This was one of my internship project which i done in SIYARAM'S in Gujarat. This is all about the process wch going in the factory from raw materials to the finished goods After a conformed order. Hope this will be helpful.

1. Karthika M Dev
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

2. MANUFACTURING WORKFLOW
Consumption planning to order fabric
Fabric order placement
Receipt of fabric
Fabric inspection
(Check physical appearance and properties)
Marker Planning
(For bulk production)
Sampling
Spreading & Cutting
Presewing operations
(Fusing, embroidery, marking- if required in style)
Bundling
Feeding in lines
(As per production plan)
Finishing
Packing
Warehousing
Packing and dispatch
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

3. GARMENT ENGINEERING
It starts in design development stage because it directly affects the
costing of the garments .
People involved: Designers, sample room manager, industrial
engineering department and production management should all report
from cutting to finishing.
Key areas for analysis:
Seam types – Various seam types should be analyzed and
considered to simplify/reduce the work.
 Stitch types- Explore various options in terms of seam types. For
example replace lock stitches by chain stitch in case of
Multineedle seams.
 Machine types- Optimum use of technology to maximize, look in
to machine type, bed shapes and automation that’s possible.
 Attachments – Attachment help in simplifying and reducing the
work content and to increase line balancing efficiency.
 Special work aids- Special work aids can be used to
simplify/reduce the work content.
 Fabric consumption- Fabric being 70% of the garment cost is
vitally important to monitor and if the engineering is done
properly we can certainly expect to save fabric or reduce
consumptions.
 Cutting- how should it be done- we do not have Tailors now, we
have operators instead and they should be working with clippers
in their hands
 Finishing- Finishing is the last link of the value chain which is
essential for p erformance point of view.

SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

4. CAD DEPARTMENT
Receiving tech pack:
Tech pack is received from Head office that contains all the
information regarding the style illustration, size, trims, colors, stitch and seam class, fit,
sampling details, and packing and finishing details.
Make basic pattern: Basic pattern is made manually by pattern master in one base
size.
Digitizing: This base size is then digitized on the Gerber digitizer board.
Grading: After digitizing, it’s transferred to the computer on Gerber pattern design studio.
Patterns initially are made in only one size. We need to proportionally increase or decrease the
size of a pattern, while maintaining shape, fit, balance and scale of style details. Getting correct
fit and drape of a garment but also maintain the measurements as graded specs is essential.
Using the CAD system, the pattern is resized according to a predetermined table of sizing
increments (or "grade rules"). The computerized plotter can then print out the pattern in each
size.
Incorporating shrinkage in pattern grading
-
-
First fabric has to be relaxed so that there is no tension or strain during rolling or
unrolling while layering or cutting. This will ensure that there is minimum shrinkage in
garments.
So unwashed garments are made with additional shrinkage tolerance included so that
they gain their original measurements after washing.
Woven fabric garments shrink about 2-3%. This shrinkage incorporated in patterns could
be lengthwise or width wise depending on type of fabric.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

5. Shrinkage adjusting
Shrinkage adjustments should not distort the original shape and balance of the patterns. When
shrinkage is applied to a panel in garment all corresponding patterns must also be applied with
shrinkage adjustments.
The picture on the left shows how a
garment panel looks like after it has been
scanned and graded.
Gerber plotter printing: The patterns are then printed on the Gerber plotter. They
are then pasted to thick aortic sheets and converted into full fledged patterns.
Send patterns to cutting department
 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
 Efficiency: Marker plans indicate efficiency of the cutting process i.e. the efficiency of
fabric consumption.
 Lay plan: determines the no. of lays required to cut the specified quantity in the
predetermined size ratio.
 Precision in checks in stripes
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

6. FABRIC STORE
This is the most important department of the unit, where in the quality and quantity of fabric is
inspected as soon as it is received in the store, along with storing and maintaining stock levels
and ensuring to stock up in proper clean way.
When the fabric is in-house, it should be capable of being supplied to the cutting department.
Inspection is done prior the cutting room issue so as to remove the defective fabrics.
 WORKFLOW OF FABRIC STORE
Receive P.O at head office
D/O
Document are sent to
Fabric received at gate (challan)
dept for checking
Documents verified
Bales received in fabric dept
Bales counting
Fabric unloaded
Bales opened
Swatches and cuts maintained
Checking 4 point system
JC & GRN Made
Fabric mounted on greasy perch
Fabric sent for inspection
Fabric stored
Fabric issued to cutting room as and when required.
FCR prepared
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

7.  FABRIC VISUAL INSPECTION
The 4 point system is generally used for fabric inspection. In this system, points
are assigned for every possible defect in the fabric as follows.
Width wise point criteria
Upton 3”
3-6”
6-9”
9”
Length wise point criteria
Upton 5”
3-6”
6-9”
9”
Area wise point criteria
Penalty points
1 point
2 points
3 points
4 points
Penalty points
1 point
2 points
3 points
4 points
Penalty points
1X1 cm float
Upto 1X1 cm hole/stain
Over 1X1 cm to 2X2 hole/stain
Over 2X2 cm hole/stain
1 point
2 points
3 points
4 points
Yarn variation/Beam
motion/Barre effect
Penalty points
Minor
Major
2 points
4 points
3 points and 4 points are pointed and are called cutable defects.
1 and 2 point are identified by stickers and panels replaced cutting.
The maximum points and flags allowed as follows:SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

8. FABRIC
100% cotton and its blends
100% linear and its blends
Max. no. of
allowed points
Max. no. of flags
per linear mts.
40
40
5
4
Defect points/100m2 = Total pointsX3600/Fabric widthXFabric length.
 If defect points/100m3 < 40 then accept the fabric.
 If defect points/100m3 > 40 then reject the fabric.
Major woven defects : slubs, holes, missing yarns, yarn variation, end out,
soiled yarns, wrong warns.
Major dyeing or printing defects: out of register, dye stops, machine stops,
color out, color smear, or shading.
These defects are marked wth colored tape so that they can be easily
located.
Others
Penalty points
Patta
Count or composition variation
Short end
Selvedge loose
Wrong drawing
Reed marks
Temple marks
Damaged selvedge
Wrong weave
Cutable defect
Cutable defect
Reject roll
Reject roll
Reject roll
Reject roll
Reject roll
Reject roll
Reject roll
Other points to remember:
1. No linear meter shall be assigned more than 4 point or a flag.
2. All holes regardless of size small be assigned be assigned 4 point.
3. There should not be a major defect within 5 meters from beginning or the end of the roll or
part therein.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

9. 4. The shade of the fabric should match with the approved shade of fabric from H.O.
5. There should not be shade variation from selvedge to selvedge, centre to selvedge and start
and end
6. A repeating defect or running should not extend for more than 3 yards (2.73 meters),
otherwise the roll will be considered second quality.
7. No piece will be acceptable as first quality if it has noticeable side-to-side, side-to-centre or
end-to-end shading within a roll or a piece.

FABRIC INSPECTION MACHINE
This is used to inspect the fabric defects and measure the total meters of the fabric. Machinery
Brands include Kaigu, Aura, Ramsons checkmate.
 FABRIC TESTS
o Fabric Shrinkage is a very important factor for any physical inspection. Mistakes in
appropriate checking might prove disadvantageous for the pilot run followed by
production. An optimum conduction of the width and shrinkage properties has to be
made. The fusing of lining to some parts may also be done in the cloth store. If the shrink
characteristics are consistent, then the patterns may be designed to the correct oversize
and sampling checks for consistent shrinkage carried out. Color changes can also occur at
the time of fusing as the temperatures might have been controlled or were out of the
prescribed limits.
E .g Size of the fabric= 100 * 100
Or
50 * 50
According to the above picture, a fabric piece of the above mentioned specification is cut
and marked accordingly. Then a wash with a soft enzyme is given. The deviation is
shrinkage if any is marked between the points. Shrinkage of 1-1.5 cm is acceptable. If it is
more than this then the merchandiser is supposed to take the desired action.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

10. o
Color Fastness or Crocking: In order to check color fastness, 2 fabric swatches are taken.
On 1 of the swatch, a white seam is put on all the four sides of the fabric. Both of the them
are washed and the results are compared. If it is stained or slotted then it’s rejected.
o
C.S or Centre Selvedge test: This test is used to check the color variation in the fabric.
Full width of the fabric is taken (length can vary according to requirement say 10”). The
Fabric is divided into 6 pieces and their grain line is marked.
These pieces are then cut and re stitched in a random series. For e.g. 3, 6, 2, 5, 4, 1.
When we arrange these fabric pieces in a series, we can see the shade variation in the same
fabric. Noting of this variation is very important at the time of cutting.
Maximum CS is seen in solid/printed fabrics as compared to stripes and checks.
o Others include dry clean and washability, abrasion resistance, pilling (especially for mixed
fibers), Bow and skew (using a ruler and set square for checks and stripes), Drape and crease
resistance (that includes permanent press capability), Strength (tensile, tear and bursting (for
seams), Flammability, Surface wetting and penetration.
 FABRIC DEFECTS
o Abrasion Mark: A place in the fabric where the surface has been damaged
due to friction or abnormally weakened by any operation through which it
has been passed.
o Misprint: In printed fabrics, either missed, or partially missed, or incorrectly
positioned relative to each other.
o Double Pick: Two yarns running simultaneously, mostly in the weft yarn.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

11. o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Oil Stain: Oil mark on the fabric.
Hole: A breakage of yarns in the fabric involving more than two yarns.
Bow: When the weft/filling yarns lie in an arc across the width of the fabric.
Skew: Distortion in the construction of the fabric i.e. in the yarn that
constitute the fabric.
Crease: A fabric defect across the fabric width usually caused by a sharp
fold.
Dye Stain: An area of discoloration due to uneven absorption of colorant.
Miss-pick: A pick/weft yarn not properly interlaced.
Slubs: An abruptly thickened place in a yarn.
Screen Out: The appearance of a colored separation line in a printed
design.
Calendar Line: Sharp pressmark on fabric due to the calendar during the
processing.
Contamination: Colored fibers with the warp or weft fibers.
Name of suppliers
V.C.M synthetics, Symbolic fabrics, Arvind mills, Ashok weaving, Vaibhav trading,
Siyarams, J Hampstead.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

12. TRIMS STORES
This store is responsible for storing and neatly maintaining the trims received from the
suppliers, approved by H/O.
Trims card to be readily available for each of the PO/style being processed that is duly approved
by the nominated quality assurance person.
 WORKFLOW OF TRIMS STORE
Receive W/O
Purchase dept issues
D/O to supplier
Challan
Make trims
card
Checking
Trims receiving
Issue for stitching according to production plan
Different types of trims:-
Buttons
Hooks
Badges
Zippers
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

13. -
Collar pick bone
Tags : brand name, collection name and fit type
Labels : wash care, size and fit, brand
Fusible labels
Leather patches
Twill tape/ Cross grain tape ( cotton/polyester)
Needles
Threads : sewing and embroidery
Laces
Packing materials: hangers, collar stand, brand label, packing box, polybag
SPREADING AND CUTTING DEPARTMENT
Net cutting is an essential part of garment engineering that demands precession in cutting and
low shape deformation afterwards. Accurate control of cloth width produces economies in
edge margins. Precise cutting not only avoids spoilt work at the making up stage but is the key
to modern sewing room practice.
As soon as the work order is received, a fabric enquiry is conducted in fabric store weather the
fabric is available or not. The CAD department is responsible for making the pattern markers
available in various graded sizes for cutting purpose and calculate the consumption per
garment.
SPREADING
-
Spreading is the process of unwinding large rolls of fabric onto long, wide tables and
laying them in superimposed plies of specified length.
-
The number of lays depends upon the number of garments desired and the fabric
thickness.
-
The maximum cutting width is the usable fabric width minus selvedge or needle marks
caused by stencil marks.
-
Fabric utilization is the amount of fabric actually utilized in the marker as the percentage
of the total fabric area.
-
The cutting marker is laid on the topmost layer.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

14.  Type of lay plan used: Since open width fabric is used, full garment lay is used that has
both left and right pieces.
 Type of lay: Multiple Ply is used in which a number of fabric layers are stacked on one
top of other.
 Forms of spreading: Fabric is laid the same way up with grain or print pattern running in
the same direction. Fabric has to be cut at the end of each ply.
Fabric weight
 Ideal lay height for cutting :
Height
Heavy Weight
4-5"
Med Weight
3-4"
Light Weight
2.5-3"
 Laying parameters
 Pattern matching.
 Relaxing the fabric to remove all the tensions.
 Allignment of ply edges in correct position over each other.
 Lay order plan :
Example 1
Size ratio = 1:2:2:1
39
31
48
37
43
40
40
62
48
58
42
40
62
48
58
44
20
31
24
29
Total
131
203
157
188
679
Average no of lays
39
31
31
40
20
20
42
20
20
44
20
0
Avg. no. of lays
I
II
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

15. 11
0
0
0
III
Average no. of lays = 3
Average no. of pieces = Total meters of fabric
Total no. of pieces in each color
= 190.50 = 1.45 mts.
131
Lay length = 1.45 mts X 3 = 4.35
CUTTING
 Cutting parameters:
-
Precision in cutting: To ensure the cutting of fabric - accurately according to the line
drown of the marker plan.
Clean edge: By avoiding the fraying out of yarn from the fabric edge. Cutting edge must
be smooth clean. Knife must be sharp for smooth or clean edge.
Consistency in cutting: All the sizing safe of the cutting parts should be same of knife
should be operated of the right angle of the fabric lay.
 Types of cutting equipments:
-
Scissors
Round knife
Straight knife
Band knife cutting m/c
Die cutting ( collars and cuffs )
 Methods for marking directly on the cloth:
CHALK: This is the traditional method in which thick lines are drawn on the cloth.
 Preparation for sewing:
1) Position marking : Egg- pocket positions, tucks, pocket positions etc
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

16. 2) Shade marking: each component is marked with a unique no. printed on a
small ticket stuck on the component.
3) Bundle making: according to size, color, quantity
4) Bungle tickets: to identify each bundle to size, lot, style and color wise.
5) Fusing parameters: There are different types of fusings depending upon the
end use and type of fabric.
Type
Microdot
Semi fusing
Woven fusing
Heat
150 degree
140 degree
175 degree
Pressure
2.5
1.5
3
Time
13 sec
15 sec
18 sec
EMBROIDERY DEPARTMENT
Embroidery pattern is received that specifies the no. of stitches, colors, the pattern, size and
placement.
Design is loaded in floppy disc and inserted in the machine memory.
 Embroidery machines:
Company
Silver sun
Barudan
No. of heads
9
4
No. of needles
9
9
No. of machines
3
1
Machine rings sizes: 6, 9, 7, 15, 19, 25, and 230X160
Embroidery defects: loose uncut threads, skipped stitches, pattern misalignment.
Embroidery threads: Silky and calypso threads.
Type of stitches: satin, filling, patchwork etc
Types of motifs: Institutional logos (jindal, essar, cyberoam), kids wear motifs (cartoons),
company logos (oxerberg, J hampstead), jeans back pocket embroidery, shirt cuff and front
panel embroidery are done.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

17. A Strike-off : is a pre production sample of embroidery which is done in order to check the accuracy
of the pattern and the associated stitches in it. This is then sent to the H.O for feedback and approval. If
any changes, theH.O will return their feedback with necessary changes or comments. The type of
stitches depends upon the fabric. If the fabric is thin, then heavy stitches are avoided.
MAJOR PROBLEM FACED IN EMBROIDERY:
The major problem faced during embroidery is the thread breakages. The reason for this may be that
either the thread is too tight or has less strength. Since the designs are fed into these machines through
computer, if even a single thread breakdown happens, then all the machines stop at the same time. To
help avoid it to some extent, a helper is put up against each machine that keeps a check on the
breakages and accuracy of the stitches. The bobbin case also plays an integral part.
SAMPLING DEPARTMENT
The sampling for each season begins according to the product cycle of style. This process is also
called Product development (P.D). One should also know the tentative size ratio in each style.
This is because the costing of the product depends highly on the fabric consumption. Kinds of
samples prepared:
1) Photosample: only sketch/illustration of the garment is present in the photosample
sheet.
2) Fit sample: one sample in base size measurement is made and send for approval at
head office.
3) Size set: one garment sample in each size is prepared and sent for approval. No need to
add the trims to the garment.
4) PP sample: This is the pre-production sample that is the exact replica like original
sample.
5) Shipment sample: A random sample is picked from the production lot and sent for
approval.
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
 Sewing Process
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

18. The basic process of sewing involves fastening of fabrics, with the help of needle and threads.
Most of such industrial sewing is done by industrial sewing machines. The cut pieces of a
garment are generally tacked, or temporarily stitched at the initial stage if required. The
complex parts of the machine then pierces thread through the layers of the cloth and
interlocks the thread.
Industrial Sewing
Industrial sewing is quite a complex process involving many preparations and mathematical
calculations for the perfect seam quality. Good quality sewing also depends on the sound
technical knowledge that goes into pattern designing and making. Flat sheets of fabric having
holes and slits into it can curve and fold in three-dimensional shapes in very complex ways
that require a high level of skill and experience to manipulate into a smooth, wrinkle-free
design. Aligning the patterns printed or woven into the fabric also complicates the design
process. Once a clothing designer, with the help of his technical knowledge, makes the initial
specifications and markers, the fabric is then cut using templates and sewn.
These undesirable variations in the cloth tension affect the product quality. Therefore, there
arises the need of strict control over the whole process. The work of sewing is focused on the
handling of fabrics lying on the working table and guide them towards the sewing machines
needle along the seam line. The attention is equally focused on the control of appropriate
tensional force so as to maintain high quality seam.
Pre sewing functions
Before the actual task of sewing begins, there are certain other tasks that have to be taken
care of which can be termed as fabric handling functions - Ply separation; Placing the fabric on
working table; Guiding the fabric towards sewing needle; and tension control of fabric during
the sewing process.
When the fabric is placed on the working table, the tasks that are performed before the
sewing process include - recognizing the fabric's shape, edges that will be sewn, planning of
the sewing process and identification of the seam line.
Fabric Edges to be sewn
There are two basic types of stitches - one is that are for joining two parts of cloth together
and the second one is done for decorative purposes. Sometimes, both types of stitching have
to be done on some parts of cloth, for example, a denim pocket has to be joined on three
sides with the apparel as well as it may be given some decorative stitches too. At what points
and which type of stitching has to be done- all such information is decided by the industrial
engineering department and accordingly sewn.
Planning of sewing process
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

19. Sequence of seams to be stitched is determined before the sewing starts. Which part will be
joined first, what stitches will follow one another, etc. are decided. However, some stitches
have to be necessarily done before or after another stitch. In the example above, the
decorative stitches must be done first followed by the joining stitches.
Identification of seam lines
Sewing process is performed on seam lines situated inside the fabric edges, some millimeters
inside the fabric's outer line. For the straight lines, the seam line is found by transferring the
outer lines inside the fabrics i.e. the seam line is parallel to the outer edge and the distance
between the two has to be determined as it is different for different parts of the cloth. Seam
allowance is the area between the edge of the fabric and the line of stitching.
Sewing Fabrics
The sewing process consists of mainly three functions - guiding fabric towards needle; sewing
of the fabric edge; and rotation around the needle. The fabric is guided along the sewing line
with a certain speed that is in harmony with the speed of sewing machine
The orientation error is either manually monitored or if monitored automatically then error is
fed to the machine controller so that the machine corrects the orientation of the fabrics.
When one edge of seam line is sewed, the fabric is rotated around the needle till the next
edge of the seam line coincides with the sewing line. The sewing process is thus repeated until
all the edges of seam line planned for sewing, are sewed.
 Significant Aspects of Sewing
There are certain aspects that have to be carefully considered while the sewing process as
they are very crucial for high quality sewing.
Thread tension and consumption: Correct balancing of the stitch and the tension given to the
threads is very important for quality stitch formation. Thread consumption, which is closely
associated with correct stitch geometry and thread tension, is usually measured by digital
encoders.
Presser- foot displacement and compressing force: Presser- foot is the part of the sewing
machine that holds the fabric in place as it is being sewn and fed through by the feeder. The
feeding system is one of the most important constituting systems of the sewing machine. If
this system is not efficient then it results into irregular seams and many other defects,
especially when running on high speed. To evaluate feeding efficiency, the force on the
presser foot is measured with the help of electric or other sensors.
Needle penetration force measurement: The interaction of needle with fabric is very crucial.
Fault-free needle penetration depends chiefly on the properties of fabric and needle choice.
Needle penetration force is one of the variables whose measurement is important for the
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

20. analysis of quality problems or "sewability testing" and also quality monitoring. It takes
various factors into consideration, such as the needle geometry (including the point angle and
point length of the needle), the friction between the needle and the fabric, the friction
between the needle eye and the thread along with fabrics' property, and the sewing
conditions.
ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL (AQL) – Quality measurre
The AQL (Acceptable Quality Level) is the maximum per cent defective that for the purpose of
sampling inspection can be considered satisfactory as a process average. In inspection how
much percentage of defective pieces will be accepted, depends on acceptable quality level The
AQL level varies process to process, product to product and even buyer to buyer.
Sample size Code letter: This code is indicative a range of batch size. (Code 'G' means your lot
size range is from 151 pieces to 280 pieces.
Sample size: It means that how many pieces will be picked up for inspection from the total
offered pieces (Batch).
Ac (Accepted): The number in this column denotes that if the inspector finds up to that much
defective pieces the shipment will be accepted by buyer.
Re (Rejected): On the other hand number in this column denotes that if the inspector finds that
much defective pieces or more than the listed number, the shipment will be rejected (or asked
to the manufacturer for 100% inspection and re-offer for final inspection) by buyer.
Example: Suppose you have been offered a shipment of 1000 pieces for inspection. Select the
range from table, it is 501-1200. Now from table you have to select number of sample you are
going to actually inspect. According the above table you will select 80 pieces out of 1000
pieces. Now assume that you are inspecting at 2.5 AQL. So, after inspecting all 80 pieces if you
find 5 or less than 5 defective pieces will accept the shipment. And if you find 6 or more than 6
defective pieces in 80 samples you will reject that shipment.
Lot or Batch
size
Size
Code
Sample
Size
2–8
A
9 – 15
B
2
3
Acceptable Quality level
2.5
4.0
6.5
Ac Re
Ac
Re
Ac
Re
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

21. 15 – 25
26 – 50
51-90
91-150
151-280
251-500
501-1200
1201-3200
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
5
8
13
20
32
50
80
125
0
0
1
1
2
3
5
7
1
1
2
2
3
4
6
8
0
1
1
2
3
5
7
10
1
2
2
3
4
6
8
11
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
14
1
2
3
4
6
8
11
15
3201-10000
L
10001- 35000
M
200
315
10
14
11
15
14
21
15
22
21
21
22
22
 LIST OF POSSIBLE DEFECTS IN PRODUCTION
Component and
materials
Materials/fabric
Cleanliness
Pressing
Seams and Stitching
Possible Defects
1. Fabric holes
2. Slubs
3. Shading variation
4. Misprints, out-of-register prints, undesired color spots
5. Cut, visible notch mark tears or visible surface repairs
6. Bow or skew exceeding 1.5 percent
7. Double picks
8. Pilling
1. Soil, Spots, stains or Dust
2. Attached thread clusters
1. Burn or scorch marks
2. Glaring shine marks
3. Press marks from camps
4. Absence of pressing when specified
5. Products packaged moist after steam pressing
6. Improper pressing
7. Seams not lined up when specified for center leg crease
8. Loops twisted after pressing
9. Uneven creases after press
1. Twisted, roped, or puckered seams
2. Open or broken stitches
3. Raw edges where covered edges are specified
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

22. Button holes
Button/Button Sewing
Waistband
Belt Loops
Front and back
4. Seams not back stitched or bar tacked when specified
5. Irregular or uneven top stitching
6. Seam grin-through, seam slippage
7. Pinching or any part of product caught in seam or stitches
8. Any exposed drill holes
9. Length of legs off by more than 3/8 inch
10. Stitch count not conforming to specifications
11. Stitch or seam type not conforming to specifications
12. Label is not correctly attached, position and layout
13. Sewn on design attached at incorrect place and
sewn not according to specs
14. Double needle stitch on crotch seam is missing
15. Use of monofilament thread, other seams than where specified
1. Size is not within specs
2. Ragged edges
3. Uncut button hole
4. Out of alignment or improper button spacing
5. Stitch depth too narrow or wide
1. Button not securely attached
2. Butler-missing
3. Broken or damaged button
4. Out of alignment or improper spacing
5. Button not matches to specs
6. Lack of support materials on fragile fabric
7. Buttons that crack, chip, discolor, rust, bleed, melt or otherwise cause
consumer dissatisfaction when care label is followed
1. Uneven in width
2. Excessive fullness, puckering or twisting
3. Closure misaligned
4. Belt loops are crooked
1. Not fully secure
2. Extend above waistband
3. Missing tacks
4. Color shade not to specs
5. Thread shade not to specs
6. Raw edges showing
1. Uneven at bottom hem
2. Under facing showing
3. Pockets conspicuously uneven
4. Darts uneven in length
5. Darts poorly shaped
6. Spot shirring not even right and left sides
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23. Hems
Pockets
Zippers
Gripper
Fly area
Labels
1. Twisted, roped, puckered, pleated, or excessively visible from exterior
2. Uneven in width
3. Uneven length of product unless specified
1. Not uniform in size and shape
2. Misaligned horizontally or vertically
3. Crooked
4. Missing bar tack, back tack or rivet where specified
5. Bar tack or rivet not as specified
6. Sewn-in pleats or puckers
1. Any malfunction in operation
2. Tape does not match color specs
3. Wavy zipper
4. Exposed zipper that distracts from product's appearance
5. Irregular or uneven stitching on zipper
6. Crooked or uneven zipper
7. Bar tack missing or incorrectly located at bottom or base of zipper
1. Misaligned
2. Missing or incorrect
3. Defective in operation
1. Width is not uniform
2. Bottom stopper does not securely clinched
3. Top of zipper not caught in band
4. Either side of fly extends past other side by excessive amount.
1. Labels are not correct, text and/or layout
2. Located at incorrect location
3. Insecurely attached to the garment
 Garment inspection procedures :
During the course of garment production, i.e right from cutting to final dispatch, Oxemberg
QAD team will conduct various inspections as follows:
1. Inline/mid inspection : This will be carried out during the production of garment in
order to carry out this inspection effectively following information is a must.
A) Updated W/O sheet
B) Style approved, saple approved by the merchandiser
C) Fabric, trims and accessories cards rectified by the merchandiser.
D) Approved measurement specification.
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24. 2. Random final audit or inspection : this will be carried out when goods are in the
pressing and packing till its completion. Oxemberg QAD team will carry out random
audit at AQL 4 inorder to make this audit a truly effective tool, since it is the last check
point before dispatch, following information is essential.
A) All the line detail information mentioned there in plus.
B) Washed approved samples ( in case of washed order).
C) Packing list wherever applicable.
PRODUCTION PLANNING, SCHEDULING
AND CONTROLLING
i.
Planning: This involves a long term overview around the year, based on market
forecast. An agreement is necessary about whether the production unit can cope up
with the expected sales, in terms of overall volume and in terms of specialized plant and
operatives. The action is required of relevant departments to revise the plan, purchase
the necessary machinery, train staff, obtain new premises or lease off unwanted ones,
buying additional capacity from other manufacturers etc.
ii.
Scheduling: The work is allocated to the production capacity according to the agreed
plan as soon as the orders are confirmed. It is at this stage that schedules are prepared
as an exercise and later drafted in detail.
iii.
Controlling: The production process is very uncertain and rarely goes according to the
schedule, especially when the processes are complex and dependent on the
performance of individuals. Sometimes orders are cancelled and rush orders come
through. Inefficiency can be avoided if the preliminary work is done thoroughly and the
routine terms are accurately recorded. Balancing is a part of the process.

KEY FACTORS IN CONTROLING AND SCHEDULING
i.Time/ unit input: e.g. meters of cloth or SAM of work per minute.
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25. ii.Work in process delays: Extension in output time is necessary to provide buffer against
fluctuations in output where the no. of processes involved are many.
iii.Technical maintenance: Proper usage and maintenance of the machines and other
electronically equipments should be done to provide smooth operation processes.
iv.Employee Training: The employees should be trained efficiently to increase production
efficiency and reduce wastage.
v.Non productive hours: A provision for non-productive hours should be provided in the total
available minutes as these by default are bound to happen. For e.g. lunch time, talking, going to
washroom, sitting idle etc. These hours can be deceased by making changes in the production
plan wisely.
vi.Line balancing: This is necessary to reduce the wastage of time as some workers might be
sitting idle because the feeding has not been done properly and the pieces are not being
delivered to them on time. The overall operation machine layout is faulty due to improper line
balancing. A machine layout is considered to be optimum if all the machines in the line are
producing their required quantities of pieces and no worker is sitting idle. Line balancing can be
a way to increase the productivity as increasing or decreasing unwanted operations from the
line can be done.
vii.Analyzing labour requirements and deficiencies: A difference in skilled and non-skilled labour
can be assessed and accordingly work can be assigned to them.
viii.Optimum utilization of time and raw materials: Any type of unnecessary wastages should be
avoided as far as possible. This requires a good production plan and the co ordination of related
activities.
 Production flow
This refers to the series in which the garment moves from one workstation to another,
requiring completion of the desired operation. The garments move from one work station to
another in a straight line. The straight could be work stations set up on either side of a belt
conveyer/runner table. There is little amount or work in process between the stations. In these
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26. cases, a limited amount of storage occurs after each workstation. This can take the form of
work bins attached to the machines stand in which the work is
Straight line or conveyer chain system
Where
a work station is
is storage
indicates the direction of movement
A production process comprises of : Fabric consumption calculation, Thread consumption
calculation, Fabric inspection, pattern making, fabric cutting, machine layout and SAM
calculation completed, pilot run completed, testing sampling completed, line sewing
completed, finishing sewing completed, final machine inspection completed, end of line quality
check completed, off pressing and finishing done, packing completed and goods dispatched.

Production Quality Control
Quality implies value. It is something that is build into the garment from the stage of market
research and design right up to pack and dispatch and extends beyond a careful analysis of the
customer returns and consultation with the buyers. The quality of the garment is the reason
that is bought by the customer and comprises of a set of ‘quality characteristics’ which together
make up its ‘fitness for purpose’. The key to profitable garment manufacture is to provide the
best combination at lowest cost ‘the economic quality level’.
The costs of quality come from:
 style;
 fabric and trimmings;
 cutting and making and packing (including repairs and rejects);
 Quality control function;
 Learning time of the workers;
 Work content;
 Present productivity;
 Other overhead costs (like salary, electricity, administrative cost, maintenance, transport
etc)
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27. Fitness for purpose comprises of:




Quality of design
Quality of conformance
Quality of delivery and service
Economic cost
 Quality Control Department
The main function of the quality control department is not to control quality but to provide a
service which allows people to make good clothes. Their main concern should be to do this at the
minimum cost, balancing the expense of the department against the savings in terms of reduced
repairs and rejects. One aspect of this is to define the quality level of plant and of the workplace
in it. The raising of quality levels requires a major project involving investment in machinery and
training which cannot be done quickly.
The maintenance of quality at an agreed level implies clear specifications and these are an
important task for this department. The Product information sheet for individual styles can be
kept as brief as possible. They should contain the maximum information in the form of sketches
and all dimensions should me quoted with tolerances. Tolerances reflect the extent to which less
than perfect is acceptable. However, small tolerances exist for the garments.
The function of the quality control department is to reduce the amount of bad work being made.
This gives savings in cost of the repairs and rejects but also speeds up delivery. Its aim is to make
garments correctly at the first time. When the consistency of quality is poor, the expected quality
level is substantially below standard. Greater consistency has an even higher priority than raising
the standard of the majority of the garments made.
Tolerances
These are the limits of acceptability expressed in figures usually or by examples or photographs
to demonstrate the limits of acceptability. For example, the specification for a seam margin may
be 1 cm and the tolerance is -/+2 mm.
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28. Quality characteristics
Quality of design requires higher amount of market research to establish what is the ultimate
customer’s preference at an acceptable price amongst a competitive set of characteristics. These
can form the basis for design. Customers demand various combinations of the following, in
various orders of importance:









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
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


Price and value for money
Individuality of appearance
Fashion is appropriate to the period and group
Image enhancement (e. g reliability of an executive’s suit, smartness for the air hostess
etc)
Comfort in wear, both from cut and fabric
Durability of function and appearance
Psychological qualities(waterproofing, warmth, sweat absorption etc)
Ease of Care (crease and stain resistance, shape retention, washability etc)
Size and shape
Consistency of the product
The production incharge must stick to the specifications and should also consider the
needs of the retailers like:
Consistency (means to achieve the required quality level, the will to confirm of
Management and workforce, maintaining the specifications with tolerances).
Delivery on time
Lower cost to support competitive price.
Quality Specifications
o Factory specifications





Cloth and trimmings, button spacing
Threads, needle types and sizes, by fabric and seam type
Stitches per inch or per 2 cms
Seam types, seam margins and tolerances
Cutting standards
o Style or garment specifications
 Items of difference
 Special size ranges and grading
 Key features and quality points
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29.  Special tolerances
 Fabric and trimmings, colors and shades ( shade cards checked regularly for fading)
 Department wise quality system in factory
1) FABRIC STORES:
o Neatly arrange the fabric rolls received and maintaining the department cleanliness to
avoid spotting and contamination of the fabrics. Packing the fabrics in plastic sheets can
be useful.
o Fabric inspection is done on 4 point system.
o Shade cards/fabric quality swatches for each style approved by the PO are maintained.
2) TRIMS STORES:
o Trims stores have racking system to store the trims in a proper order.
o Trims card for each PO/style being processed should be maintained.
3) CUTTING SECTION:
o Making CSV ( centre to selvedge variation) sample for each of the roll to analyze
the shade variation.
o Maintaining shade samples and providing shade details to presentation checkers
in finishing dept for shade reference.
o Proper pattern checking report.
o Proper lay check, marking check, sorting/bundling check report.
o Cutting projection tallies updated.
4) SEWING SECTION
o Effective maintenance for each of the machine.
o Proper updated broken needle log (should have needle issuing record from
stores and properly pasted broken needle book).
o Keyhole, bartack, overlock, label attach operation internal approvals and display
of mockups.
o Effective mockup system on all operational areas.
o All scissors and trimmers should be secured properly.
o Clearance of WIP at all levels.
o Display of trim card at required areas.
o Checking garments before wash and after wash for both quality and
measurement.
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30. o Random in-line checking at each chain stitch operation like feed of arm machine.
o Each supervisor is advised to check randomly the operation in their own working
limits.
o Each operator is advised to clean their machine and area before start of work in
the morning and after lunch- waste fabric is issued to the operator for the same.
o In-line and end-line checking report.
o Before wet processing in-line audit report is also maintained.
o Washing facility is not available in-house. It’s done on jobber basis.
5) FINISHING SECTION
o Fabric defect identification by stickering and alteration piece identified by
knotting at place of alter by the checker.
o Dusting is done by dust pads wherever sucking machine is not used.
o Cartoons are properly stacked.
o Presentation checker to have ready reference of shade cards of fabric and trims
cards as well.
o Daily checking report is maintained.
o Measurement audit report is maintained.
o Pre-final auditing is also gone on garments.
o Defective cartoons are replaced by good cartoons.
6) PACKING AND DESPATCH SECTION
o Separate departments are maintained for topwear and bottom wear.
o The fully packed garments are racked in sequential manner and each rack is
given a number for identification.
o Garments are stored brand wise, sizewise, and garment wise.
o Barcode stickering is done and checked.
o Packing in inners and outer cartoons is done according to the size ratio or
packing specifications as specified.
o Goods to be shipped are packed readily with proper covering and sealing and
kept near the main gate to be loaded in the cargo.
o Proper recording of dispatch, packing and stock stored in-house pending for
shipment are maintained along with Chelan entries of cargo and transportation
services.
o Good relations with distributors are held.
7) ENTIRE WORKING AREA
o
o
o
o
Properly certified fire extinguisher to be free from all obstacles.
Each operator to wear mask to avoid inhalation of dust inside the factory.
Dust collection bags for each work station/machine.
Separate area for storing rejected garments.
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31. o Proper covering of stored pieces.
o Properly maintained QC reports and files maintained by QA.
 Department wise quality check points
Fabric Store
-
100% fabric inspection
Trim & accessories-
Trims inspection
Cutting Room
-
Marker checking
Cut parts checking or audit
Bundle inspection
Embroidery
-
100% inspection of embroidery
Sewing
Department
-
Inline check point (at critical operation)
Roaming checking (Random checking)
End of Line checking (100%)
Audit of checked pieces
Initial finishing inspection (after wash) and alterations
Final finishing inspection (After Pressing)
Internal shipment audit
Finishing
Department
-
1.
Fabric Store: In the fabric store fabric is being checked before issuing it to cutting
department. In general not all the fabric is checked. 100 % fabric checking is done. Fabrics are
checked in flat table, flat table with light box or on fabric checking machine. 4 point system for
fabric inspection is used to measure the quality level of the incoming fabric.
2.
Trims & Accessory: Trims quality is also very important for having a quality garment.
Trims inspection is done randomly against the given standards, like color matching. But for
trims and accessories quantity checking is essential.
3.
Cutting Room: It is said that cutting is the heart of production. If cutting is done well
then chances of occurring defects in the following processes comes down. In cutting room,
check points are – I) marker checking, ii) cut part audit and iii) bundle checking.
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32. 4.
Embroidery checking: It is also not a compulsory process. If there is embroidery work in
the garment panels then 100% inspection is done before issuing to sewing.
5.
Sewing Department: Checkpoints in the sewing departments are as following.
- Inline inspection: In assembly line generally check pints are kept for the critical operations. In
these checkpoints, 100% checking is done for partially stitched garments and defect free pieces
are forwarded to the next process.
- Roaming inspection: In this case checkers roam around the line and randomly check pieces at
each operation.
- End of line inspection or table checking: A checker checks completely stitched garment at the
end of the line. 100% checking is done here.
- Audit of the checked pieces: 100% inspected garment are sent to finishing from sewing
department. And all defective pieces are repaired before sending to finishing.
6. Finishing Department: Check points in finishing department consists
- Initial finishing inspection: checking done prior to pressing of the garment at finishing room is
known as initial finishing.
- Final finishing Inspection: After pressing garments are again checked and passed for tagging
and packing.
- Internal final audit: After garments are packed up to certain quantity, quality control team,
does audit of packed garments. This process is carried out to ensure that before handing over
shipment.
If the completed work is being checked at each process and defective pieces are corrected
before handing to the next process than at the end of production there is very little chance to
have a defective at final inspection stage.
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33. FINISHING DEPARTMENT
The finishing process includes all those activities concerned with making the appearance of the
fabric more presentable. It includes activities like stain removal, thread trimmings, washing,
ironing, tagging, and hanger alignment.
 Bartack: Putting barracks on loops, pockets etc.
 Washing: Sometimes, the buyers demand that garments must be given a wash after
stitching.
 Button, button hole and rivet attach
 Extra Thread trimming: The extra threads which have been left uncut are trimmed. This can
be done manually with thread cutters.
 Stain removal: Different types of stains might be formed at the time of garment handling
operations. Different kinds of stains include ball point stains, oil stains, dirt stains etc. Different
kinds of chemicals are used for their removal. For example, Ball point stain is removed with ink
remover, stains on white fabrics are removed with a chemical called ‘Ariel lines’, ‘ Ltk-45 is used
for removing yellow and black stains from colored fabrics, ‘N-9’ is used to remove stains on light
colored fabrics, ‘Emrol-ol’ and petrol is used to remove other hard stains.
 Thread sucking : this is done to remove the threads stuck to the fabric surface that are too
minute to remove. For this, a thread sucking machine is used to remove threads with air blow
and vaccum sucking. Also, adhesive tapes are wrapped on rolls and then moved over the
garments, especially in trouser finishing this step is essential.
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34.  End of line inspection:Garments are compared against measurements and tollerences,
defects, loose and misaligned threads and buttons, open seams etc.
 Alteration: Any garment found faulty of defects will be sent for alteration.
 Ironing: After all these steps, the garments are ironed in a proper manner, folding on the
right creases. Steam ironing is preferred. The garment measurements are continuously
monitored at the time of ironing also. The garments can be shrunk or stretched to some extent
in case the measurements go beyond the tolerance levels. Ironing depends upon the type of
fabric viz. knitted or woven. Knitted garments require light pressing where as woven’s require
deliberate wrinkle removal and crease setting. A dolly or body form press is also used to trouser
pressing.
 WORKFLOW OF FINISHING
Bartack and
buttonholing
Washing
Button and rivet attatch
Thread sucking
Stain removal
Thread trimming
End of line inspection
Alteration
Ironing
Warehousing
Packing
Tagging and stickering
 TYPES OF DEFECTS
I.
PATTERN DEFECTS IN GARMENTS: (CAD)
 Some parts of pattern are missing, probably because the marker did not include the
correct number of parts.
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35.  Mixed parts, probably because the marker is not correctly labeled, resulting in a
marriage of wrong sized parts. Patterns not facing in correct direction on napped
fabrics.
 Patterns not aligned with respect to the fabric grain.
 Poor line definition (e.g. too thick chalk; indistinctly printed line, perforated lay not
powdered) leading to inaccurate cutting.
 Skimpy marking, caused by either the marker did not use the outside edge of the
pattern; or the pattern was moved or swung after partial marking to squeeze the
pattern into a smaller space for economizing the fabric.
 The pattern may have worn out edges.
 Generous marking, especially in combination with skimpy marking results in
components being sewn together with puckering and pleating.
 When the marker is too wide, the garment parts at the edges of the lay get cut with bits
missing.
 Not enough knife clearance freedom.
 Wrong check matching, i.e. lines across the seam are not matching.
 Wrong checks boxing i.e. checks are not showing a full/partial box across the seam.
 Notches and drill marks omitted, indistinct or misplaced.
II.
SPREADING DEFECTS IN GARMENTS
 Not enough plies to cover quantity of garments required.
 Plies misaligned, resulting in garment parts getting cut with bits missing in some plies at
the edge of the spread.
 Narrow fabric width, causes garment parts at the edge of the lay getting cut with bits
missing.
 Incorrect tension of plies, i.e. fabric spread too tight or too loose. This will result in parts
not fitting in sewing, and finished garments not meeting size tolerances.
 Not all plies facing in correct direction (whether 'one way' as with nap, or 'one way
either way' as with some check designs). This happens when fabric is not spread face
down, face up, or face to face as required.
 Unacceptable damages in the garment parts. Parts not fully included owing to splicing
errors.
 Spread distorted by the attraction or repulsion of plies caused by excessive static
electricity e.g. in satin fabric.
 Plies are not spread accurately one above another for cutting. This results in
mismatching checks.
III. CUTTING DEFECTS IN GARMENTS
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36.  Failure to follow the marker lines resulting in distorted garment parts.
 Top and bottom plies can be a different size if the straight knife is allowed to lean, or if a
round knife is used on too high a spread.
 Notches, which are misplaced, too deep, too shallow, angled, omitted, or wrong type to
suit fabric.
 Frayed edges, scorched or fused edges, caused by a faulty knife, not sharp enough, or
rotating at too high a speed knife cut.
 Garment part damaged by careless use of knife, perhaps overrunning cutting previous
piece.
 Marker incorrectly positioned on top of spread.
 Garment parts have bits missing at edge of lay. If too tight or too loose then garment
parts are distorted.
 Spread distortion due to electricity, particularly in checks.
IV. COLOR DEFECTS IN GARMENTS
Color defects that could occur are difference of the color of final produced garment to the
sample shown, accessories used are of wrong color combination and mismatching of dye
amongst the pieces.
V.
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SEWING DEFECTS IN GARMENTS
Broken buttons
Broken snaps
Broken stitching
Creasing of garments
Defective snaps
Different shades within the same garment
Dropped stitches
Exposed notches
Exposed raw edges
Fabric defects
Holes
Inoperative zipper
Loose / hanging sewing threads and buttons
Misaligned buttons and holes
Missing buttons
Missing stitches
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37. 





Needle cuts / chews
Open seams
Pulled / loose yarn ( thread tension )
Stain
Unfinished buttonhole
Wrong stitching technique

Zipper too short

Usage of different color threads on the garment, creasing of the garment
 Sizing defects - Wrong gradation of sizes, difference in measurement of a garment part
from other, for example- sleeves of XL size but body of L size. Such defects do not occur
has to be seen too.
VI. WASHING DEFECT IN GARMENTS
A rotation, usually lateral, between different panels of a garment resulting from the release of
latent stresses during laundering of the woven or knitted fabric forming the garment. Twist may
also be referred to as Torque or Spiraled.
 WAYS OF DEFECT ALTERATION OBSERVED
Most of the fabric defects that are not acceptable in garments are removed during cutting and
stitching processes. Still damaged part is found in the sewn garment due to heavy washing,
dyeing or other reasons.
Instead of rejecting the defective garment, only damaged part can be changed and converted it
into a quality garment. It should not increase the fabric consumption or produce further
defective garment in the part changing process
1.
End bit usage for part changing:
In the cutting room, during layering cutters store end bits that are not layered in the lay
for a cutting. These end bits are one type of cutting waste. So for the part change we
can use those end bits without increasing fabric consumption.
We need to take care about shade matching or lot matching of the fabrics with the
damaged garments.
If the garments were heavily washed, then it will be very difficult to match the garment
fabric shade. After changing the parts garment must be washed again to give matching
finished look and similar hand feel.
2.
Fresh fabric usage for Part changing:
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38. If there are not enough end bits to replace the damaged parts from the garment, then
available fresh fabric is used. Only use fresh fabric if there is no problem with shade
matching otherwise it will increase the fabric consumption. But for solid colors and yarn
dyed fabric there is no issue related to shade matching.
3.
Using good components from other damaged garments:
This option is chosen when garments are dyed and there are no fresh fabric or end bits
or fresh fabric for that order.
Also for the high value garment with fine hand embroidery work and where you have
less time to complete the shipment, this option is preferred.
Here we need to keep care of shade matching.
SHIRT AND TROUSER WASHING
1. Drum washing m/c (horizontal loading)
Capacity: 98kg (big) 450 and 48kg (small). This machine is used for washing cotton shirts
and trousers.
This machine can also be used for dyeing.
Shirt – 200 germs
Trouser – 700 germs
Denim – 800 germs
Garment
Shirt
Trousers
98kg m/c
350 pHs
200 pHs
48kg m/c
200 pHs
80pcs
2. Sample washing m/c (horizontal loading)
Capacity: 8 kegs
This is used for washing the samples that are less in quantity.
3. Hydro extractor (squeezing m/c)
4. Dryer (S.R.E engineering)
Shirts – 200
Trouser – 60 pcs
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39. 5. Steam boiler
Gas, coal, thermal oil
 WASHES
a. Softener wash ( enzyme wash )
It’s of 3 types ionic, non-ionic, and cationic.
b. Enzyme wash
OT, desizer, lubricant, water washing at 52degrees, Acetic acid (pH), Enzyme (to
stabilize), Water wash, Silicon, softener.
Power wash enzyme: Powdered enzyme is used with ball beating
Biofinish
c. Detergent wash
Ariel and tide
d. Leather wash
e. Powder wash pumice in powder form
f. Pumice stone wash
 PRECAUTIONS
FABRIC
Pigment padded fabric
White garment
Worsted fabric
Trouser
Shirt fabric
Yarn dyed
X
No heavy wash is given
because it can cause color
bleeding.
No heavy wash
No heavy wash
Enzyme wash, leather
wash can be given.
Enzyme wash.
Beach ball wash,
chlorine bleach (
caco2 + thermal balls)
Heavy wash
DENIM WASHES
o MACHINERY USED Front vertical loader m/c: (98kg, 150kg, 300 kg).
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40. 1. Raw/Rinse wash: removal of sizing agent and then garment is rinsed, softener is added
and then dried in hydro. No fading process is done.
2. Raw resin: This is done to fix the color onto the fabric and to make it wrinkle resistant.
Catalyst, softener and resin are added then ironing is done.
3. Denimix: After desizing, enzymes (bio-degradable agent) are added (acidic/neutral) to
give fading of color (lighter tone). For fancy denims, scraping and tucking is used along
with denimix.
Neutral (pH 6.5-7)
Temp 45-55 degrees
Neutral (pH 4.5-5.5)
Temp 45-55 degrees
+ Acetic acid is added otherwise enzyme won’t work
4. Stone washing (bleaching): In this, chlorine bleach is used yellowness from fabric and to
five faded effect. Time required for bleach depends on the original sample/shade card.
Neutral ALCL3 or (H2o2 i.e. hydrogen peroxide, soda ash, soap, tinopol). After stone washing,
we can do brightening (with tinopol) to remove chlorine.
5. Ice wash: It’s similar to stone washing, but more qty of bleach is used.
6. Dyeing: The denim is dyed in different color. After desizing, it’s bleached and
then dyed. Denimix and softening processes follow if required.
7. Pumice stone denimix: After desizing, denimix wash is given and after that it’s
abraded with pumice stone. For denimix 40-120 grms/pc pumice stone has to be
added and for stone wash, denimix+bleaching is used.
8. Vintage: After denimix, we tint the denim with direct dye or reactive dye.
VALUE ADDED WASHES:1. Tucking : The piece is tucked with the help of tucking machine at the
place where we want to have the wash effect.
2. Scraping: Sandpaper is used to scrap the fabric to reveal the faded
effect.
3. Spraying: Dyes are sprayed over the garment in different angles and
strokes to reveal the sprayed effect.
4. Whiskering:
5. Crinkling
6. Crackle: The piece is tied at the place where we want to avoid color
penetration in pleats and then dyed.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

41. 7. Grinding: Upper layer of the fabric is peeled/scrapped off with a
grinding machine.
8. Sandblasting: Pressurized compressed air with sand is blown on the
garment.
9. Ball blast: It’s conducted into wooden m/c. bleach+caco3 power is
used.
10.G2: It’s an advanced bleaching process done with ozone(O3).
Bleaching pressure is 240. If it’s done with chlorine bleach, it will
become yellow. So, ozone is used.
11.Pigment spray: Pigment dyes are sprayed over the denim.
CASE STUDY : Common Denim Seam Quality Defects
1. Broken Stitches - Needle Cutting
Where the thread is being broken where one seam crosses another seam (ex: bar tacks on top
of waistband stitching, seat seam on top of riser seam) resulting in stitch failure.
Minimizing broken stitches due to Needle Cutting
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42. -
Use a higher performance core spun thread
-
Use a larger diameter thread on operations where the thread is being cut.
-
Make sure the proper stitch balance is being used. On a chain stitch seam on
denim, we should maintain a 60%/40% relationship of Needle thread to looper
thread in the Seam.
-
Use needles with the correct needle point.
-
Change the needles at regular intervals on operations where the Needle Cuts
are occurring frequently.
2. Broken Stitches- washing procedures
Where thread on the stitch line is broken during stone-washing, sand blasting, hand sanding,
etc. Broken stitches must be repaired by re stitching over the top of the stitch-line.
Minimizing broken Stitches due to abrasion
-
Use a higher performance core spun thread.
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43. -
Use a larger diameter thread on operations where excessive abrasion is occurring
-
Make sure stitches are balance properly,
-
Monitor the Finishing Cycle for compliance to specs.
3. Broken Stitches by Chemical Degradation
Where thread is being compromised by the chemicals used during laundering resulting in loss
or change of color and seam failure.
Minimizing broken stitches due to Chemical Degradation:
-
Use a higher performance core spun thread that has greater resistance to chemical
degradation.
- Using larger thread sizes when the Denim Garments will be subject to Harsh Chemical
washes.
-
Making sure that the water temperatures and PH Levels are correct and that the
proper amounts and sequence of chemical dispersion are within guidelines.
- Make sure the garments are being rinsed properly to neutralize the chemicals in the
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44. fabric.
-
Monitor the drying process, cycle times, and temperatures to make sure they are
correct so that the best possible garment quality can be achieved.
4. Unraveling Seams:
Generally occurs on 401 chain stitch seams where either the stitch has been broken or a
skipped stitch has occurred. This will cause seam failure unless the seam is Re stitched.
4. Minimizing unraveled Stitches:
-
Use a high performance Core-spun thread that will minimize broken stitches
and skipped stitches.
-
Insure proper machine maintenance and sewing machine adjustments.
-
Observe sewing operators for correct material handling techniques.
SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )

45. 5. Restitched Seams:
Where there is a "splice" on the stitch line. If this occurs on Topstitching, then the seam does
not appear to be 1st quality merchandise. Caused by:
1. Thread breaks or thread run-out during sewing; or
2. Cut or broken stitches during a subsequent treatment of the finished product (I.e.,
stone washing).
Minimizing Restitched Seams
-
Use a better quality sewing thread. This may include going to a higher performance
thread designed to minimize sewing interruptions.
-
Insure proper machine maintenance and sewing machine adjustments;
-
Make sure sewing machines are properly maintained and adjusted for the fabric and
sewing operation
-
Observe sewing operators for correct material handling techniques.
6. Skipped Stitches:
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46. Where the stitch forming device misses the needle loop or the needle misses the looper loop.
Skips are usually found where one seam crosses another seam and most of the time occurs
right before or right after the heavy thickness.
Minimizing Skipped Stitches:
-
Use minimum thread tension to get a balanced stitch.
-
Use the ideal foot, feed and plate that help to minimize flagging.
-
Training sewing operators NOT to stop on the thickness.
-
Make sure the machine is feeding properly without stalling.
-
7.
Use core spun thread.
Make sure the machine is not back feeding.
Wavy Seams on Stretch Denim:
Where the seam does not lay flay and is wavy due to the fabric stretching as it was sewn or
during subsequent laundering and handling operations.
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47. Solutions for wavy seams on stretch Garments
- Use minimum presser foot pressure
0- Instruct sewing operators to use proper handling techniques and not stretch the fabric
as they are making the seam.
- Where, available, use differential feed to compensate for the stretch of the fabric.
8.
Ropy Hem:
- Where hem is not laying flat and is
skewed in appearance.
Solutions for Ropy Hems
- Usually caused by poor operator handling.
-
Instruct the sewing operator to make sure they get the
hem started correctly in the folder before they start
sewing. Also, make sure they don't hold back excessively as
the seam is being sewn.
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48. - Use minimum roller or presser foot pressure
9. Twisted Legs:
Is where the side seam twists around to the front of the pant and distorts the appearance of
the jeans.
Solutions for Twisted Legs:
- Usually caused by poor operator handling. Instruct the sewing operator to match the front
and back properly so they come out the same length. Sometimes notches are used to insure
proper alignment. They should NOT trim off the front or back with scissors to make them come
out the same length
- Make sure the cut parts are of equal length coming to the assembly operation.
- Check fabric quality and cutting for proper skew
-
Make sure the sewing machine is adjusted properly for uniform feeding of the top
and bottom plies.
10.
Disappearing Stitches in Stretch Denim:
Is where the thread looks much
smaller on seams sewn in the
warp direction than in the weft
direction of the fabric.
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49. Solutions to minimizing disappearing stitches on stretch
Denim:
-
Use a heavier thread size on topstitching.
-
Go to a longer stitch length (from 8 to 6 spi).
-
Make sure the thread tensions are as loose as possible so the thread sits on top of
the fabric rather than burying in the fabric on seams sewn in the warp.
11. Thread discoloration after Laundry
It is the thread picks up the indigo dyes from the fabric giving the thread a 'dirty' appearance. A
common discoloration would be the pick-up of a greenish or turquoise tint.
Solutions to Thread Discoloration
-
Use thread with proper color fastness characteristics.
-
Correct PH level (too low) and Water Temperature (too low) during laundry.
-
Use the proper chemicals & laundry cycles.
-
Use Denimcol PCC in wash or similar additive
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50. -
Do not overload washers with too many garments at one time.
12. Poor Colorfastness
after Laundry is where the
thread
does
not
wash
down
consistently in the garment or
changes
to
a
different
color
altogether.
Solutions to poor Colorfastness after Laundry:
-
Use thread with proper color fastness characteristics.
-
Use threads from the same thread supplier and do not mix threads in a garment.
-
Always do preproduction testing on denim garments using new colors to assure
that they will meet your requirements.
-
Make sure sewing operators select thread by type and color number and do not
just pick a thread off the shelf because it looks close in color.
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51. PACKING AND FINISHING
ORDER PROCESSING, PACKAING AND DESPATCH
 Order Processing
Order processing is the period between the time of placement of the order by the buyer to the
time of arrival of the goods at his destination. This cycle is made up of the transmission of the
order, document processing in the department and shipment of goods. The documentation is a
routine activity. The procedure of receiving and handling the orders, granting credit, invoicing,
giving dispatching orders, collecting the bills and post dispatch adjustments. Correct order
processing can be very useful from the point of view of the customers as it affects order time
i.e. time interval between two orders of a customer and secondly, the uniformity of delivery i.e.
regular and dependable deliveries.
Customer
Merchandising Department
Order Processing
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52. Credit Check
Inventory Check
Order for Dispatch
Replenishment of stock
Intimation to customers
Dispatch of goods
Collection of payments
 Packaging
Packing is traditionally meant to protect goods. However, it is also a promotional tool and a major image
builder contributing to product success. Packing is a process that speaks of company’s ability to contain
economically man made or natural products for shipment, storage, sale or final use. ‘Packaging’ on the
other hand deals with activities of planning and designing of different means of packaging the product.
However, it should be noted that packing is concerned with product protection while packaging is
concerned product promotion.
Objectives of packing

Protection of the product: To keep the garments clean, fresh and unspoilt by using moisture
proof and damage resistant materials. It’s done basically to avoid any type of deterioration or
contamination of the garment. The main aim is to maintain the quality of the garments intact
unaffected by dust and dirt.
 Product identification: Packing is a convenient way to identify the products of different buyers as
each buyer would have a different type of packing requirement. The size, color combinations,
graphics used in each package are unique and can be easily remembered.
 Product convenience: Packing aims at providing maximum convenience to the purchasers,
producers and distributors alike. A nicely designed product package facilitates product shipping,
storage, stocking, handling and display on part of producers and distributors. Neat packing can
bring reduction in inventory costs, packing cost, space and time costs.
 Product package promotion: A good packaging performs effective advertising function. The
general appearance and selling features created by the packaging techniques decide the product
success. As a promotional tool, it does self advertising, displaying, publishing and acts as an
advertising medium.
Essentials of Good Packing
 It should protect the contents: A good packaging is a means of preservation of products from
possible damage or loss in value. The quality of the garments is maintained intact. The packing is
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53. 






designed to protect it against natural and artificial factors of damage like dirt, dust, theft,
shrinkage, contamination etc.
It Should be attractive: Apart from protection, seeking the attention of the consumers is also
essential. Package design, weight, material, color combinations, graphics, texture, illustrations
etc form the essentials of a good package. Some customers buy products because they are
impressed by the packing. Therefore, package attraction generates impulsive buying.
It Should provide convenience: Good packaging increases product sanitation, ease in handling,
transportation, storing and using packages. The package so designed should grant highest
degree of convenience to manufacturers, distributors and consumers alike. Consumers are
seeking packages that are easy to handle, open and reusable.
It Should be economical: Economy is something that reduces not only packing and its expenses,
but also brings down other allied expenses such as transport, warehousing, tax-levies and
handling. Cost reduction are possible through multi-packaging allows more cost re3duction than
when one pack is sold on its own.
It should be pollution free: It is a well known fact all over the world that packing has
environmental problem, particularly the discarded packing. Hence it is advisable to use recycled
or bio-degradable packaging materials that minimize pollution.
It should be informative: Provision of information about product illustration,
features/specifications, instruction to handle, prices, the amount of product in the package, the
content brand’s name, and other relevant information for the consumer as well as distributor.
Detailed labeling is a must.
It should assure adjustability: The packaging should have the ability to adjust or flexibility to be
put to different uses. Paper packaging is known for cheapness and lightness.
It should be labeled: Labeling is the act of attaching or tagging labels. A label may be a piece of
paper , printed statement which is either a part of a package or attached to it, indicating value
of contents, price, product name, and place and name of producer. Thus, a label is an
informative tag, wrapper or seal attached to a product or product’s package.
Considerations for new packing development
 In designing a new product package or redesigning the existing one, the manufacturers take into
account:
 Nature of product: The type of container to be used depends upon the form and ingredients of
the product. Transparent containers are most suited for attractive colors and appearance,
vacuum sealed ingredients for volatile ingredients and glass containers to minimize chemical
reactions. Plastic and metal packages can also be used.
 Costs: The cost of packing must be absorbed by the production economies, increased sales
volumes or higher price. The packing material, label, filling and closure costs, handling,
distribution and breakage cost of package are important.
 Family resemblance: If the product is one of a number of related items, it’s advisable to design
the package that confirms to the containers of other products in the same line to assist
consumer and dealer identification
 Advertising value: Unique shape, attractive design gives a package greater sales and advertising
value.
 Legal requirements: the packages must confirm to the laws prohibiting the deception of
consumers by the use of false bottoms, slack fill and other means of giving an impression that a
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54. package contains a larger quantity than the case. There are legal requirements prescribing the
copy appearing on the labels of the cartoons which should be confirmed to.
 Test the design in the market: test-marketing must be conducted in the market to get indirect
replies through dealer feedback.
 Environmental checking: the packing development decision may be influenced by legal,
ecological and social forces. Thus issues like consumer packing safety, disposable packing, the
quantity of packaging, littering, wise labeling and so on.
Packing strategies
After the garments arrive from the finishing and quality check department, they are packed in hangers or
simple fold pack in polybags, according to buyer requirements. Here, multiple packaging strategies are
followed. It is a kind of strategy in which a no. of closely related but heterogeneous products used by one
consumer are placed in a single package. Such a package conveys that idea of an ideal matching set that one
should possess. For example as in case of assorted collection kids wear packages are packed along together.
It facilitates acceptance of a new product idea by a consumer who normally may not want to venture into
buying it. However there is danger of the whole package being rejected through a consumer who is
interested in only one or two items in the total set. Since the consumer will have to buy the whole set he will
reject the 2 items he was favoring a will not buy the set.
 Inventory
Inventory management is a task of planning and controlling of finished goods after they have been bought
from the production department and before their delivery to the users. It has 2 parts: Inventory and
Warehousing.
 Warehousing: This performs two functions namely movement and storage of goods. Movement
refers to the actual receipt of products from the manufacturing centre their transfer in the
warehouse and stocking at designated place, assorting to consumer orders and transferring them to
common carriers on their way to consumers. The storage function is mainly concerned with holding
and caring the goods from the time they are placed in, till they are places out in common carriers. It
is basically a safety and preservative function.
 Inventory controlling: Inventory implies the stock of goods held over a period of time for meeting
the consumer needs. For the production department, inventory means stock of raw material,
machine and parts, stock of goods partly manufactured and finished goods. For the distributors or
dispatchers, it is the finished stock meant of the final consumption.
 Material Handling
 This refers to the handling of the goods ready for dispatch. They can be classified into:
 Manual: This involves usage of human labour. This is restricted to areas with unorganized plant
layout and costs of movements.
 Mechanical: This involves the use of machines driven by power like for e. g cranes, trucks,
stackers, side loaders, mobile cranes etc. these have more fixed costs if the capacity utilization is
less.
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55.  Automatic: These are fully automatic operated by automatic machines and computers. These
require heavy capital investments.
 Transportation and Dispatch
When the garments are readily packed and arranged in containers/cartoons, they are arranged buyer
wise and shipment date wise. Right dispatch time means right delivery time. Hence there should be no
delay in dispatching the goods from the manufacturer’s premises because delivery time depends on the
mode of transit viz. air, sea, and rail. The main aim should be delivering the right product to the right
place at the right time at economical costs. Firms can attract lots of buyers by offering better service or
lower prices through physical distribution improvements. Similarly the profit margin for the
manufacturers will be increased by making this physical distribution more effective and efficient.
Effectiveness and efficiency will bring in economy and this will thus affect the profit margins. This is
because the price of the product does not just include the cost of production but also the cost of
delivery. The cost of transportation is determined by the distance covered and the volume of goods.
Also, the performance of the transportation mode i.e. the speed/pace of movement in kms /hr.
Calculation of speed must take into account the total time from point of start to point of destination.
 Packing mechanism in the factory:Inner boxes are used to pack the pieces. 1 inner can have 50-60 pieces. These inners are again
packed in outer boxes. 1 box can have 3-5 inners.
For example :
Brand
Oxemberg
Beach pebble
MSD
J Hampstead
Qty
60 ics
48 pcs
Inner packs pakaging
3 boxes
33pcs
48pcs
The packing quantity per carton depends upon buyer specifications.
o Packing stratergies:1. MSD ( casual )
1 small inner – 12 shirts.
So 1 big inner=5 inners = 60 shirts
Jeans – pack size ratio wise
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60pcs

56. 2. TROUSER ( oxemberg )
1 inner = 16-17 pieces
3.
o Storage: Racking is done size wise, style wise, garment wise, sleeve length wise(half
sleeves/full sleeves). Each rack is given a rack no. Restickering according to buyer
mentioned in memo.
o Storage capacity: Shirt: 80000-2,00,000 & Trousers and jeans 30,000 pcs
o Distributor – (MSD & Oxemberg)
- S.V enterprises (Hyderabad)
- A.M patel (Oxemberg)
- Maharashtra ( J.K apparels)
- Chandigarh (Ahuja traders)
- Delhi (Vishesh college)
o Cargo services – T &T, XPS, TCI, VRL
o Transport providers – Lalji mulji transport, Batco india
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57. SOFT ( NIFT, Pune )