4. Each autosome is numbered from 1-
22, sex chromosomes either X or Y
5. Samples for karyotyping
Amniocentesis – sample taken from
the fluid of the amniotic sac
Chorionic Villus Sampling – sample
taken from the fetal tissue that forms
part of the placenta
6. CYTOGENETICSCYTOGENETICS
Is the study of the structure and properties ofIs the study of the structure and properties of
chromosomes, chromosomal behaviour duringchromosomes, chromosomal behaviour during
mitosis and meiosis, chromosomal influence onmitosis and meiosis, chromosomal influence on
the phenotype and the factors that causethe phenotype and the factors that cause
chromosomal changes (Hare and Singh, 1979).chromosomal changes (Hare and Singh, 1979).
9. METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Aseptic precautionsAseptic precautions
Preparation of RPMI 1640 mediumPreparation of RPMI 1640 medium
Collection of 10ml of blood withCollection of 10ml of blood with
heparinheparin
Setting of cultureSetting of culture
8 ml of medium8 ml of medium
0.1 ml of PHA-M0.1 ml of PHA-M
0.5 ml of blood/plasma0.5 ml of blood/plasma
2 ml of autologus plasma/FCS2 ml of autologus plasma/FCS
Incubate at 37Incubate at 37°°C for 72 hoursC for 72 hours
10. METHODOLOGY…METHODOLOGY…
Harvesting of cultureHarvesting of culture
Spindle inhibitors – Colchicine/colcemedSpindle inhibitors – Colchicine/colcemed
(0.1(0.1µµg/ml)g/ml)
Hypotonic treatment – 0.075M KClHypotonic treatment – 0.075M KCl
Fixation (3:1 methanol : acetic acid)Fixation (3:1 methanol : acetic acid)
Preparation of slidesPreparation of slides
Slides stained with 4% Giemsa for 20-Slides stained with 4% Giemsa for 20-
25min25min
Screening of slides to study the morphology ofScreening of slides to study the morphology of
chromosomechromosome
Construction of karyotypeConstruction of karyotype
15. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUSTERMS AND DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS
ABERRATIONS OF CHROMOSOMESABERRATIONS OF CHROMOSOMES
Ring( r)Ring( r) Minute (min)Minute (min)
Dicentric (d)Dicentric (d) Hyperdiploid (h)Hyperdiploid (h)
Chromosome gap (sg)Chromosome gap (sg) Chromatid deletion (td)Chromatid deletion (td)
Fragment (f)Fragment (f) Acentric fragment (af)Acentric fragment (af)
Translocation (t)Translocation (t) Triradial (tr)Triradial (tr)
Quadriradial (qr)Quadriradial (qr) Pulverized chromosomePulverized chromosome
(pu)(pu)
Pulverized chromosome (pu+)Pulverized chromosome (pu+)
Pulverized cell (puc)Pulverized cell (puc)
Complex rearrangement (cr)Complex rearrangement (cr)
Polyploid (pp) or endoreduplicationPolyploid (pp) or endoreduplication
16. BANDING OFBANDING OF
CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES
G - BandingG - Banding
Q - BandingQ - Banding
C - BandingC - Banding
R - BandingR - Banding
T - BandingT - Banding
NOR - BandingNOR - Banding
High Resolution BandingHigh Resolution Banding
Restriction EndonucleaseRestriction Endonuclease
BandingBanding
17. Q-bandingQ-banding
1.1. Dehydrate the slides by dipping in alcohol withDehydrate the slides by dipping in alcohol with
decreasing concentration 90%, 70% and 50%decreasing concentration 90%, 70% and 50%
one min each.one min each.
2.2. Rinse in distilled water.Rinse in distilled water.
3.3. Wash the slide in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8.Wash the slide in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8.
4.4. Stain the slide in quinacrine mustard (5 mg inStain the slide in quinacrine mustard (5 mg in
100mI) or in quinacrine dihydrochloride 5% for100mI) or in quinacrine dihydrochloride 5% for
20 min.20 min.
5.5. Rinse in phosphate buffer and mount in theRinse in phosphate buffer and mount in the
same buffer.same buffer.
6.6. Examine under fluorescent microscope.Examine under fluorescent microscope.
18. C-bandingC-banding
Treat the slides in 0.2 N HCI for one hr atTreat the slides in 0.2 N HCI for one hr at
room temperature.room temperature.
Rinse in de-ionized water.Rinse in de-ionized water.
Immerse in 1% barium hydroxide at 50°C forImmerse in 1% barium hydroxide at 50°C for
5-15 min.5-15 min.
Rinse in deionized water.Rinse in deionized water.
Incubate at 60°C in 2XSSC buffer for oneIncubate at 60°C in 2XSSC buffer for one
hr.hr.
Rinse in de-ionized water and stain in 4%Rinse in de-ionized water and stain in 4%
Giemsa stain for 90 min.Giemsa stain for 90 min.
Rinse in de-ionized water, dry and examineRinse in de-ionized water, dry and examine
under oil immersion.under oil immersion.
19. R-bandingR-banding
Age the slides for 7 -10 days .Age the slides for 7 -10 days .
Place the slides in a Coplinjar containingPlace the slides in a Coplinjar containing
phosphate buffer ofpH 6.5 at 85°C andphosphate buffer ofpH 6.5 at 85°C and
incubate for 20-25 min.incubate for 20-25 min.
Stain the slides in 0.01% acridine orangeStain the slides in 0.01% acridine orange
in the phosphate buffer pH 6.5 for 4-6 min.in the phosphate buffer pH 6.5 for 4-6 min.
Rinse in phosphate buffer and mount inRinse in phosphate buffer and mount in
the same buffer.the same buffer.
Examine under fluorescent microscope.Examine under fluorescent microscope.
20. T -bandingT -banding
Age the slide for 7 days.Age the slide for 7 days.
Place the slides in PBS pH 5.0 for 20-60 min at 87°C.Place the slides in PBS pH 5.0 for 20-60 min at 87°C.
Rinse in PBS.Rinse in PBS.
Stain in 3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 atStain in 3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at
87°C, leave for 5-30 min and rinse.87°C, leave for 5-30 min and rinse.
Slides are stained in Hoechst 33258 stain for 10 minSlides are stained in Hoechst 33258 stain for 10 min
(Hoechst stain 0.5 pg/m1 of phosphate buffer).Rinse in(Hoechst stain 0.5 pg/m1 of phosphate buffer).Rinse in
phosphate buffer and examine in fluorescentphosphate buffer and examine in fluorescent
microscope.microscope.
Alternatively, the stained slides are covered with aAlternatively, the stained slides are covered with a
cover slip and placed in a wet chamber under UV lampcover slip and placed in a wet chamber under UV lamp
for 2 to 3 hrs or under direct sunlight for 2 hrs.for 2 to 3 hrs or under direct sunlight for 2 hrs.
Remove the cover slip and stain in Giemsa stain forRemove the cover slip and stain in Giemsa stain for
10 min.10 min.
Rinse in buffer, dry and mount in DPX.Rinse in buffer, dry and mount in DPX.
21. METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
G- Banding techniqueG- Banding technique
Ageing of good slides for 10 daysAgeing of good slides for 10 days
Treated with trypsin 0.25% solution 10-15 secTreated with trypsin 0.25% solution 10-15 sec
Immersed in 70% ethanol for few minutes.Immersed in 70% ethanol for few minutes.
Stained with 10% Giemsa for 6-10min.Stained with 10% Giemsa for 6-10min.
Microphotograph good spreadsMicrophotograph good spreads
Construction of G-banded karyotypeConstruction of G-banded karyotype