public health report

1. Helyn Jane A. Domingo
BsPharmacy-3
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2. Hepatitis A
It is an acute liver disease caused by the
hepatitis A virus(HAV).
lasting from a few weeks to several months
The most famous sign of Hepatitis is Jaundice
 It does not lead to chronic infection.
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3. Nature of HAV virus
HAV is a 27 – 30 nm
spherical particle with
cubic symmetry
Contain linear single
stranded RNA genome
with size of 7.5 kb.
Only one serotype
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4. HAV characteristics
HAV are stable to treatment with 20% ether acid
The virus are destroyed by: autoclaving at 1210c
Treatment with chlorine 1 ppm
Heating food > 850c
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5. Epidemiology
A major communicable disease in the developing
world.
Well cooked food and sanitary water supply will
protect the individual living.
Community hygiene is important in schools, hostels
and jails, as overcrowding and poor sanitation favor
the spread.
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6. SYMPTOMS
Fatigue
Fever
Sore muscles
Headache
Nausea
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7. SYMPTOMS
Pain on the right side of the body
Yellowing of the skin and eyes
Dark urine
Diarrhea
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9. Hepatitis A Virus Transmission
Close personal contact
Contaminated food or water
Blood exposure
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10. Pathogenesis
HAV invade into human body by mouth and
cause viremia.
After one week, the HAV reach liver cells
replicate within.
Then enter intestine with bile and appear in
feces.
After HAV replicating and discharging, liver cells
damage begin
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11. DIAGNOSIS
Doctors usually need a blood test to diagnose hepatitis
A
 though, they can also use a combination of signs,
symptoms and known exposure to someone who has
hepatitis A.
When the hepatitis A virus infects a liver, the body's
immune system begins producing special antibodies
called HAV IgM
The body also produces another type of antibody, HAV
IgG, which appears much later in the infection.
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12. MANAGEMENT
Hepatitis A is a self-limited infection and
does not cause chronic disease. This means
that the body's immune system will clear
itself of the infection, usually in a couple of
weeks. Medical care is usually limited to
education about the disease and relieving
discomfort from symptoms. However, in rare
cases, complications might develop from
hepatitis A infection and will require further
medical care.
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13. Clinical Manifestations
Incubation period 2 – 6 weeks
May be asymptomatic
Overt illness in 5%
Present as two stages:
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2
Preicteric
Icteric
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14. Treatment
No specific antiviral drug is available
Treatment is symptomatic
Specific passive prophylaxis by pooled normal
human immunoglobulin given before exposure
or in early incubation period can prevent or
attenuate clinical illness.
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15. Clinical Complications

Complications:

Chronic sequel:
-Fulminant hepatitis
-Cholestatic hepatitis
-Relapsing hepatitis
None
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16. Vaccination for HAV
Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all children
starting at age 1 year, travellers to certain countries, and
others at risk.
A safe and effective formalin inactivated alum conjugated
vaccine containing HAV grown in human diploid cell
culture is available
A full course containing two intramuscular injections of
the vaccine
Protection starts after 4 weeks after injection and lasts for
10 – 20 years
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17. Vaccination Strategies
Epidemiologic Considerations
Many cases occur in community-wide
outbreaks
no risk factor identified for most cases
 highest attack rates in 5-14 year olds
 children serve as reservoir of infection

Persons at increased risk of infection
travelers
homosexual men
injecting drug users
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18. Hepatitis A Prevention – Immune Globulin
Pre-exposure
travelers to intermediate and high
HAV-endemic regions
Post-exposure (within 14 days)
Routine
household and other intimate contacts
institutions
common source exposure
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19. Preventing Hepatitis A
Hygiene
Sanitation
Hepatitis A vaccine
Immune globulin
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