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A/L BIOLOGY,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],For SriLankan  Science Student,[object Object],karuhetti@yahoo.com,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Glucose and Diabetes,[object Object],Part 1,[object Object],karuhetti@yahoo.com,[object Object]
Glucoseis a hexose monosaccharide which belongs  to Carbohydrates, a,[object Object],Group of organic compounds found in living organisms.,[object Object],Chemical formulae -  C6H12O6,[object Object],Structural formulae ,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object]
Glucose found in many ripened fruits,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],By eating these fruits your body gets glucose ,[object Object]
The other sources of glucose are Tubers like potatoes and yams, grains such as  rice, wheat ect. Or food made out of their flour.,[object Object],They contain starch, a form of stored carbohydrates which are digested and converted in to glucose in the digestive system and are absorbed to the blood. ,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Sucrose or  the ordinary Table sugar  is an another carbohydrate which is turned into glucose within the body. ,[object Object],Sucrose, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world and the one most  widely known carbohydrate.,[object Object],Sucrose is present in pure state in sugar cane and sugar beets,[object Object],sugar beets,[object Object],sugar cane ,[object Object]
Carbohydrates are digested in  the elementary canal as follows..,[object Object],     a).In the mouth,[object Object],   Starch    SalivaryAmylaseMaltose,[object Object],b).In small intestine,[object Object],     Starch          Amylase Maltose,[object Object],     Maltose         Maltase Glucose ,[object Object],     SucroseInvertase Glucose + Fructose,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object]
Sugars such as galactose, glucose, and fructose that are found naturally in foods or are produced by the breakdown of  disaccharides and  complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides ) enter into absorptive intestinal cells of  villi in the small intestine,[object Object],W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],absorptive intestinal cells ,[object Object],Small inteestine,[object Object],Villus,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],After absorption, they are transported to the liver ,[object Object],where galactose and fructose are converted to glucose and released into the bloodstream.,[object Object],Glucose is used by the body as a primary source of energy.,[object Object],The glucose may be sent directly to organs that need energy,[object Object],Excess amounts of glucose in the body is converted to glycogon in the liver ,[object Object],or muscles, or it may be converted to and stored as fat for later use.,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Homeostasis,[object Object],Cells need a stable environment to survive. ,[object Object],Homeostasis is the mechanism that allows living organisms to maintain ,[object Object],relatively constant levels of temperature, pH, ions and water balance.,[object Object],Cells derive their energy from glucose, and it is vital that glucose levels be tightly regulated,[object Object],Too much glucose is toxic to cells while too little glucose leads to starvation,[object Object],. ,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],What is the normal range for blood sugar levels,,[object Object],The blood sugar level is the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. ,[object Object],It is expressed as millimoles per litre (mmol/l). Or milligrams per deci litre (mg /dl.),[object Object],Normally blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits throughout the day: 4 – 8 mmol/l. ,[object Object],(70 - 150 mg. /dl.),[object Object],Levels typically are lower in the morning, and rise after meals. ,[object Object],Therefore three blood glucose levels are defined.,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Blood sugar levels,[object Object],1.Fasting Blood Sugar –FBS,[object Object],2.Post prandrial Blood Sugar- PBS,[object Object],3.Random Blood Sugar-RBS,[object Object],Fasting Blood Sugar- ,[object Object],The'fasting blood sugar' test checks glucose levels after an 8- 10 hour fast.,[object Object],The blood  sample is collected in  the morning, before the breakfast. ,[object Object],This is  the first test performed when checking for diabetes,[object Object],The normal FBS range is  82 - 110 mg/dl,[object Object],    ( 4.4 - 6.1 mmol/l& ,[object Object],(But some say it is 70-120 mg/dl),[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Postprandial Blood Sugar,[object Object],The ‘postprandial blood sugar' test,[object Object], measures glucose levels two hours after eating a meal.,[object Object],Normal glucose levels for this test fall between,[object Object], 70 and 145 mg/dl,[object Object],karuhetti@yahoo.com,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Random blood sugar ,[object Object],Random blood sugar testing checks glucose levels randomly throughout the day, regardless of meal times.,[object Object],. Several random measurements may be taken throughout the day. ,[object Object],This levels vary widely,. ,[object Object],RBS levels should be between 70 and 125 mg/dlin order to be considered normal for random testing.,[object Object],Random testing is useful because glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the day. ,[object Object],Random Blood glucose levels that vary widely may mean a problem. ,[object Object],This test is also called a casual blood glucose test.,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],How Does the Body Control Blood Sugar Levels?,[object Object],Glucose concentrations in the blood stream are primarily controlled ,[object Object],by the action of two antagonistic pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon.,[object Object],Glucose is first detected in the bloodstream by glucose transporter receptors expressed on the surface of specialized pancreatic cells known as alpha- and beta-cells,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],.,[object Object],After you have eaten a meal,,[object Object], the blood glucose levels will begin to rise because the carbohydrates in the food are digested and absorbed.,[object Object],Beta-cells respond to rising levels of blood glucose by secreting the hormone insulin,[object Object],This insulin then binds to receptor proteins in cell membranes (particularly in the liver).,[object Object],This causes more channels in the plasma membrane to open so that more glucose can enter the cell.,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Insulin restores normal levels of glucose in the blood by signaling body tissues to take up glucose for energy, ,[object Object],or to convert glucose to glycogen and lipids ,[object Object],as future energy stored in the liver, muscle and fat cells. ,[object Object],All these reactions  work together to lower the glucose levels back to normal,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],If you have been doing a lot of exercise, and glucose is being used up, the blood glucose level fall below the normal  range.,[object Object],Then alpha cells will recognize this  and stimulate alpha cells to  produce glucagon. ,[object Object],[object Object],   glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis ) in muscle  cells and  liver cells.,[object Object],[object Object]
 Glucagon also stimulates the liver to synthesize  glucose from glycerol in the blood,[object Object],All these reactions  work together to raise glucose levels back to normal. ,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Blood sugar levels rising consistently above 150 mg/dl are indicative of,[object Object], Diabetes mellitus,[object Object],Diabetes mellitus,[object Object],Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin action, insulin production, or both,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Diabetes mellitus (the medical term) is commonly referred to as Diabetes (common name).,[object Object],It was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world.,[object Object],Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. ,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],The primary  Clinical signs of Diabetes mellitus is,,[object Object],.Hyperglycemia(high blood glucose level).,[object Object],This is generally a glucose level higher than 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15-20 mmol/l (270-360 mg/dl). However, chronic levels exceeding 7 mmol/l (125 mg/dl) can produce organ damage.,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],The following symptoms may be associated with acute or chronic diabetes.,[object Object],[object Object],   Polydpsia - frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst ,[object Object],Polyuria - frequent urination, especially excessive urination ,[object Object],Blurred vision ,[object Object],Fatigue(sleepiness). ,[object Object],Weight Loss   ,[object Object],Poor wound healing (cuts, scrapes, etc.) ,[object Object],                      Dry mouth,[object Object],Dry or itchy skin,[object Object],Tingling in feet or heels ,[object Object],Impotence(male),[object Object],                                     Recurrent infectionssuch as,[object Object],vaginal yeast infections,,[object Object],                                                      groin rash, ,[object Object],                                                      external ear infections (swimmer's ear) ,[object Object],                                             Cardiao vascular arrhythmia,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Uncontrolled hyperglycemia  or diabetes mellitus over time damages the following organs.,[object Object],Eyes,   Nerves, ,[object Object],          	    Blood vessels,,[object Object],                            Kidneys, Heart,,[object Object], causing organ dysfunction and failure.,[object Object],Risk Factors ,[object Object],A number of risk factors are attributed to the incidence of diabetes, including family history, age, ethnicity, and social group characteristics, as well as behavioral , lifestyle, psychological , and clinical factors,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Types of Diabetes,[object Object],There are three main types of diabetes(as indicated in the Wikipedia),[object Object],Type 1 diabetes:results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin. (previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes.) ,[object Object],Type 2 diabetes:results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, (previously known as non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or NIDDM and adult-onset diabetes),[object Object],Gestational diabetes:is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM. ,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Diabetes At A Glance,[object Object],Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ,[object Object],Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. ,[object Object],Absence or insufficient production of insulin causes diabetes. ,[object Object],The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 (insulin dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin dependent). ,[object Object],Symptoms of diabetes include increased urine output, thirst and hunger as well as fatigue. ,[object Object],Diabetes is diagnosed by blood sugar (glucose) testing. ,[object Object],The major complications of diabetes are both acute and chronic. ,[object Object],Acutely: dangerously elevated blood sugar, abnormally low blood sugar due to diabetes medications may occur. ,[object Object],Chronically: disease of the blood vessels (both small and large) which can damage the eye, kidneys, nerves, and heart may occur ,[object Object]
W.B.K.HETTIARACHCHI,[object Object],Risk factors and monitoring Diabetes  will be discussed next secession,[object Object],Disclaimer-,[object Object],All information  available here is for Educational purposes only and not for diagnostic  purposes. If you have  or suspect you have health problem , you should  consult your  family doctor ,[object Object]

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Glucose english

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