MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

1. Mary Joy R. Cadaba
The Elements of Music
MAPEH 7

2. Music
Music has been an important part of the activities of
humankind since the beginning of recorded history.
Today, music is important in ways that were
unimaginable during earlier times. It plays a vital
and important role in the lives of human beings. It is
found everywhere in our world -- on television and
radio; in our homes, automobiles, airplanes, and
offices.
Humans use music in a variety of ways--- for
everything from personal entertainment to
contemplative activities. Music has the power to
influence psychological aspects of behavior both
consciously and unconsciously and acquiring a
knowledge of music may create a deeper sensitivity
in humans for their environment and social culture
and it is believed to enrich life.

3. The Elements of Music
As with all the arts, Music has its own language
called the Elements of Music.
These Elements are:
Melody Tempo
Dynamics Harmony
Form Timbre
Rhythm

4. MELODY
Melody is the tune of a song.
Everyone knows the tune of Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!

5. TEMPO
Tempo: is the speed of a song.
Largo: is slow speed
Andante: is walking
Allegro: is fast

6. DYNAMICS
Dynamics: is volume within the song
Anything with a “p” in music means soft
p is soft (piano)
pp is very soft (pianissimo)
anything with an “f” means loud (forte)
ff means very loud (fortissimo)
m= medium (mezzo) NEVER used by itself:
mp= medium soft (mezzo piano)
mf= med. loud (mezzo forte)
pp<ff crescendo (pronounced creshindoe) gradually getting louder
ff>pp decrescendo (or diminuendo) gradually getting softer

8. HARMONY
Harmony is 2 or more notes played at the same
time.
It normally takes at least 2 people to sing harmony
or 2 instruments to play harmony. Exceptions
are piano, guitar, banjo, harp, (or any stringed
instrument)

9. FORM
Form: is how the music is setup
For example:
• Twinkle, Twinkle little star
• How I wonder what you are……(A)
• Up above the world so high
• Like a diamond in the sky………..(B)
• Twinkle, Twinkle little star
• How I wonder what you…………..(A)
BUT it is not about the same words (as in poetry)
its about the tune. (Sing it and see!)

10. Timbre
Timbre: (pronounced timbar) is the sound quality
of the instruments. For example, a piano sounds
like a piano because of its timbre.
You can always tell when you call your best friend
if they answer or if another member of the family
answers because you recognize the timbre of
his or her voice.

11. Timbre
In music this relates to the instrument families
For example:
• Brass---has a buzz mouthpiece to produce sound (trumpet, trombone, horn, tuba)
• Woodwind—needs a wooden reed to produce sound (clarinet, saxophone, oboe,
bassoon)
• Percussion---sound is made by striking it to sound (drum, piano, cymbals, triangle)
• Strings---sound is produced by plucking, or strumming to vibrate string (violin, viola,
cello, bass)
Voice Categories:
• Soprano—high female
• Alto---low female
• Tenor---high male
• Bass---low male

12. Rhythm
Rhythm---length of notes and rests in music
Quarter note=1 beat Half note= 2 beats
Dotted half=3 beats Whole= 4 beats
1/8 note = ½ beat (2 8th notes = 1 beat)
1/16 note= ¼ ( 4 16th notes= 1 beat)
Quarter rest=1 beat Half Rest= 2 beats
Whole Rest= (do nothing for the whole measure or 4
beats)
8th rest= ½ rest

13. RHYTHM
4 3 2 6 > examples of time signature, top # tells you how
4 4 4 8 many beats per measure
4
4 timing means there are four beats per measure
1 + 2 + 1 = 4 4 3 + 1 = 4 2 + 1 + 1 = 4
Bar Lines
Any combo works as long as it ads up to the top #

14. Mary Had A Little Lamb

15. Rondalla

17. Bandurria
• Pear-shaped body
with a round sound
hole, the bandurria is
the mainstay of the
group. This
instrument usually
carries the main
melody and plays
melodies and
counterparts.

18. Laud
• Shaped similar to the
bandurria but bigger,
the laud has a longer
neck and two f-sound
holes. It usually plays
the lower notes in
accompaniments,
counterparts, and in
unison with the bass.

19. Guitar
• Six-stringed with long,
fretted neck which can be
plucked with the fingers or
with a plectrum, larger body
than the octavina with round
sound hole, the guitar
(guitarra) plays the
accompaniments, plays
melodies and counterparts,
and provides the permanent
rhythm for the group using
chordal and arpeggio
accompaniments

20. Double Bass
• The double bass, also
called bass VIOL or
contrabass, is four-
stringed, the largest
instrument of the
rondalla, shaped like
the violin with
two f sound holes,
provides the
fundamental tone, and
reinforces the rhythm.

21. The Brass Family

22. The Brass Family
• These instruments are
usually made out of brass,
although they can be made
out of wood, horn, and shell
• Brass instruments are really
just long metal tubes that
flare at the end; they are
bent and folded into compact
shapes so they can be played
more easily
• Trumpet, French Horn,
Trombone, Euphonium, Tuba

23. What Brass Instruments Have in Common
• All brass instruments have a mouthpiece that
you blow air, or “buzz,” into
• They all have flared bells at the end that
project the sound
• The trumpet, french horn, euphonium, and
tuba use valves to change pitch, but the
trombone uses a slide

24. Trumpet
• The trumpet can be traced
back to Egypt and Greece,
but the trumpet as we
know it today evolved in
the 1800s
• Its loud, clear sound has
been used to send signals
and messages
• The trumpet is the
highest-sounding
instrument in the brass
family

25. Trumpet
• To change the pitch, you
press the valves
• Until valves were added to
the trumpet in the 1800s,
trumpet players could only
change pitch by varying the
shape of the lips on the
mouthpiece; valves make it so
much easier!
• Important Parts of
the Trumpet:

26. French Horn
• The very first french
horns were made from the
horns of animals
• The french horn has a
sound that can be heard
from a far distance, and
they were first used for
hunting calls
• The horn has the biggest
range of all the brass
instruments
• The horn has a slightly
lower sound than the
trumpet and slightly higher
than the trombone

27. French Horn
• The horn is wound in a
circle and flares out
with a large bell
• The valves and extra
tubing are in the center
of the horn
• The left hand works the
valves, and the right
hand goes inside the bell
• Important Parts of the
Horn:

28. Trombone
• Trombones were invented
around 1400, as an
improvement on the
trumpet; back then,
trumpets didn’t have
valves, so a slide was a big
improvement
• The trombone forms the
middle of the brass family
• Its sound is between the
trumpet and horns on top,
and the low tubas below

29. Trombone
• Instead of having valves like
a trumpet or horn, the
trombone uses a slide, which
is about 2 feet long
• To change the pitch, you
push or pull on the slide
• You can play one pitch at a
time, or you can slowly
change pitch by blowing as
you move the slide
• Important Parts of the
Trombone:

30. Euphonium
• The euphonium was
invented in 1843
• The euphonium has the
same range as the
trombone
• While the rest of the
brass instruments are used
in the orchestra, there are
only around 20 pieces that
include the euphonium

31. Euphonium
• Important Parts of the
Euphonium:
• 1) Mouthpiece
• 2) Main tube
• 3) Bell
• 6) 1st
, 2nd
, 3rd
valves
• 15) 4th
valve
• 8) Main tuning slide
• 10) 1st
valve slide
• 11) 2nd
valve slide
• 9) 3rd
valve slide

32. Tuba
• The tuba is the largest
member of the brass
family
• It has the lowest sound
• The tuba is also the
youngest brass instrument;
it was first used in military
bands
• The tuba is very important
because it keeps the band
or orchestra together with
its bass line

33. Tuba
• The tuba has a very
wide range and can, in
fact, play very fast
• Like the trumpet, horn,
and euphonium, the tuba
uses valves to change
pitch
• Important Parts of
the Tuba

34. It’s Quiz Time!!
• Name this instrument:
• Name this instrument:
• Name this instrument:
• Name this instrument:

35. BUMBONG

36. BUMBONG
• hollow pieces of bamboo put
together and serve as the
orchestra’s wind section –
divided into “bass” (lower) and
“horn” (higher) sections. The
smaller the bamboo, the higher
the note. Each piece of bamboo
represents one note and is
blown through a mouthpiece to
produce the sound.

40. In the Hindu period and the era of the Kingdom of Sunda
, the people of Sunda, as West Java is called, used the
angklung to signal the time for prayer. Later, in Kingdom
of Sunda these instruments were used as martial music
in the Bubat War (Perang Bubat) as told in the
Kidung Sunda.
The angklung functioned to build community spirit. It
was used by the Sundanese until the colonial era (
Dutch East Indies, V.O.C). At that time, the Dutch East
Indies government forbade the playing the angklung.
Because of this, the popularity of the instrument
decreased and it came to be played only by children.
from WP:SPS, "Articles and posts on Wikipedia may not
be used as sources." was:[1][citation needed]

41. The angklung got more international attention when
Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, West Java, expanded
angklung tuning not only to play traditional pélog or
sléndro scales, but also the diatonic scale in 1938.
Since then, angklung is often played together with
other western music instruments in an orchestra. One
of the first well-known performances of angklung in an
orchestra was during the Bandung Conference in 1955.
A few years later, Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng
Soetigna, opened his "Saung Angklung" (House of
Angklung) in 1966 as a centre for its development.

43. First, Fell the bamboo that was more than 3
years old. And save it in the saving place more
than 1 year.
Second, you have to shape the Angklung. Each
Angklung consists of three parts : The Voice
Tube, Frame, and Base. Shaping is the most
important step in Angklung making process.
Third,Tuning the voice tubes process.
Last, the finishing process.

45. Type Angklung is very diverse, small
Angklung consists of 8 tones with
the size of the user's school
children to start kindergarten and
primary school for children.
Angklung for adults consists of 15
types of tones, 18 tones, 37 tones,
43 funds that have even up to 49
tones

52. The left hand hold angklung and the right hand
jar angklung.
The left hand can hold angklung by hold the
center ( between horizontal and vertical side).
The angklung position is standing, it is better.
The limit to body is far enough ( hand elbow
almost stright)
So it can has a good and maximal vibration.
The right handhold corner of tube (horizontal)
and ready to jar angklung.