prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

1. WHY DO WE NEED TODISCUSSTHIS?

3. They are the first organisms to be present on our planet earth.
Organisms, with this cell type are known by the term prokaryotic
organisms (or) prokaryotes.
Bacteria, blue green algae and E.coli are few examples of this
category.
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms, with the absence of
nucleus and comprises of capsule, cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleiod, ribosome, plasmids, pili and flagella.

4. GENERAL FEATURES

5. GENERAL FEATURES
The size of a cell ranges from 1-10 microns. Few prokaryotic cells vary in their size.
They are single-celled (unicellular), which forms a colony or filamentous.
The shape of the cell includes spherical, rod and flat shaped organisms.
Mode of nutrients-- few organisms are photosynthetic (performing food with the
help of sunlight), feed on living things and dead things.
They reproduce asexually by the process called binary fission, transformation,
conjugation, transduction.

6. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Capsule: It is the slimy outer
coating of the cell wall. It is
composed of the polypeptide.
main function of the capsule is to
protect the cell from getting dry
also helps in protecting cells from
external pressures.

7. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Cell wall: It is the tougher and a
rigid structure, which provides
shape and protects the internal
organelles of a cell. It is the
layer, which is present in between
the capsule and cell membrane.

8. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Cell membrane: It is the inner delicate
structure, which plays a vital role in
the entry and exits of materials in the cell.
acts a permeable membrane and separates
cell from its environment. It is of about 5-
in thickness, which helps in the secretion of
proteins and elimination of waste products.
also called by a name plasma

9. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Cytoplasm: It is the liquid
membrane, which is present in
between the cell membrane
nucleoid. It plays a vital role in
storing all types of materials,
which are required for an
organism to sustain the life.

10. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Nucleoid: It is the cytoplasm
region containing genetic
material. The DNA of a
prokaryotic organism is one big
loop or a circular, which is
inside the nucleoid. It plays a
role in cell division.

11. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Ribosome: It comprises of
both RNA and proteins. It
protein synthesis in the cell.
are smallest membrane
inside the cytoplasm.

12. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Plasmids: They are smallest
membrane of a cell with
stranded DNA. Plasmids are
present in prokaryotic
The main role of plasmids is it
helps in DNA exchanging
the bacterial cells.

13. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Pilli: It is the thinnest
membrane of a prokaryotic
They are composed of protein
complex called pilin and are
mainly involved in sticking to
objects especially during sexual
reproduction.

14. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Flagella: It is the helical shaped
membrane, whose sizes ranges
19-20nm in diameter and plays a
role in motility of an organism
one place to another place. It also
helps in swimming, gliding,
and rotating both in clockwise and
anti clockwise directions.

16. They are the cells with the presence of true nucleus.
Organisms, with this cell type are known by the term eukaryotic
organisms (or) eukaryotes.
Animals, plants and other organisms excluding bacteria, blue
green algae and E.coli have been grouped into this category.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
These organisms have membrane bound nucleus with many cell
organelles to perform several cellular functions within the system.

17. GENERAL FEATURES
The size of a eukaryotic cell ranges from 10-100 microns. Few
eukaryotic cells vary in their size.
They are large, advanced, multicellular and have membrane
bound organelles.
They reproduce both by sexually and by asexually.
Mode of nutrients - Autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Kingdom protozoa, algae, fungi, Plantae and Animalia are
organisms with eukaryotic cell.

18. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Nucleus: They are the storehouse for the
cells genetic materials in the form of DNA
store all the necessary information, which
required for a cell to control all types of
activities.

19. STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Chromoplasts
Nuclear membrane

20. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Typical organisms Bacteria Protoctista, fungi, plants, animals
Typical size ≈1-10 µm ≈10-100 µm (sperm cells) apart from the tail, are smaller)
Type of nucleus
Nuclear body
No nucleus
Real nucleus with nuclear envelope DNA circular (ccc DNA) linear
molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins
Ribosomes 70S 80S
Cytoplasmatic
structure
Very few structures Highly structured by membranes and a cytoskeleton
Cell movement Flagellae/cilia made of flagellin Flagellae and cilia made of tubulin
Mitochondria None 1 - 100 (though RBC’s have none)
Chloroplasts None In algae and plants
Organization Usually single cells ,higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells
Cell division Binary fission (simple division)
Mitosis (normal cell replication)
Meiosis (gamete production)

24. PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTICPROKARYOTIC
NUCLEUS CAPSULE MULTICELLULAR
BOTH ASSEXUAL AND SEXUAL
SINGLE-CELLED UNICELLULAR NUCLEOID ASSEXUAL ONLY 10-100
MICRONS
BACTERIA ANIMALS

25. EUKARYOTIC
NUCLEUS
MULTICELLULAR
BOTH ASSEXUAL AND SEXUAL
10-100 MICRONS
ANIMALS
PROKARYOTIC
CAPSULE
SINGLE-CELLED
NUCLEOID
ASSEXUAL ONLY
BACTERIA
UNICELLULAR

26. TEST I. Identify the correct answer of the given statement below.
1. Are single-celled organisms, with the absence of nucleus and comprises of capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleiod, ribosome, plasmids, pili and flagella.
2. They are smallest membrane of a cell with double stranded DNA and are rarely present in prokaryotic organisms and it
helps in DNA exchanging between the bacterial cells.
3. It is the slimy outer coating of the cell wall. It is composed of the polypeptide and protects the cell from getting dry and also
helps in protecting cells from external pressures.
4. They are the cells with the presence of true nucleus.
5. Prokaryotes can reproduce through ____________ reproduction.
TEST II. Make a venn diagram regarding on the differences
and similarities of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

27. TEST I. Identify the correct answer of the given statement below.
1. Are single-celled organisms, with the absence of nucleus and comprises of capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleiod, ribosome, plasmids, pili and flagella.
2. They are smallest membrane of a cell with double stranded DNA and are rarely present in prokaryotic organisms and it
helps in DNA exchanging between the bacterial cells.
3. It is the slimy outer coating of the cell wall. It is composed of the polypeptide and protects the cell from getting dry and also
helps in protecting cells from external pressures.
4. They are the cells with the presence of true nucleus.
5. Prokaryotes can reproduce through ____________ reproduction.
TEST II. Make a venn diagram regarding on the differences
and similarities of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
PROKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC CELLS/ PROKARYOTES
PLASMIDS
CAPSULE
EUKARYOTES
ASSEXUAL