2. GREENING THE NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
NATURAL CAPITAL
The available
endowment of
land and
resources
including air,
water, soil,
forests,
fisheries,
minerals, and
ecological life-
Is standard measure of GDP and GNP a good
measure of well being?
3. Critics To Standard Accounting Measures…..
DEFENSIVE
EXPENDITURES
(APPROACH)
A pollution
valuation
methodology
based on the
expenditures
households take
to avoid or
mitigate their
Volunteer works are not accounted for.
Household production is not included.
No consideration is made for changes in
leisure time.
Defensive expenditures are included.
The distribution of income is not
considered.
Non-economic contributors are excluded.
4. System Of Environmental And Economic Accounts
SEEA
A guidebook
developed by the
united nations to
provide standards for
incorporating natural
capital and
environmental quality
into national
accounting systems.
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
Accounts that estimate
the supply of natural
capital in physical,
rather than monetary,
terms; used to
supplement traditional
national income
Measuring the relationship between
the environment and economy in
both directions.
Measuring environmental economic
activities.
Environmental asset
accounts(Natural resource or
Satellite accounts)
Adjusting existing accounting
5. ENVIRONMENTALLY ADJUSTED NET DOMESTIC
PRODUCT(EDP)
GREEN ACCOUNTING
General term applied to
efforts to incorporate
natural resources and
environmental quality
into national accounting
techniques.
EDP
A national accounting
measure that deducts a
monetary value from net
domestic product to
account for natural
capital depreciation.
EDP = GDP – Dm – Dn
6. ADJUSTED NET SAVINGS(ANS)
NDS
A national accounting
measure equal To
gross domestic
savings less
Manufactured capital
depreciation.
ANS
A national accounting
measure developed
by the World Bank
which aims to
measure how much a
country is actually
saving for it future.
7.
8.
9. GENUINE PROGRESS INDICATORS(GPI)
GPI
A national accounting
measure that includes
the monetary value of
goods and services
that contribute to
well-being, such as
volunteer work and
higher education, and
deducts impacts that
detract from well-
being, such as the loss
of leisure time,
pollution, and
commuting.
It measures sustainable economic welfare rather than
economic activity alone.
Calculation of GPI
Weighing consumption by income inequality
Add in the value of household labour and parenting
Add in the value of higher education
Add in the value of volunteer work.
Add in the service value of consumer durables
Add in the service value from highways and streets
Subtract the cost of crime
10. Calculation Of GPI( Cont..)
NET INVESTMENT AND
DISINVESTMENT
The process of adding
to, or subtracting from,
productive capital over
time, calculated by
subtracting depreciation
from gross, or total,
investment.
Subtract the loss of leisure time.
Subtract the cost of underemployment
Subtract the cost of consumer durables
Subtract the cost of commuting and auto accidents
Subtract the cost of household environmental defensive
expenditures
Subtract the costs of pollution (air, water, and noise)
Subtract the value of lost wetlands, farmlands, and forests
Subtract the costs of depleting non-renewable energy
sources.
Subtract the damages from carbon dioxide emissions and
ozone depletion
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. BETTER LIFE INDEX(BLI)
HDI
A national accounting
measure developed by
the united nations,
based on three factors
GDP levels, education,
and life expectancy.
BLI
An index developed by
the OECD to measure
national welfare using
11 well-being
dimensions.
Income, Wealth, And Inequality
Jobs and Earnings
Housing Conditions
Health Status
Work and Life Balance
Education and Skills
Social Connections
Civic Engagement and Governance
Environmental Quality
Personal Security
Subjective Well-Being
16.
17. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSET ACCOUNTING
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSET
ACCOUNTS OR (NATURAL
RESOURCE ACCOUNTS)
National accounts that
track the level of natural
resources and
environmental impacts in
specific categories,
maintained in either
physical or monetary units.
Critical natural capital
Elements of natural capital
for which there are no
good human-made
substitutes, such as basic
They provide a detailed picture of a country’s
natural capital levels and trends over time. A
particular focus can be on ensuring that levels of
critical natural capital are maintained.
They provide a means for assessing very strong
sustainability. Since each category of natural capital
is quantified in a separate account, policy makers
can determine whether the levels of each are being
maintained.
If we maintain these accounts solely in physical
units, we can assess very strong sustainability. If we
convert physical units to monetary values, we can
assess strong sustainability, but only to the extent
18.
19. FUTURE OF ALTERNATIVE INDICATORS
Implementation part of discussed indicators are limited
There is no universally accepted measure of
environmental accounting
Commission on the Measurement of Economic
Performance and Social Progress. The commission was
chaired by Nobel Prize–winning economist Joseph
Stiglitz and the chair adviser was another Nobel laureate
economist, Amartya Sen.
To identify the limits of GDP as an indicator of
economic performance and social progress, to consider
additional information required for the production of a
more relevant picture, to discuss how to present this
information in the most appropriate way, and to check
the feasibility of measurement tools proposed by the
Commission
Non economic contributors: citizen’s level of education, health, skills etc are not considered, while these are indicators of well being of the citizen
The concept of environmental account is in discussion from 1970s nd 80s itself
SEEA as a handbook from UN on environmental accounting in 93 further revised in 2003 as SEEA and systematized in 2012
No universaly accepted approach on environmental accounting. Even none of the countries implemented SEEA completely.
GPI estimates have been developed for countries other than the United States, including Germany, Australia, China, and India.
Commutation: going up nd down regularly for work like purposes
Graph of Us; http://geraldguild.com/blog/category/poverty/
Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress Ida Kubiszewski a,⁎, Robert Costanza a, Carol Franco b, Philip Lawn c, John Talberth d,
Tim Jackson e, Camille Aylmer f
Household disposable income and net financial wealth
Unemployment rate, long term unemployment rate and average wage of employee
Important for security privacy and stability
Life expectancy and subjective evolution of one’s overall health status
Average working hours, leisure time, and employment rate of women with school going child
Adult population with high school degree and students’ cognitive skills
Understood from people’s response to questions like have friend/
Voter turn outs and citizen inputs in policy making
Air pollution, diseases caused by pollution, subjective satisfaction of people with the surrounding environmental conditions and access to green space
Homicide and assault rates
People’s overall satisfaction with their living and and reported negative feelings
Source: OECD 2011
Categories: Timber resource, minerals, agricultural land and ground water etc
environmental services: ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, water purification, and soil stabilization; these services benefit humans and support economic production.
Monitarizing natural resource account: Calculate overall well being, price difference may manipulate data, externalities are not accounted
Sweedn is has a well maintained environmental asset
In 2008 French president Nicolas Sarkozy
From the report submitted in 2009“traffic jams may increase GDP as a result of the increased use of gasoline, but obviously not the quality of life. Moreover, if citizens are concerned about the quality of air, and air pollution is increasing, then statistical measures which ignore air pollution will provide an inaccurate estimate of what is happening to citizens’ well-being. Or a tendency to measure gradual change may be inadequate to capture risks of abrupt alterations in the environment such as climate change.18 environmental services ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, water purification, and soil stabilization; these services benefit humans and support economic production”.