GHY 101 Presentation 2-23-2011

1. The North American Realm PART II Canada Pages 177- 203 By Valerie Kane

2. The Realm of North America 1 The 8 Geographic Regions of North America 2 The 8 Geographic Regions of Canada 3 Population of Canada 4 Contents 2 5 History of Canada 6 Cultural and political Geography

3. Economic Geography 7 8 Contents continued 3 Regions of The Realm

4. North American Realm Two countries make up the North American realm, the United States and Canada. Culturally - most trace their ancestry to Europe and is often called Anglo-America. Economically - both are highly advanced in development and the trade relationship is beneficial to both sides. The longest open international boundary on Earth is between the United States and Canada. Together we have almost unlimited natural resources. Trade and culture bond us. North America is the most highly urbanized society and very mobile with superhighways, air travel routes, media, and telecommunication. 4

5. Geography:Regions of North America 5 There are EIGHT geographic regions of North America. Coastal Plain Appalachian Mountains Canadian Shield Interior Lowlands Great Plains Rocky Mountains Basin and Range Coastal Range.

6. Canada 6 Canada is the world's second largest country, occupying most of North America

7. Canada 7 Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The 4 Atlantic Provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland & Labrador The two biggest provinces are Ontario and Quebec 3 prairie Provinces Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta And the 10th Province is British Columbia on the Pacific.

8. The 8 Geographic Regions of Canada There are also EIGHT Geographic regions in Canada. Western Cordilleras Interior Plains Canadian Shield Innuitian Region Arctic Lowlands St. Lawrence Lowlands Arctic Coastal Plains Appalachian Region 8 http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/physio_e.php

9. #1 The Cordillera Region 9 The Cordillera region is located on the west coast of Canada and includes British Columbia, the Yukon, southwest Alberta and part of North West Territories.

10. The Cordillera Region The climate of the Cordillera’s coast is mild, wet and rarely has snow that stays. The interior of the Cordillera is usually colder and dryer with larger amounts of snow. In the summer, it is warmer and there is less rain. The landscape of the Cordillera has long chains of high rugged mountains. This includes the Rocky Mountains and the Coastal Mountains. Parts of this region are covered with forests. 10

11. The Cordillera Region cont. The natural resources of the Cordillera are forestry (this is the biggest industry in the region), agriculture, mining (iron, lead, zinc, silver, copper and nickel) and fisheries (the west coast is famous for salmon). . 11 Most of the people in the Cordillera live in extreme south lowlands [Vancouver] and southern plateau due to the warmer climate. The economies in the Western Cordillera are based on logging, mining, and tourism

12. #2 The Interior Plains 12 The Plains rely upon water because the region's climate is generally dry. Water not only helps irrigate crops and livestock but it is also a source of transportation for products, supplies, goods and services. In the past, these water routes were also major fur trading routes. Similar to the Cordillera, these waterways also act as areas of recreation, tourism, as well as resources like hydro-electricity for Canadians.

13. The Interior Plains Farming is an Extremely important part of this region. Crops such as wheat, barley, oats, flax, canola, mustard, potatoes, corn and sugar beets are grown in The plains. Farmers also Raise cattle, pigs and poultry, to name a few. 13 Both the crops and livestock produced in this area feed many Canadians as well as others around the world

14. #3 The Canadian Shield Covering almost half of Canada, the Canadian Shield stretches west and north from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. It consists of low hills, swamps, lakes and streams. Because the soil is poor and the climate is cold, few people live in this region. 14

15. The Canadian Shield 15 To Canadians, the Shield is both a curse and a blessing. It cuts the country in half and contributes to divisions between the easterners and westerners. At the same time the shield is rich in mineral resources. Hydro Electricity - since the Shield surrounds the Hudson's Bay and there are many rivers in this area, a great deal of electricity is generated for Canadians as well as for the U.S.A. The immensity of this project alone demonstrates the value of the Shield to the Canadian people and their economy. http://www.jamesbayroad.com/hydro/index.html

16. #4 The Innuitian Region 16 This area, along with the Arctic lowland region, is considered part of the Arctic Archipelago. The Innuitian Region is characterized by three zones of mountains that are separated by extensive and discontinuous terrain of more subdued topography formed by plateaus, uplands and lowlands, with the Queen Elizabeth Islands comprising most of the area.

17. The Queen Elizabeth Islands-Innuitian Region 17 Frost mounds on till plain, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island The Islands, originally known as the Parry Archipelago, were renamed as a group after Queen Elizabeth II on her coronation as Queen of Canada in 1953. Most are uninhabited, but their main industry is oil drilling.

18. The Queen Elizabeth Islands-Innuitian Region other than weather and research stations such as ALERT, There are only two permanently inhabited places in the islands. Resolute on Cornwallis Island - population 229 as of the 2006 census 18

19. The Queen Elizabeth Islands-Innuitian Region 2. Grise Fiord on Ellesmere Island- population 141 as of the 2006 census 19

20. The Queen Elizabeth Islands-Innuitian Region 3. Alert with a population of 5 as of the 2006 census. Alert is the northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world. It is only 508 miles from the North Pole. It takes its name from HMS Alert, which wintered 6.2 miles east of the present station in 1875–1876. 20 Alert hosts a military signals intelligence radio receiving facility at Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS Alert), as well as a co-located Environment Canada weather station, a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) atmosphere monitoring laboratory, and the Alert Airport.

21. InnuitianRegion 21 North of the mainland is a maze of islands separated by convoluted straits and sounds, the most famous of which link together to form the fabled Northwest Passage, the route to the Orient sought by so many early explorers.

22. #5 The Arctic Lowlands Region 22 The Arctic Lowlands is a large, poorly drained piece of wetlands wedged between the Canadian Shield and southern shores of Hudson Bay and James Bay. They are also part of what is commonly referred to as the Arctic Archipelago, occupying much of the central Canadian Arctic Many wide and slow-moving rivers flow through this area toward the salt water of Hudson Bay. Mosquitoes and black flies thrive here

23. The Arctic Lowlands 23 The Arctic is no longer an inaccessible frontier. Inuvik, in the Mackenzie Delta, can be reached by road, and every community is served by air. Most have electricity, stores and health services. Due to its northern location, Inuvik experiences an average of 56 days of continuous sunlight every summer and 30 days of polar night every winter.

24. The Arctic Lowlands 24 The Arctic lowlands have a gently rolling landscape. The harsh climate does not permit farming; the ground remains frozen most of the year. However, the Paleozoic sedimentary rock, from which the Lowlands are formed, contains lignite (a form of coal), oil, and natural gas deposits. Limestone is very abundant as well. The terrain is mostly ice, snow, rock, and it is full of marshes, especially in the winter. Animals that live in the area include polar bears, char, Arctic hares and Arctic foxes.

25. #6 St Lawrence Lowlands 25 Even though the St. Lawrence Lowlands is the smallest landform region in Canada it is home to approximately 50% of Canadians. The St. Lawrence Lowlands are the most industry-based landform in Canada, with about 70% of the country's manufacturing industries.

26. St Lawrence Lowlands 26 It is the urban sprawl of Canada. Because of its fertile soil and relatively small distance from its gigantic trading partner, the United States of America, the Lowlands are the commercial asset of Canada. Southern Quebec and Ontario, the industrial heartland of Canada, contain Canada's two largest cities, Montreal and Toronto. In this small region, 50 percent of Canadians live and 70 percent of Canada's manufactured goods are produced.

27. St Lawrence Lowlands The region also has prime agricultural land, for example the Niagara Peninsula. The large expanses of lakes Erie and Ontario extend the number of frost-free days, permitting The cultivation of grapes, peaches, pears and other fruits. 27

28. St Lawrence Lowlands 28 Manufacturing in Canada had its beginnings early in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century, with the development of electricity and a national political objective, that it achieved significant growth. Throughout the 20th century, manufacturing has contributed significantly to the economic well-being and prosperity of Canadians.

30. Canada's economic capital,

31. considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group

32. is one of the top financial centres in the world.

33. is the fifth most populous city in North America.

35. St Lawrence LowlandsMontreal 31 http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/MontrealTV

36. St Lawrence Lowlands 32 The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence region is sugar maple country. The sugar maple leaves, Canada’s national symbol, are resplendent in red, orange and gold. During spring the sap is harvested to make maple syrup and sugar.

37. #7 The Arctic Coastal Plains 33 The Arctic Coastal Plain includes the coastal terrain along the shores of the Arctic Ocean from Meighen Island to Alaska. It is divided into three subregions, each of which has distinctive physiographic characteristics: 1. The Island Coastal Plain extends from Meighen Island to Banks Island, sometimes characterized by hilly terrain that carries an ice cap and sometimes by a low, flat, uniform landscape or by low hills; 2. The Mackenzie Delta A multitude of lakes and channels cover the Mackenzie Delta plain and, in the older parts, pingos form the most outstanding features of the landscape; 3. The Yukon Coastal Plain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo

38. #8 The Appalachian Region 34 The most eastern region of Canada lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the heavily forested Appalachian Mountain. This region of low hills, plains, islands, and peninsulas includes the 4 Atlantic Provinces of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. The sea has long shaped the life of the Appalachian region. Early Europeans built small fishing settlements along the rocky coast. From there, they fished in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland, one of the world’s richest fishing areas.

39. Nova Scotia 35

40. New Brunswick 36

41. Prince Edward Island 37

42. Newfoundland & Labrador 38 originally bred and used as a working dog for fishermen in the Colony of Newfoundland, They are known for their giant size, strength, calm dispositions, and loyalty. Newfoundland dogs excel at water rescue/lifesaving due to their muscular build, thick coat, webbed feet, and innate swimming abilities.

43. Newfoundland & Labrador 39 After spring thaw, the Labrador Current carries these massive ice formations past Newfoundland's north and east coasts.

44. The Three Territories The Three Canadian Territories are: The Yukon The Northwest Nunavet 40

45. Yukon Territory 41 Photo of a bridge across Nares River in the town of Carcross in the Yukon Territory, Canada. the stunning Kaskawulsh Glacier in the Yukon Territory, Canada.

46. Northwest Territory 42 Blackford Lake Pingo (50 m high hill with an ice-core) in the Mackenzie delta, Northwest Territories, Canada.

47. Nunavut Territory Nunavut is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999 via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act The creation of Nunavut – meaning "our land" in Inuktitut resulted in the first major change to Canada's map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949. 43

48. Inukshuk a stone landmark or cairn built by humans, used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found from Alaska to Greenland. This region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks. The inuksuk may have been used for navigation, as a point of reference, a marker for travel routes, fishing places, camps, hunting grounds, places of veneration, drift fences used in hunting or as a food cache. 44

49. Inunnguaq 45

50. Canada - Population Canada’s overall population is 32.9 million, which is about 1/10th the size of the US population. While the US population is dispersed across most of the country with both east and west coasts heavily populated, most Canadians live in an east-West Corridor across southern Canada mainly within 200 miles of the US border. Main Street is the Conurbation that stretches across southerrnmost Quebec and Ontario, From Quebec City on the Lower St. Lawrence River Southwest through Montreal and Toronto to Windsor on the Detroit River. Conurbation - noun an extensive urban area resulting from the expansion of several cities or towns so that they coalesce but usually retain their separate identities. 46

51. Conurbation 47 Main Street

52. Canada- population The inhabitable zone of a permanent settlement is called the ecumene. Canada’s population clusters lie along the Southern border. 48

53. Canada – Populations by City Ontario – 12.8 million Quebec – 7.8 Million British Columbia – 4.4 Million The Prairie Provinces – 5.5 Million The Atlantic Provinces – 2.3 Million 49

54. Canada Pre-Twentieth Centurypage 179 French were the first to colonize Canada and their laws, land-tenure system, and Catholic Church dominated Canada means settlement and was named such after the American War for Independence. This war lead to much division between the French settlers and the newly arriving English refugees. In 1867 an act guaranteed Quebec rights in the Parliament and court as a French speaking territory. In 1886 the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed and spawned settlement into the Prairie Provinces whose wheat-raising economy expanded. 50

55. 20th Century Canada Urban development in Canada can be broken down into three eras. 1. Frontier-Staples Era - encompasses century long transition from frontier mercantile economy to one oriented to staples (producing raw materials and agricultural goods for export) By 1930 Montreal and Toronto had emerged as the two leading cities. 2. Era of Industrial Capitalism –(1935-1975) achieved US style prosperity A major stimulus was US corporations investing in Canadian branch plants such as automobile plants Oil and natural gas production fueled Alberta’s urban development. New Agricultural technologies reduced farm labor needs and sparked a rural OUTmigration in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. 3. Era of Global capitalism - rise of additional foreign investment from the Asian Pacific Rim and Europe. This is also the era of transformation into a post industrial economy and society. This is causing Canada the same upheavals as the U.S. 51

56. Cultural and Political Geography Devolution is the process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Canada is experiencing devolution and national unity is under siege. The division of culture between the English and the French is still rampant today in the politics and culture of Canada. Canadian French (francophones) and English speaking citizens have been at odds for quite some time. Quebecers feel they are second class citizens and have wanted to secede from Canada. 52

57. Cultural and Political Geography page 181 The rift between the French and English speaking population dominates the political battles of Canada. Quebec has threatened to secede twice. The first time, in 1980, voters were overwhelmingly against secession, but in 1995, 49.4% voted FOR Secession. This is considered by many to be Canada’s “near death” experience. Fortunately public opinion has once again turned against thoughts of succession due to 4 important factors. 1. Provincial laws establish French as the official language 2. A substantial increase in English speaking people becoming bilingual in French 3. Immigrants that are settling in both French and English speaking territories 4. The defeat of the separatist party in 2003 53

58. Economic Geography Canada has a rich resource base and is leading as an agricultural producer and exporter. New technologies make productivity high, but labor requirements cause less farm workers. Canada’s tertiary and quaternary sectors employ more than 70% of the workforce and are creating many new economic opportunities. Trade relations also play a strong role in the economic future. The US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (1989) initiated a phasing out of all tariffs and restrictions. A regional state is a natural economic zone defying old borders and is shaped by the global economy that it is a part of. 54

59. Regions of the Realm page 185 The North American Core included the Manufacturing Belt. The region was the leader during the century between the Civil War and the close of the industrial age and is still the geographic heart in which manufacturing is still very important. See image on page 186 55

60. The Maritime North East The Maritime Northeast consists of upper New England and Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Development has centered on fishing and recreation tourism in the winter. Has maintained strong regional identity for over 400 years Has been the Northeastern Anchor of the core since the mid 1900’s 56

61. French Canada French Canada contains the settled southern part of Quebec and bordering French speaking neighbors. Narrow rectangular farms known as long lots, are laid out perpendicular to the St. Lawrence allowing each farm access to a routeway. The economy is no longer rural due to industrialization Urbanization of young families has caused a sharp decline in the provincial birth rate The Quebec government has tried to offset this by encouraging large families (with cash payments) and francophone immigration. 57

62. The Continental Interior The Continental Interior extends acrossthe center of both the U.S. and southern Canada. See page 175 agriculture is predominant land use Demands for ethanol have caused a huge increase in corn as a crop. Agricultural opportunities are DECLINING The great Plains Depopulation trend is rapidly plummeting toward demographic collapse Alberta is experiencing a growth boom due to its petroleum reserves. (worlds second largest) 58

63. The South The South suffered economic depression for over a century due to the Civil war. the growth of beef, soybeans, poultry, and lumber has helped the growth of this region Gap between rich and poor is wider here than any other region The regions population has been continuously affected by an influx of people from the North, Hispanics, Asians, and retirees, helping it to become more a part of the national society. 59

64. The Southwest Has been led by Texas is a bicultural regional complex, and sometimes refereed to as tricultural to include not only Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans, but Native Americans also. Rapid development is based on a three prong foundation. 1. availability of electricity to power ac s 2. sufficient water for large numbers in dry environment 3. autos for people to spread out further The Dallas/Ft.Worth-Houston-San Antonio triangle has become one of the most productive postindustrial complexes, specializing in business-info, health care services, and high tech manufacturing. 60

65. The Western Frontier stretches east-west between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Cascades, the north-south reaches from Grand Canyon country to the Canadian Rockies. The Las Vegas Valley is the fastest growing area in the western frontier due to advances in technology and communication. 61

66. The Northern Frontier covers 90% of Canada and all of Alaska see page 186 consists of very harsh cold environment Is a frontier…represents a thrust into undeveloped country in an entirely new direction. contains one of the Earth’s storehouses of mineral and energy resources because the Canadian Shield covers 2/3 of the eastern part. 62

67. The Pacific Hinge consists of the Pacific coastlands of the US and Canada. Called a hinge because this region increasingly forms an interface between North America and the Pacific Rim. has good climate and delightful weather. The land is very productive in California’s Central Valley. Environmental hazards such as droughts, flooding. mudslides, brushfire, and earthquakes occur in this area. Vancouver has become the most Asianized metropolis in North America. 63

68. The EndShew!