Subject: English 18
Translation and Editing Text
Topic: Techniques in Translation
Techniques in Translation
1. Computer assisted
2. Machine translation
3. Subtitling
4. editing/Post editing
1. COMPUTER-ASSISTED
Computer-assisted translations also called 'computer-aided translation or machine-aided human translation. It is a form of translation wherein human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. The machine supports a human translator.
What is Computer Aided Translation?
Computer aided translation (also called computer assisted translation) is a system in which a human translator uses a computer in the translation process.
Humans and computers each have their strengths and weaknesses. The idea of computer aided translation (CAT) software is to make the most of the strengths of people and computers.
Translation performed solely by computers ("machine translation") has very poor quality. Meanwhile, no human can translate as fast as a computer can. By using a CAT tool, however, you can gain some of the speed, consistency, and memory benefits of the computer, without sacrificing the high quality of human translation.
Translation Skills: Theory and practice
The theoretical base should include general information regarding the translator's workshop and the issues one should be familiar with.
*Internet
It is worth discussing is the role of the internet as a source of information. It is important to use the translations which have been on the market for some time and are recognized by other people. This is where the internet becomes very useful for it allows us to search forgiven information (google.com, yahoo.com, altavista.com, etc.), use online dictionaries and corpora, or compare different language versions of the same site (Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia and the ability to switch from different languages defining a given notion-www.wikipedia.org). Google itself is a powerful tool since it allows us not only to search for information on webpages but also it indexes*.doc and *pdf files stored on servers, allowing us to browse through their contents in search for a context.
*Software
A successful translator needs to know how to handle various computer applications in his/her work. That's why basic software used to compress and decompress files should be mentioned (WinZip, WinRAR). PDF and multimedia files readers (images, audio). Last, the use of different word processors, are usually the first application that leads people using a computer for their work. This comprises of spell checking, standard layouts, ability to have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined. We can save documents, so it can be used again, and we can print the documents.
It is important to mention CAT tool, how the
4. Computer Assisted Translation
Computer-assisted
translation, computer-aided
translation or CAT is a form of language
translation in which a human translator
uses computer software to support and
facilitate the translation process.
Computer-assisted translation is
sometimes called machine-assisted,
or machine-aided, translation.
5. Computer Assisted Translation
Translation Skills: Theory and practice
The theoretical base should include general
information regarding the translator's workshop.
*Internet
6. Computer Assisted Translation
Translation Skills: Theory and practice
The theoretical base should include general
information regarding the translator's workshop.
*Software
7. Computer Assisted Translation
Translation Skills: Theory and practice
The theoretical base should include general
information regarding the translator's workshop.
8. Computer Assisted Translation
Components of a CAT
Tool
1. Translation memory
2. Language search-engine
3. Terminology management
4. Alignment
5. Interactive machine
6. Crowd translation
10. Machine Translation
Machine translation is
the translation of text by a
computer, with no human
involvement. Pioneered in
the 1950s, machine
translation can also be
referred to as automated
translation, automatic or
instant translation.
12. Machine Translation
Two Types of Machine Translation
System
Rule-based
System
Statistical
System
13. Machine Translation
Two Types of Machine Translation System
Rule-based systems
Rule-based systems use a combination of
language and grammar rules plus
dictionaries for common words.
The rule-based machine translation
paradigm includes;
transfer-based machine translation
interlingual machine translation and;
dictionary-based machine translation
paradigms.
14. Machine Translation
Two Types of Machine Translation System
The rule-based includes;
1. transfer-based machine translation
2. interlingual machine translation and;
3. Tdraicntsiofenra-brya-sbeads emda mchaicnhei ntrea ntrsalantsiloanti oisn s pimarilaadr itgomins.terlingual
machine translation in that it creates a translation from an
intermediate representation that simulates the meaning of the
original sentence. Unlike interlingual MT, it depends partially on
the language pair involved in the translation.
Interlingual machine translation is one instance of rule-based
machine-translation approaches. In this approach, the source
language, i.e. the text to be translated, is transformed into an
interlingual language, i.e. a "language neutral" representation that is
independent of any language.
Machine translation can use a method based
on dictionary entries, which means that the words will be translated
as they are by a dictionary.
15. Machine Translation
Two Types of Machine Translation System
Statistical systems
Statistical machine translation tries
to generate translations using statistical
methods based on bilingual text corpora,
such as the Canadian Hansard corpus, the
English-French record of the Canadian
parliament and EUROPARL, the record of
the European Parliament.
16. Advantages of Machine
Translation
Quick Translation
Low price
Confidentiality
Universality
Online translation and translation of web
page content.
17. Disadvantages of Machine
Translation
Lack of superior exactness
Inferior translation quality of the
texts with ambiguous words and
sentences.
20. Subtitling
Two Types of Subtitling
Intralingual
Subtitling
Interlingual
Subtitling
21. Subtitling
Two Types of Subtitling
Intralingual subtitling
Intralingual subtitling
deals with the production
of subtitles that remain in
the same language as the
original and are used for
the deaf or hard of
hearing, or for language
learners. Henrik Gottlieb
describes it as vertical, 'in
the sense that it involves
taking speech down in
writing, changing mode
but not language.
22. Subtitling
Two Types of Subtitling
Interlingual subtitling
Interlingual refers to both
as change in mode and
language, going from one
language into another
language and from spoken
dialogue to into a written,
condensed translation
which appears on the
screen.' Therefore, for the
purposes of this work,
"subtitling" will refer to the
Interlingua subtitling
described above.
24. Editing/Post Editing
Post editing is the
process of improving
a machine
generated
translation with a
minimum of manual
labor.
25. Editing or Post Editing
1. Developmental Editing
2. Substantive Editing
3. Copyediting
4. Proofreading
26. Editing or Post Editing
Types of Editing
Developmental Editing
Developmental editing is a form of
writing support that comes into
play before or during the
production of a publishable
manuscript, especially in the area
of non-fiction writing.
27. Editing or Post Editing
Types of Editing
Substantive Editing
Substantive editors work with
you once you have a full text. They
will help you get it into its final
form, which may involve
reordering or rewriting segments
of it to improve readability, clarity,
or accuracy.
28. Editing or Post Editing
Types of Editing
Copyediting
Copyeditors work with your text
when it is in final or nearly final
form. They read each sentence
carefully, seeking to fix all errors of
spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, grammar, and word
usage while preserving your
meaning and voice.
29. Editing or Post Editing
Types of Editing
Proofreading
Proofreading is the reading of a galley
proof or an electronic copy of a
publication to detect and correct
production errors of text or art.
Proofreaders are expected to be
consistently accurate by default
because they occupy the last stage of
typographic production before
publication.
Editor's Notes
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