SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Digital Literacy Changing how educators teach
Digital Literacy is emerging as a core educational goal for a futures orientated world Need to use technology as a tool to: improve skills  enhance quality of life  to drive education promote well-being across all elements of society (The Smith Family, 2008).
There has been a shift from print to digital technologies The revolution in communication and information technologies has created new types of textual surface and hence, new literacies. Lanham believes that literacy has extended to “the ability to understand information however its presented.” 			(1997)
Paul Gilster: defined digital literacy as “the ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide variety of sources when it is presented via computers and the internet.”  Gilsteridentifies the four competencies of digital literacy as: knowledge assembly evaluating information content  searching the internet navigating hypertext 		(1997)
				With digital media 					becoming embedded within 			our everyday social, cultural 			and economic environments, 			it’s vital we gain these skills 			and gain from the benefits.  Teachers need to have these skills not only for themselves but to be confident and deliver lessons to students so that they can gain these digital literacy skills.
A person who is digitally literate should be able to: Understand the different types of digital services and what content they offer  Use basic programs to get connected and operate and utilize the various digital technologies Be confident.  Decipher complex images and sounds as well as the syntactical subtleties of words  Be quick on their feet and able to go from one using one medium to another depending on the audience
Group Activity Orientation: Who, What, When Problem: What is the main problem or situation that needs to be resolved? Solution: How is the problem going to be fixed?
Fanfiction http://www.fanfiction.net/
Teaching Strategies: Within a guided, modelled and independent framework
Digital Literacy – Crucial to Students 				Jukes and Dosaj (2006) says that 				“today’s generation has grown up in a 			digital landscape. For most of them, 			there’s never been a time in their lives 			when computers, cell phones, video 			game and the Internet haven’t 				surrounded them.”  Corbel and Gruba (2004, p.1)  state “for English teachers, there is a great urgency to look beyond traditional forms of print media in order to consider how we prepare students for careers that require active participation in the new literacies of the digital age.  Therefore ICTs are the learning and teaching tool of the 21st century.”
 Why isn’t digital literacy being heavily incorporated into our teaching curriculum for this generation of net savvy students?
Our own learning may result in students not reaching their full potential.  Ljungdahl and March (2006, p.316) agree with this and suggest that “teachers need to look at the ways in which the emerging technologies can blend with traditional methods to influence and enhance students writing and learning. The application of technology can enhance the curricula in imaginative ways; it can address new dimensions to units of study and expand our notion of literacy.”
Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into the classroom through a variety of methods.		 Examples: Blogs  Epals or Keypals Web quest
With such early interaction with digital literacies, one would think curriculum would be implemented earlier.  Digital literacy is very interactive and engaging for students add provided them with knowledge for future endeavours in a highly interactive technology world.
Lankshear and Snyder (2000, p.38) state that “with the arrival of new communication and information technologies... challenges conventional ways of thinking about literacy in terms of text, as well as challenging our very idea of texts.”
ASI Solutions. (2008). What is Digital Literacy? Retrieved on July 28, 2009, from:,http://www.cegact.act.edu.au/public/content/ViewCategory.aspx?id=28 Australian Government. (2009). What is digital media literacy and why is it important? Retrieved on July 20, 2009, from, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD..PC/pc=PC_311470 Corbel, C. & Gruba, P. (2004). Teaching computer literacy. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University.  Elearningpapers. (2009). How to strengthen digital literacy? Retrieved on July 30, 2009, from, http://www.elearningeuropa.info/files/media/media18513.pdf   Google Books. (2009). New literacies: everyday practices and classroom teaching. Retrieved on July 30, 2009, from, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cv3T9JIdBQMC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=lanham+and+gilster+-+digital+literacy&source=bl&ots=_epiSmAhwC&sig=pEsYZhpWVOXUCYYKInJKJgdJPug&hl=en&ei=o5GISoP4HILe7AON_5DKAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false Jan, L.W. (2009). Write Way: Modelling Writing Forms. South Melbourne, Victoria; Oxford University Press.  Jukes, I., & Dosaj, A. (2006). Understanding digital children (DKs); Teaching & learning in the new digital landscape. (p.1) Retrieved on August 15th from: http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/file/view/Jukes+-+Understanding+Digital+Kids.pdf  
Lankshear, C. & Synder, I. (2000). Teachers and techno-literacy: Mangaging literacy, technology and learning in schools. St Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.  Ljungdahl, L., & March, P. (2006). Information and communication technologies. In Winch,G., Johnston, R.R., Holiday, M., Ljungdahl,L., & March, P. (2006) Literacy; Reading, writing and children literature(316-331). South Melbourne, Victoria; Oxford University Press. National Curriculum Board. (2009). Shape of the Australian Curriculum: English. Retrieved on August 5, 2009, from, http://www.ncb.org.au/verve/_resources/Australian_Curriculum_-_English.pdf SocialTeach. (2008). Notes towards Digital Literacy. Retrieved on July 24, 2009, from, http://fraser.typepad.com/socialtech/2008/10/notes-towards-d.html   The Smith Family. (2008). Helping Kids with Digital Literacy. Retrieved on July 28, 2009, from: http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/site/page.cfm?u=197 Waters, D. (2004). Rowling backs Potter fan fiction. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3753001.stm  

More Related Content

What's hot

Digital literacy powerpoint project
Digital literacy powerpoint projectDigital literacy powerpoint project
Digital literacy powerpoint project
sara_renee98
 
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group OchoDigital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
guesta79ffd
 

What's hot (20)

Digital literacy
Digital literacyDigital literacy
Digital literacy
 
Digital literacy
Digital literacyDigital literacy
Digital literacy
 
Digital literacy ppt
Digital literacy pptDigital literacy ppt
Digital literacy ppt
 
Digital literacy
Digital literacyDigital literacy
Digital literacy
 
The importance of digital literacy
The importance of digital literacyThe importance of digital literacy
The importance of digital literacy
 
Digital literacy powerpoint project
Digital literacy powerpoint projectDigital literacy powerpoint project
Digital literacy powerpoint project
 
Ict integration in education
Ict integration in educationIct integration in education
Ict integration in education
 
Digital Citizenship
Digital CitizenshipDigital Citizenship
Digital Citizenship
 
Digital skills
Digital skillsDigital skills
Digital skills
 
Digital literacy skills in the 21st century
Digital literacy skills in the 21st centuryDigital literacy skills in the 21st century
Digital literacy skills in the 21st century
 
Digital literacy
Digital literacyDigital literacy
Digital literacy
 
Digital citizenship lesson 1
Digital citizenship lesson 1Digital citizenship lesson 1
Digital citizenship lesson 1
 
Digital Literacy Skills in the 21st Century
Digital Literacy Skills in the 21st Century Digital Literacy Skills in the 21st Century
Digital Literacy Skills in the 21st Century
 
Ict tools
Ict toolsIct tools
Ict tools
 
Top 10 Benefits of Digital Literacy
Top 10 Benefits of Digital LiteracyTop 10 Benefits of Digital Literacy
Top 10 Benefits of Digital Literacy
 
Digital Literacy
Digital LiteracyDigital Literacy
Digital Literacy
 
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group OchoDigital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
Digital Citizenship PowerPoint-Group Ocho
 
Digital skills and practices
Digital skills  and practices Digital skills  and practices
Digital skills and practices
 
ICT Policies and Issues.pdf
ICT Policies and Issues.pdfICT Policies and Issues.pdf
ICT Policies and Issues.pdf
 
Technology in Education
Technology in EducationTechnology in Education
Technology in Education
 

Viewers also liked (8)

Information Literacy And Digital Literacy: Life Long Learning Initiatives
Information Literacy And Digital Literacy: Life Long Learning InitiativesInformation Literacy And Digital Literacy: Life Long Learning Initiatives
Information Literacy And Digital Literacy: Life Long Learning Initiatives
 
Information literacy big 6
Information literacy big 6Information literacy big 6
Information literacy big 6
 
Information literacy
Information literacyInformation literacy
Information literacy
 
The new SCONUL 7 pillars
The new SCONUL 7 pillarsThe new SCONUL 7 pillars
The new SCONUL 7 pillars
 
Big6 handouts
Big6 handoutsBig6 handouts
Big6 handouts
 
Models of Information Literacy
Models of Information LiteracyModels of Information Literacy
Models of Information Literacy
 
The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: research lens
The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: research lensThe Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: research lens
The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: research lens
 
Informationliteracy
InformationliteracyInformationliteracy
Informationliteracy
 

Similar to Digital Literacy

Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
bbergey
 
Term 2 e learning
Term 2 e learningTerm 2 e learning
Term 2 e learning
alihamp
 
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning
 
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpointDaniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
Barbara Reid
 
Global trends in ICT and Education
Global trends in ICT and EducationGlobal trends in ICT and Education
Global trends in ICT and Education
Joe Fab
 

Similar to Digital Literacy (20)

Digital Storytelling and More: Ideas to Invigorate Literacy Instruction
Digital Storytelling and More: Ideas to Invigorate Literacy InstructionDigital Storytelling and More: Ideas to Invigorate Literacy Instruction
Digital Storytelling and More: Ideas to Invigorate Literacy Instruction
 
Permission to Tell Stories: Digital storytelling, Glogs, and More Fate 09
Permission to Tell Stories: Digital storytelling, Glogs, and More Fate 09Permission to Tell Stories: Digital storytelling, Glogs, and More Fate 09
Permission to Tell Stories: Digital storytelling, Glogs, and More Fate 09
 
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar AbbasDigital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
 
Digital futures and learning in the 21st century
Digital futures and learning in the 21st centuryDigital futures and learning in the 21st century
Digital futures and learning in the 21st century
 
Developing our digital literacies: the imperative
Developing our digital literacies: the imperativeDeveloping our digital literacies: the imperative
Developing our digital literacies: the imperative
 
Digital storytelling at the Morgridge International Reading Center: The "how-...
Digital storytelling at the Morgridge International Reading Center: The "how-...Digital storytelling at the Morgridge International Reading Center: The "how-...
Digital storytelling at the Morgridge International Reading Center: The "how-...
 
Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
Net Gen - How Do We Teach Them?
 
Term 2 e learning
Term 2 e learningTerm 2 e learning
Term 2 e learning
 
Term 2 e learning
Term 2 e learningTerm 2 e learning
Term 2 e learning
 
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON FUTURISTIC STUDIES
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON FUTURISTIC STUDIESA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON FUTURISTIC STUDIES
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON FUTURISTIC STUDIES
 
Prof ass 1 final draft 1
Prof ass 1 final draft 1Prof ass 1 final draft 1
Prof ass 1 final draft 1
 
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
The ICT Used by the English Lecturers for Non English Study Program Students ...
 
Future learners, future learning spaces
Future learners, future learning spacesFuture learners, future learning spaces
Future learners, future learning spaces
 
The 21st Century Century Digital Learner and The 21st Century Skills
The 21st Century Century Digital Learner and The 21st Century SkillsThe 21st Century Century Digital Learner and The 21st Century Skills
The 21st Century Century Digital Learner and The 21st Century Skills
 
Edtech ppt
Edtech pptEdtech ppt
Edtech ppt
 
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpointDaniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
Daniel's Ulearn09powerpoint
 
Global trends in ICT and Education
Global trends in ICT and EducationGlobal trends in ICT and Education
Global trends in ICT and Education
 
Towards a model for m-learning in Africa.
Towards a model for m-learning in Africa.Towards a model for m-learning in Africa.
Towards a model for m-learning in Africa.
 
How to improve multiliteracies in the classroom using new literacies
How to improve multiliteracies in the classroom using new literaciesHow to improve multiliteracies in the classroom using new literacies
How to improve multiliteracies in the classroom using new literacies
 
Retech: Digital Innovation and Integration in the Classroom
Retech: Digital Innovation and Integration in the ClassroomRetech: Digital Innovation and Integration in the Classroom
Retech: Digital Innovation and Integration in the Classroom
 

Recently uploaded

The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
KarakKing
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxREMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
 
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptxPlant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
 
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxOn_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 

Digital Literacy

  • 1. Digital Literacy Changing how educators teach
  • 2. Digital Literacy is emerging as a core educational goal for a futures orientated world Need to use technology as a tool to: improve skills enhance quality of life to drive education promote well-being across all elements of society (The Smith Family, 2008).
  • 3. There has been a shift from print to digital technologies The revolution in communication and information technologies has created new types of textual surface and hence, new literacies. Lanham believes that literacy has extended to “the ability to understand information however its presented.” (1997)
  • 4. Paul Gilster: defined digital literacy as “the ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide variety of sources when it is presented via computers and the internet.” Gilsteridentifies the four competencies of digital literacy as: knowledge assembly evaluating information content searching the internet navigating hypertext (1997)
  • 5. With digital media becoming embedded within our everyday social, cultural and economic environments, it’s vital we gain these skills and gain from the benefits. Teachers need to have these skills not only for themselves but to be confident and deliver lessons to students so that they can gain these digital literacy skills.
  • 6. A person who is digitally literate should be able to: Understand the different types of digital services and what content they offer Use basic programs to get connected and operate and utilize the various digital technologies Be confident. Decipher complex images and sounds as well as the syntactical subtleties of words Be quick on their feet and able to go from one using one medium to another depending on the audience
  • 7. Group Activity Orientation: Who, What, When Problem: What is the main problem or situation that needs to be resolved? Solution: How is the problem going to be fixed?
  • 9. Teaching Strategies: Within a guided, modelled and independent framework
  • 10. Digital Literacy – Crucial to Students Jukes and Dosaj (2006) says that “today’s generation has grown up in a digital landscape. For most of them, there’s never been a time in their lives when computers, cell phones, video game and the Internet haven’t surrounded them.” Corbel and Gruba (2004, p.1) state “for English teachers, there is a great urgency to look beyond traditional forms of print media in order to consider how we prepare students for careers that require active participation in the new literacies of the digital age. Therefore ICTs are the learning and teaching tool of the 21st century.”
  • 11. Why isn’t digital literacy being heavily incorporated into our teaching curriculum for this generation of net savvy students?
  • 12. Our own learning may result in students not reaching their full potential. Ljungdahl and March (2006, p.316) agree with this and suggest that “teachers need to look at the ways in which the emerging technologies can blend with traditional methods to influence and enhance students writing and learning. The application of technology can enhance the curricula in imaginative ways; it can address new dimensions to units of study and expand our notion of literacy.”
  • 13. Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into the classroom through a variety of methods. Examples: Blogs Epals or Keypals Web quest
  • 14. With such early interaction with digital literacies, one would think curriculum would be implemented earlier. Digital literacy is very interactive and engaging for students add provided them with knowledge for future endeavours in a highly interactive technology world.
  • 15. Lankshear and Snyder (2000, p.38) state that “with the arrival of new communication and information technologies... challenges conventional ways of thinking about literacy in terms of text, as well as challenging our very idea of texts.”
  • 16. ASI Solutions. (2008). What is Digital Literacy? Retrieved on July 28, 2009, from:,http://www.cegact.act.edu.au/public/content/ViewCategory.aspx?id=28 Australian Government. (2009). What is digital media literacy and why is it important? Retrieved on July 20, 2009, from, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD..PC/pc=PC_311470 Corbel, C. & Gruba, P. (2004). Teaching computer literacy. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University. Elearningpapers. (2009). How to strengthen digital literacy? Retrieved on July 30, 2009, from, http://www.elearningeuropa.info/files/media/media18513.pdf   Google Books. (2009). New literacies: everyday practices and classroom teaching. Retrieved on July 30, 2009, from, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cv3T9JIdBQMC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=lanham+and+gilster+-+digital+literacy&source=bl&ots=_epiSmAhwC&sig=pEsYZhpWVOXUCYYKInJKJgdJPug&hl=en&ei=o5GISoP4HILe7AON_5DKAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false Jan, L.W. (2009). Write Way: Modelling Writing Forms. South Melbourne, Victoria; Oxford University Press. Jukes, I., & Dosaj, A. (2006). Understanding digital children (DKs); Teaching & learning in the new digital landscape. (p.1) Retrieved on August 15th from: http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/file/view/Jukes+-+Understanding+Digital+Kids.pdf  
  • 17. Lankshear, C. & Synder, I. (2000). Teachers and techno-literacy: Mangaging literacy, technology and learning in schools. St Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Ljungdahl, L., & March, P. (2006). Information and communication technologies. In Winch,G., Johnston, R.R., Holiday, M., Ljungdahl,L., & March, P. (2006) Literacy; Reading, writing and children literature(316-331). South Melbourne, Victoria; Oxford University Press. National Curriculum Board. (2009). Shape of the Australian Curriculum: English. Retrieved on August 5, 2009, from, http://www.ncb.org.au/verve/_resources/Australian_Curriculum_-_English.pdf SocialTeach. (2008). Notes towards Digital Literacy. Retrieved on July 24, 2009, from, http://fraser.typepad.com/socialtech/2008/10/notes-towards-d.html   The Smith Family. (2008). Helping Kids with Digital Literacy. Retrieved on July 28, 2009, from: http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/site/page.cfm?u=197 Waters, D. (2004). Rowling backs Potter fan fiction. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3753001.stm