Internet of Things Applications (Part of Internet of Things Tutorial)

1. IoT Applications
John Soldatos, PhD
(jsol@ait.gr; john.Soldatos@gmail.com)

2. Overview: Contents
IoT and Smart
Cities
IoT and
Manufacturing
IoT and
Wearables
IoT and
HealthCare
IoT and
Connected
Cars

3. Internet of Things and Smart
Cities

4. Smart Cities Definitions
• “Use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components
and services of a city—which include city administration, education, healthcare, public
safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities—more intelligent, interconnected, and
efficient” (Forrester, 2011).
• “A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many
different subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and
commercial services. The city will act on this information flow to make its wider
ecosystem more resource-efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based on
a smart governance operating framework designed for cities sustainable” (Gartner, 2011).
• “‘Smart city’ [refers to] a local entity—a district, city, region or small country—which takes
a holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that
encourages sustainable economic development” (IDC, 2011).

5. What is a Smart City?
Investin
Human
capital
Infrastructure
(including
ICT) toward
Sustainable
development
Economy
growth
Quality of life
Basedon
Participatory
governance
Improved
management
of natural
resources

6. Smart City Drivers
Urbanization
• Urban population
worldwide amounts
currently to approx.
3.7 billion people
• Expected to double
by 2050
• Resource depletion;
need for efficient
management of
resources
• Exclusion,
inequality, and rising
insecurity
challenges
Demographic changes
• Number of seniors
aged 60 or over is
the fastest growing
segment of the
population at a rate
of 3.26%
• Decline in infant
mortality & high
fertility
• Proliferation of the
younger population
• Need for
employment
opportunities
Changing lifestyles
• Changes in family
patterns
• New habits in work
and mobility, e.g.,
tele-working,
vehicle sharing, &
renting
• Need for novel
urban services in
support of these
changes
Climate change
• Climate changes &
global warning
• Policies for efficient
use of water, energy,
and other resources
• Measures for
sustainable growth

7. Smart Cities and IoT
Smart Cities are empowered by
IoT technologies
• Empowers internet-based connectivity
across devices
• IoT will generate up to $11.1 trillion a
year in economic value by 2025
• Smart cities are one of the IoT settings
with the highest business value
Relevant IoT technologies
• Connectivity: WiFi, 4G/LTE, 5G
• Devices interaction: oneM2M, sensor,
& IoT middleware
• Scalable processing: Cloud computing
• Data processing: Data mining, Data
analytics, BigData

8. IoT and Smart Cities Standards
Relevant IoT (connectivity)
Standards
• ZigBee
• 3GPP
• LoRa
• oneM2M
• IEEE (802.11) Wi-Fi
• ….
IoT Standards for Vertical
Applications
• Smart home (e.g., UPnP,
KNX)
• Manufacturing applications
(e.g., Open Platform
Communications (OPC) and
Industrial Internet
Consortium (IIC) standards)
• Transportation (e.g.,
Car2Car, standards of the
Open Automotive Alliance)
Smart city standards &
Outlook
• ISO 37120:2014: “Indicators
for city services and quality
of life”
• Need for more integration
and smart city
interoperability standards
(e.g., Hypercat)
• Relevant collaborations
between IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE,
CEN-CENELEC, and ETSI
(e.g., World Smart City
Forum in Singapore, July
2016)

9. Smart City: A rising market

10. Smart City Maturity Model
Phase 1: Digital
Infrastructure
• Broadband networks
• Sensor networks
• Public Open Data
• Certification & validation
of infrastructures
• Digital city
Phase 2: Services
Development
• Smart Energy, Smart
Transport, urban mobility
• Stakeholders’
Involvement
• “Smart City”
Phase 3: Services
Integration & Citizens
Participation
• Integration and reusability
of data & services
• Citizens’ engagement
• Integrated Smart City

11. NIST Smart Grid Framework

12. Vertical Deployment “silos” in Smart Cities
Source: FP7 VITAL
project,
http://vital-iot.eu

13. Bridging the silos: Smart City Operations
Center
Control center integrating all systems and projects
in the smart city
Control Center = Software middleware and
processes
Example #1: Integrated Performance
Management: Calculate CO2 saving across all
different energy projects
Example #2: Repurposing and reusing smart city
infrastructures across multiple applications

14. Smart Cities and Open Data Sets
• Open Data Sets == Key enabler for
open innovation/novel apps
• Examples: London Data Store,
Glagow Data
Source: London Data Store,
https://data.london.gov.uk
Source: Glasgow, Open Data,
https://data.glasgow.gov.uk

15. IoT & Smart Cities Services Trends
Interoperability
• Integrating silo
deployments
• Use of IoT
technologies (e.g.,
Hypercat,
IoT+Semantics)
Citizen Engagement
• Engagement in
IoT Services
design (e.g., co-
creation,
integration of
artistic concepts)
• Citizen-centric
services
Public Private
Partnerships
• Preferred
financing model
• E.g., public sector
deploys
connectivity
infrastructure
(Wifi); private
sector deploys
services

16. Internet of Things and
Wearables

17. Introducing Wearables
Wearables’ Characteristics
• Small electronic devices
• Comprised of one or more sensors
• Associated with clothing or worn accessories, such
as watches, wristbands, glasses, and jewelry
• Have some sort of computational capability
• Capture and process data about the physical world
• Some presenting data in some sort of display
Connectivity
• Wearable devices are not always connected to the
Internet
• Offer connectivity, such as Bluetooth or NFC (Near
Field Communications), based connectivity to
smartphones
• Connect to smartphone applications

18. Wearable System Building Blocks
Wireless
Network
Input Device Display Device
Video Camera
Low Power Indicator Power Supply
Com port VGA out
Framegrabber
Networkcard
Parallel port Back plane
Main Unit

19. Wearables Input & Output Devices
Input Devices
• Keyboard alternative, included chording keyboards
and special purpose keyboards
• Mouse alternatives, including trackballs and
joysticks
• Tab alternatives, including buttons and dials
• Eye trackers
• Head trackers
• Pens
• Gesturing
• Bar code readers
• Textiles
• Video capture devices, microphones, GPS locators
• Speech recognition
• Other devices (e.g., skin sensors)
Output Devices
• Head mounted displays (HMDs)
• Flat panels, text-to-speech
• Tactile output
• Non-speech auditory output
• Paper and olfactory output (scent)

20. Wearables’ Functionalities and Application Areas
Sensors
• Light
• Sound
• Speed/acceleration
• Humidity
• Etc.
Consumer-oriented
applications
• Fitness and sports
• Fashion and
apparel
• Home automation
• Gaming
Non-consumer-
oriented applications
• Defense and
security
• Manufacturing and
industry
• Healthcare

21. Introducing Internet of Things Wearables
IoT Wearables
• Adding information &
value to wearables’
capabilities
• More sensors and
functionalities
• Integration with services
and data provided by
other devices (including
other wearables)

22. Wearables Examples (1)
Apple Watch
• Includes a heart rate
sensor, GPS, and an
accelerometer
• Fully integrated into
the Apple ecosystem
Sensoria Fitness T-shirt
• Comprised of
embedded textile
sensors
• Enables tracking of
heart rate
Adidas Smart Run
• Wrist device that
monitors the wearer's
heart rate and
location data
• Blended into Adidas
miCoach system

23. Wearables Examples (2)
FitBit’s Flex
• Sleek wristband
• Provides real-time
statistics on a user's
daily fitness activity
Google Glass
• Head-mounted
wearable computer
• Projects a
transparent screen
in front of the user’s
field of vision
Nike+ Sportwatch
• Measures the
distance traveled
• Measures pace and
speed of the
wearer's run

24. Wearables Examples (3)
Samsung’s Galaxy Gear
• Android-based smart
watch
• Synchronizes with a
cellphone to achieve
smartphone-like
capabilities
Sony Core
• Wrist-worn
waterproof wearable
smart band with a
built-in sensor
• Records activity levels
throughout the day
Garmin SmartWatch
• Built-in sports apps
• Smart scales with
wireless connectivity
• Enables a more active
lifestyle

25. Future Trends
Wearables
Ecosystems
• Complete
programming and
application
development
environments
beyond the device
level
• Wearables as parts
of the IoT
ecosystem
Interoperability
• Across devices of
different types and
from different
vendors
• Across different
ecosystems
• Single entry point
for managing
personal data
Novel IoT Services
• Integrated IoT
wearables services
combining data and
services from
multiple
ecosystems
• Driven by
innovation for
fitness, healthcare,
industry, etc.

26. Internet of Things and
Manufacturing

27. Drivers of Future Manufacturing
From capacity to
capability
• Manufacturing
flexibility
• Respond to variable
market demand and
achieve high levels of
customer fulfillment
New production models
• Moving away from
mass production
• From make-to-stock
(MTS) to make-to-order
(MTO), configure-to-
order (CTO), and
engineer-to-order
(ETO) production
• Becoming more
demand driven
Profitable proximity
sourcing and production
• Modular products
based on common
platforms and
configurable options
• Adopt hybrid
production and
sourcing strategies
• Produce modular
platforms centrally,
while leveraging
suppliers, distributors,
or retailers to tailor
final products locally to
better serve local
customer demands
Workforce engagement
• People will remain at
the center of the
factory of the future
• People will provide the
degree of flexibility and
decision-making
capabilities required to
deal with increasing
operational complexity
• Higher levels of
collaboration

28. Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industrie 4.0):
Role of IoT & Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
11www.fiwareforindustry.eu
Source: Recommendations for
implementing the strategic initiative
INDUSTRIE 4.0 by The Industry-
Science Research Alliance &
Sponsored by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research

29. IoT vs. CPS
IoT
Sensing of the
physical world
Internet
connectivity
Used in China and
EU
CPS
Control of
combined
organizational and
physical processes
Tight human
machine
interaction
Used in USA and
EU (Industry 4.0)
Embedded
Systems
(e.g.,
Board)
Networked
Embedded
Systems (e.g.,
Autonomous
Vehicle)
Cyber-
Physical
Systems
(e.g.,
networked
distributed
traffic
management
system)
Internet of
Things (e.g.,
Smart City
Transport)
Evolution from Embedded Systems to CPS
and IoT

30. IoT Interconnects Factories and the
Manufacturing Chain
Source: Cognizant.com

31. Vision of Informed Manufacturing Plant
Source: Cognizant.com

32. Connected Supply Chain
Connected Supply Chain Concept
• Connecting the production line to suppliers
• Stakeholders understand
interdependencies, the flow of materials,
and process cycle times
• Location tracking, remote inventory level
monitoring, and automatic reporting of
material consumption
• Predictive analytics based on real-time data
helps manufacturers identify issues before
they happen, lowers inventory costs, and
potentially reduces capital requirements
Case Study: Dell
• Employees are engaged with customers to
help them find the best customized choice
that fits their needs
• Orders translated to OptiPlex
manufacturing facility, which is able to build
more than 20,000 custom-built products
• Orders arrive and are consolidated at the
part level via real-time factory scheduling
and inventory management
• Churns out a revised manufacturing
schedule every two hours
• Enables communications (with time
stamps) to suppliers to ensure that required
materials are delivered to specific buildings,
dock doors, and manufacturing lines

33. Connected Supply Chain
Source: Cognizant.com

34. IoT and Manufacturing Maintenance Activities
Preventative and condition-
based monitoring
• Prevent malfunctions
• Equipment that needs to
operate within a certain
temperature range, the
company can use sensors to
actively monitor when it
goes out of range
• Measuring vibrations to
detect operations that are
out of spec
• Leverages Big Data
Analytics, including
predictive modelling
Predictive Maintenance
• Leverage multiple
modalities to predict when
maintenance will be
required
• E.g., vibration analysis, oil
analysis, thermal imaging,
etc.

35. Asset Monitoring and Management
Asset Management
• Monitoring assets for their status
(including predictive
maintenance)
• New service offerings and
business models for equipment
suppliers
Example Business Models
• Models around hours of
operation rather than equipment
sale; buyers use the equipment in
an “as-a-service” offering
• New and very closely linked
business relationships between
manufacturers and their suppliers
Industry example
• GE’s maintenance cost per (flight)
hour model for its aviation
business

36. Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0
(RAMI 4.0)
Source: Vdi Vde Gesellschaft Mess
und Automatisierungstechnik,
“Reference Architecture Model
Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)”, July 2015

37. Challenges for Future (IoT-based) Manufacturing
Standardization for CPS
Manufacturing
• Interfaces should be standardized
and solutions made interoperable at
various levels (e.g., communication
and service levels)
• International Standard for Metadata
Registries (ISO/ IEC 11179) and its
implementation (e.g., the Universal
Data Element Framework, or UDEF,
from OpenGroup) are aimed at
supporting semantic
interoperability between structured
data
• RAMI and Industrial Internet
Consortium specify IoT
Architectures for Industrial
Automation
Security and Privacy
• IoT Data ranges from big to colossal
and from high-velocity to
supersonic, and it spans multiple
categories (e.g., structured,
unstructured, and semi-structured)
• Devices must be secured on the
network
• Users need to feel confident both
about their personal data and
sensitive organizational data
Analytics
• Need to convert data into
actionable insight
• Biggest challenge for many
manufacturers, given the growth of
Internet of data
• No wonder that organizations are
investing in getting things on the
Internet, as they see the potential
for generating business-critical
insight from this data

38. IoT Manufacturing Applications Development
Process
Analyze sensory
architecture
Create an IoT
vision
Initiate
engagement
and employee
communication
Focus on
application
development
and
infrastructure
Rapid
deployment,
monitoring, and
modification
planning
Developing
product
features and
embedded
sensors

39. Internet of Things and
HealthCare

40. IoT in Healthcare
• Sensors collect patient data
• Microcontrollers process, analyze, and wirelessly communicate the data
• Microprocessors enable rich graphical user interfaces
• Healthcare-specific gateways through which sensor data is further
analyzed and sent to the cloud

41. Example: Patient Monitoring Source: www.mouser.com

42. IoT and Clinical Care
Target
• Replace the process of having a
health professional come by at
regular intervals to check the
patient’s vital signs
Benefits
• Improve quality of care
• Lowers the cost of care by
eliminating the need for a
caregiver to actively engage in
data collection and analysis
Implementation
• Constant monitoring using IoT-
driven, noninvasive sensors
• Collect comprehensive
physiological information
• Uses gateways and the Cloud to
analyze and store the information
• Send the analyzed data wirelessly
to caregivers for further analysis
and review

43. Internet of Things and
Connected Cars

44. Connected Car and Smart Transport Sensors
Source: Application Developers Alliance, “Internet of Things: Automotive as a Microcosm of IoT”, White Paper,
2015

45. Five Ways to Develop Apps for Vehicles
#1
• Run apps in the
in-vehicle
entertainment
systems
• Blackberry QNX
CAR, Windows
Embedded
Automotive,
Automotive
Grade Linux, and
Android
#2
• Use a link to a
smartphone
• Airbiquity,
OpenCar,
CloudCar,
SmartDeviceLink/
AppLink,
MirrorLink, Apple
CarPlay, Google
Open Automotive
Alliance, and
Windows in the
car
#3
• Remote access to
the vehicle
through an API
• OnStar, General
Motors API, Ford
Remote API,
Airbiquity, reverse
engineering of
vehicle protocols
#4
• Access to data
through the on-
board diagnostics
port called OBD-
‐II
• Dash Labs, Mojio,
Carvoyant,
MetroMile, and
smartdrive.io
#5
• New and
emerging
initiatives
• W3C Automotive
and Web Platform
Business Group
and OpenXC

46. Example: Apple Car Play (www.apple.com/ios/carplay)
• Allows iPhone owners to use the features they want in
their cars without creating dangerous distractions; no
wireless Bluetooth option
• To pair an iPhone with a vehicle plug it into the
dashboard with a lightning cable:
• Car automatically pops up the CarPlay icon and
updates compatible apps
• Phone screen will be locked to eliminate any
temptation to use it while driving
• Early supporters
• Ferrari
• Hyundai
• Mercedes-Benz
• Volvo
• Ford
Source: www.apple.com/ios.carplay

47. Connected Car: Indicative Applications (1)
Infotainment
• Brings information functions (i.e.,
navigation, location-based services,
rear seat web browsing, social
networking, etc.) into the vehicle’s
entertainment system.
• E.g., CarPlay for using iTunes, watch
videos, run navigation apps on the
in-dash display with a touch screen
interface & Apple’s voice-
companion Siri (vocal commands)
• Bring the entire apps ecosystem to
the dashboard and present endless
possibilities for an in-car experience
• Examples: Read out email &
calendar reminders, order food,
switch on the heater, etc.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
communication
• Wireless exchange of the position,
speed, and location data between
nearby vehicles
• E.g., toward improving the safety of
commuters
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
communication
• Wireless exchange of information
between vehicles and roadside
infrastructure
• Communicate with the roads,
digital signage, traffic lights, safety,
and control systems
• E.g., avoid crashes and traffic
congestion

48. Connected Car: Indicative Applications (2)
Vehicles and Smartphones
• Ιnformation exchange will be two-way:
Smartphone to vehicle and vice versa
• On-Board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II)
data: Information regarding engine and
other crucial vehicle parameters can be
displayed on the driver’s smartphone
and the same can be sent to service
provider for analysis
• Alerts: Open doors, Lights ON, Hand
brake ON
• Actions: Lock/Un-lock vehicle doors,
Roll windows up/down, AC
temperature +/-
Smartphone sensors for driving insights
• Commercial smartphones commonly
have sensors, such as accelerometer,
gyroscope, or orientation sensor and
GPS.
• Docking the smartphone to the vehicle;
data from these sensors can be used to
detect driving patterns, such as sharp
turns, sudden acceleration, hard
braking, drifting, and speeding
• Profile the driver as safe or aggressive
to rate and compare different drivers
and share such data with insurance
providers for customized premiums
• Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) and Pay-How-
You-Drive (PHYD) are the upcoming
offerings from auto insurance
companies that reward safe drivers and
penalize rash ones with differential
premiums
On-Board diagnostics for on-device
analytics
• The on-board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II)
port is commonly used in automobile
service and maintenance
• Faults, vehicle, and engine speed,
engine temperature, fluid levels, gear
shifts, battery status, etc. is accessed
regularly at vehicle repair shops
• Up-to-date: Used for post-facto analysis
• Can be made available to the vehicle
owners, giving them a better picture of
the car’s performance
• Monitoring these parameters actively
and with some level of on-device
analytics, drivers can get proactive
service alerts on their smartphones and
potential faults can be identified for
early diagnosis and care