20. Zajonc’s Drive Theory of Social Facilitation (1965) Presence of others Arousal in performing dominant responses If correct If incorrect Social facilitation Social inhibition Mere physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivating performance of dominant response (best learned, most habitual).
24. Pool Hall Study (Michaels et al., 1982): Novice 30% Expert 70% % of shots made
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26. Evaluation Apprehension Model (Cottrell, 1972) Experimental Condition Time taken (seconds) Alone Mere presence Evaluation apprehension 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Easy task Difficult task
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28. Distraction-conflict theory Individual performing a task Presence of audience or coactors Tendency to pay attention to task Tendency to pay attention to audience or coactors Attentional conflict d arousal/drive Social facilitation effects
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30. The Hawthorne Effect People who know that they are being observed modify their behavior not only consciously but also unconsciously .
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34. Reduction in volume of individual shout in 2-person & 6-person real & pseudo-groups 0 20 40 60 80 100 Group size (persons) Percentage reduction in individual shout 1 2 3 4 5 6 Real groups Pseudo groups ………………………………… .. Potential performance Coordination loss Motivation loss, d effort, social loafing
117. The Continuum of Leadership Behavior (Tannenbaum, 1974) AUTOCRAT DEMOCRAT PUSH Tells Sells [Tests] Consults Joins PULL Boss Employee
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124. Transactional & Transformational Leadership As a transactional leader, I use formal rewards & punishments. As a transformational leader, I inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance.
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Editor's Notes
The aim of this social psychology lecture is to introduce and discuss the psychology of groups and leadership. Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Buio_Pesto_2006_B.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 L Author: Autorizzazione Massimo Morini Promotion Laflotta - http://www.laflotta.it/ .