is a colorless gas with a rotten egg smell. Soluble in water and produced during anaerobic fermentation in a normally ventilated house, a concentration of 0.09 PPM is expectable but may rise to above 0.3 PPM is poorly ventilated. its presence is indicated by formation of black accumulations of copper sulfide on copper thermostat and electrical wiring white deposits of zinc sulfate on galvanized metal black discoloration where lead pigment Paints are used due to lead sulfide.
Of all of the manure gases H2S is the most toxic and is potentially the most dangerous. TLV for this gas is set at 10 PPM which is not commonly acceptable in poultry house. It is flammable and can be explosive in an O2 mixture. The greatest risk from gas occurs when emptying tanks and pits above which concentration levels can reach lethal level in as little as a few minutes.
This is a colorless gas lighter than air, not very soluble in water and highly inflammable it burns with a blue flame but at higher concentrations there is a real danger of explosion. this is one of the gases incriminated to cause thinning of Ozone layer surrounding the earth and subsequent greenhouse gases. However in poultry houses this gas does not cause serious problems CH4 is lighter than air it has a tendency to rise and pool at the top of stagnant corner or tightly enclosed manure storage pit.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas of about the same density as air and is a rare gas expectable in animal houses. However, in such houses where brooding is done by burners and/or burning of charcoal/coal and ventilation system has suddenly failed which is not been noticed for a sufficiently long time, CO may be produced in place of CO2. It is exhausted from gas engines, gas, and oil and coal heaters. The best way of preventing a toxic buildup of CO is to ensure that all engines are vented to the outside of the facility. If this is not possible, then sufficient ventilation to prevent gas buildup should be provided. This gas is highly poisonous but, the probability of its occurrence in poultry houses is very low.
This is the most common fumigant employed in poultry operations. With modern practice of control fumigation, chances of toxic levels of HCHO are very remote. Entering poultry manure storage areas and pits at any time should be done with caution, especially during following emptying of the storage. As all gases produced are colorless, extreme caution should be taken when entering these facilities.
The greatest public complaint about most poultry production facilities is about the smell that surrounds such an establishment. The odours are the result of the biological breakdown of the poultry manure within storages, whether these are piles, lagoons or indoor pits. This microbiological process occurs in the absence of dissolved oxygen in stored manure
Odour generation processes tend to accelerate with increasing bird age. As the birds grow, the faces accumulate in on and in the litter. Consequently it may be expected that the odour concentration will increase as a batch ages.
Odours from livestock facilities are well below occupational health minimums. They are not considered to be hazardous to human health but rather nuisances pollutants. Distress associated with the nuisance may cause real or perceived illness. Nuisance is a function of odour frequency, intensity, duration, and offensiveness.
A means of accurately assessing odour intensity and quality has not been successfully developed. Measurement is complicated since the subjective perception of a nuisance odour is not only dependent upon the intensity but also the frequency and duration to which the receptor is subjected to the odour. Idiosyncrasies further complicate the issue. Two approaches have been taken; organoleptic (sensory) and physical/chemical. Odour measurement can focus on its quality (offensiveness, intensity) or on the measurement of specific odour compounds as in physical/chemical analysis (ppm, %). Each approach presents special problems.
MANURE
There are several sources of odour coming from the manure resulting from the everyday poultry operation. These sources include:
Feed odours associated with feeding of waste materials or fermented products
Odourous compounds from manure-covered surfaces or treatment facilities.
Roofed facilities often have high odour production because of high animal density, large manure inventory, and limited air exchange.
Other structures such as manure storage tanks, anaerobic lagoons and manure-covered floors produce obnoxious odours.
Any wet area supports widespread anaerobic decomposition and can be a source of odours
ANIMAL ODOURS
Animals and their fresh feces have characteristic odours. Unsanitary housing conditions where animals are dirty may increase odour. Body heat and moisture promote bacterial growth and odour production. Odour is also a function of animal type, feed, and housing system.
OPEN LOTS
Feedlots, paved or unpaved, consist of large surface areas of exposed manure which are subject to odour production. Odour emission depends on amounts of manure accumulated and the moisture content. Weather conditions have a great impact on surface conditions and odour production. In arid and windy regions, dust may contribute to the nuisance problem.
ANAEROBIC STORAGES
Manure allowed to undergo anaerobic decomposition will produce malodours. Open storages are particularly significant in this regard. Under pit storage and collection pits may contribute to high yard odours. Any action which disturbs the storage volume, such as top filling a lagoon, or wind disturbance, will result in odour release
VENTILATION AIR
Exhaust air from livestock buildings is a lesser source of odour, dust, and feathers. Increased attention to in-barn sanitation and air quality reduces odours in the discharged air. Therefore, any handling and/or treatment which inhibit this biological anaerobic action will be effective in decreasing the production of some of these gases
ODOURS OUTSIDE THE FACILITY
Since every poultry facility is unique, the most critical and effective means of reducing odour complaints is by proper site selection. In terms of odours, facilities should be located downwind of residential developments .Most odour complaints occur because of poultry manure application to crop land which is offensive to residents in the neighboring regions. Morning application of manure is more desirable than late afternoon application which limits potential drying time. Humans are generally the most sensitive to odour problems in the early evening when utilizing outdoor recreational facilities.
ODOURS WITHIN THE FACILITY
Odours can also become a problem within the poultry production facility. This can best be controlled by a high standard of hygiene within the facility. The thorough cleaning and frequent manure removal to storages coupled with good drainage and the liberal use of bedding or litter where appropriate all contributes to maximizing the hygienic effects within a facility. The major carriers of odours are: gases from manure, dust, and water vapor. A well-designed and managed ventilation system will control the levels of all three and is an important factor in controlling odours from poultry buildings.
Dust, to a degree, is a feature of animal production units. It can be a severe problem in poultry operations, particularly in an operation where a dry manure-end product is produced. Good air circulation and adequate ventilation will limit the effects of dust on both the poultry flock and the human operators. Proper management with a high standard of hygiene can greatly reduce the problems of dust associated with poultry manure.
Aerosols are solid particles in the atmosphere, either formed in the air by reactions among gases or injected into the air by processes on the ground. They consist of a variety of materials and vary in size from < 1 um to the size of a sand grain. In poultry units, concentrations of dust aerosols may be up to 25 times greater than those found in an urban atmosphere. Broiler dust comprises feather fragments, fecal material, skin debris or dander, feed particles, mold spores, bacteria, fungus fragments and litter fragments. Broiler dust is approximately 92% dry matter; chemically it is 60% crude protein, 9% fat and 4% fiber; calcium, derived from the feed, is the most common inorganic element, followed by magnesium and small amounts of copper, iron and zinc. Various gases which result from microbial decomposition of feces are also common in poultry house air.
Dust levels in the barn vary with age of flock, the number of birds and the season of the year. Dust and gas concentrations increase with flock size and with flock age. Inside dust levels are higher in the winter because ventilation is decreased to conserve heat. Dust levels rise in the barns during clean-out and when birds are moved. Litter tilling can result in high levels of dust and odour in the barns. Dust level can vary due to bird activity, temperature, relative humidity, line height feeding method and type of bedding. The quantity and in a broiler barn depends on the type of litter used and increases with litter age. Temperatures of 15.5 to 21°C result in higher dust production than lower or higher temperatures.
Generally the environmental impact of the sector is substantial. Poultry production is associated with a verity of pollutants including oxygen demanding substance, ammonia, solids nutrients, pathogens trace elements antibiotics, pesticides, hormones and odour and other air born emission. The impact can be shown to produce impact across multiple media.
Unfortunately there are many issue related to environmental impact of poultry production which have to be solved in the future. Existing scientific knowledge is sufficient for problem recognition but it still not presenting the final solution. Farmers must be aware of ways in which their production threatens environment. Only thus they will be able to find and adopt solutions that are profitability and sustainability of poultry production.
