important topic which will be easy to understand

1. By
MS. KAMINI SAO

2.  At the end of the seminar the group will
be able to get the knowledge about the
oxygen insufficiency, develop a positive
attitude towards it and practice this
knowledge in teaching and clinical areas.

3. At the end of the class the student will be able
to :
 Define oxygen insufficiency.
 Enlist the etiology of oxygen insufficiency.
 Enumerate factors affecting oxygenation
 Know the types of oxygen insufficiency.
 Discuss the pathophysiology of oxygen
insufficiency.
 Enlist sign and symptoms of oxygen
insufficiency.

4.  Explain different diagnostic evaluation of
oxygen insufficiency.
 Describe the management of oxygen
insufficiency.
 Identify the nurses role in the management of
oxygen insufficiency.
 Explain about oxygen therapy.
 Discuss about nurses responsibility while
administering oxygen.

5.  Oxygen insufficiency means “ deficient in
oxygen”.
 The normal range of oxygen in the external
blood should be 80-100 mm of Hg.
 For treating Oxygen insufficiency effectively,
early diagnosis and correct cause should be
ruled out.
 The only management for Oxygen
insufficiency is Oxygen administration.

6.  Oxygen insufficiency is a condition in
which the body as a whole or a region is
deprived of adequate oxygen supply.
 Oxygen insufficiency is a failure to
provide adequate oxygen to cells of the
body and to remove excess carbon
dioxide from them.

7. 1. Decreased hemoglobin 2. High altitude

8. 3. Inability of the tissue to
extract oxygen from the
blood
4. Decreased diffusion
of oxygen from the
alveoli to the blood

9. 5. Poor tissue perfusion with
oxygenated blood
6. Impaired ventilation

10.  DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
 BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS
 LIFE STYLE FACTORS
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 MEDICATIONS

11. TYPES
OF
HYPOXIA

12. Due to reduced oxygen tension in
arterial blood (supply problem)
Causes:-
Low o2 tension in the inhaled air.
Leaking mask, inadequate o2 regulator function
Impaired gas exchange in the lungs e.g. CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS & EMPHYSEMA
Gross ventilation/perfusion mismatch, as occur in
high G forces

13.  DUE TO DECREASED OXYGEN O2 CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE
BLOOD (Transport Problem)
CO poisoning chemicals/ drugs
hemorrhage/ hemolysis Anemia

14. OCCURS WHEN BLOOD CIRCULATION THROUGH
TISSUE IS REDUCED (Distribution Problem)
Causes:-
 High G forces
 Syncope (fainting)
 Heart failure
 Shock

15. DUE TO INABILITY OF THE TISSUES TO MAKE
USE OF THE OXYGEN SUPPLIED TO THEM
(Utilization Problem)
EXAMPLE:
 CYANIDE POISONING
 ALCOHOL & BARBITURATE
 OXYGEN TOXICITY

16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

17. ANXIETYAND
TIRED
HEADACHE,
DIZZINESS,
IRRITABILITY AND
MEMORY LOSS

18. NAUSEA
VOMITTING
OLIGURIA /
ANURIA
VISUAL
IMPAIREMENT

19.  Clubbing of finger
 Impairment in
judgement
 Shortness of breath

20. 1. History Collection 2. Physical
Examination

21. 3. Pulmonary
function test
4. Arterial blood
gas analysis

22. 5. SPUTUM STUDIES 6. CHEST X- RAY
AND CT- SCAN
7. BRONCHOSCOPY

23. 8. Thoracentesis 9. Spirometry
10. Pulse Oxymetry 11. Pulmonary
Angiography

24. 1. POSITIONING
2. BREATHING EXERCISES

25. 3. NEBULIZATION
4. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY

26. 5. SUCTIONING
6. OXYGEN THERAPY

27.  Nasal canula
 Face mask
 Non breather mask
 Venture mask
 Face tent
 Transtracheal oxygenation

28.  Check the identification data of
the patient.
 Confirm diagnosis and the need
of oxygenation.
 Assess the patient for any sign
of clinical anoxia.

29.  Monitor for result of ABG.
 Oxygen should be monitored
for toxicity.
 Check that oxygen is properly
humidified.
 Precaution to be taken to
prevent infection.

30.  Discontinue oxygen therapy
gradually.
 Place a calling bell near patient
for emergency.
 Since oxygen supports
combustion, fire precautions to
be taken during oxygen therapy.
 Do proper documentation
including rate of flow of oxygen.

31.  Infection
 Combustion
 Drying of mucous membrane
of respiratory tract.
 Oxygen toxicity

32.  Atelectasis
 Oxygen induced apnea
 Ulceration, edema and
visual impairment
 Asphyxia

33.  It is a positive pressure or
negative pressure breathing
device that can maintain
ventilation and oxygen
delivery for prolonged period.

34.  Positive pressure ventilation
 Negative pressure
ventilation

35. MODES OF
VENTILATOR

36.  Continuous mandatory volume (CMV)
 Assist control ventilation (ACV)
 Pressure support ventilation (PSV)
 Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)
 Continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP)
 Synchronized intermittent mandatory
ventilation (SIMV)
 Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
MODES OF VENTILATOR

37. Continuous mandatory volume is a mode
of mechanical ventilation where breaths
are delivered based on set variables and
makes no effort to sense patient effort

38. When the patient triggers the ventilator,
he/she receives a breaths of identical
duration and magnitude as the
mandatory breath.

39. The ventilator only provides support of
each breath to a preset amount of pressure,
thus the volume breathed can differ from
breath to breath taken.

40. It refers to any mode where a regular series of
breaths are scheduled but the ventilator
senses patient effort and reschedules
mandatory breaths based on the calculated
need of the patient.

41.  The ventilator adjunct is used with only
spontaneous ventilation; the patient breaths
spontaneously through the ventilator at an
elevated baseline pressure through the
breathing cycle.

42.  It facilitate the liberation from mechanical
ventilation.
 A demand valve is placed in it, so that
patient could take spontaneous breaths
without taking breath through apparatus of
the ventilator.

43.  PEEP is the alveolar pressure above
atmospheric pressure that exist at the end of
expiration
These are of two types
 Extrinsic PEEP
 Intrinsic PEEP

45. 1) Impaired gas exchange related
to broncho- construction and
inflammation of airways.

46. 2) Ineffective airway
clearance related to
increased mucous production
due to upper respiratory
infection and asthma.

47. 3) Activity intolerance
related to dyspnoea and
hypoxia manifested by
fatigue.

48. 4) Anxiety related to
difficulty in breathing as
manifested by asking more
doubts.

49. Abstract
It was recently established that supplemental oxygen
administration significantly enhances memory formation in healthy
young adults. In the present study, a double-blind, placebo-
controlled design was employed to assess the cognitive and
physiological effects of subjects' inspiration of oxygen or air
(control) prior to undergoing simple memory and reaction-time
tasks. Arterial blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were
monitored during each of six phases of the experiment,
corresponding to baseline, gas inhalation, word presentation,
reaction time, distractor and word recall, respectively.
The results confirm that oxygen administration significantly
enhances cognitive performance above that seen in the air
inhalation condition. Subjects who received oxygen recalled more
words and had faster reaction times.