Mgt 360 Business Sustainability Assessment Worksheet: California R&D Use

Mgt 360
Business Sustainability Assessment Worksheet: California R&D Use this worksheet to conduct a
sustainability audit of Riordan Manufacturing, a virtual plastic injection molding company. Fill in
all necessary information. Production stages that do not occur at this plant are marked as N/A.
Section 1: General Information Company: Riordan Manufacturing, San Jose, California Products:
Assorted plastic products and testing new product designs and production Section 2: Production For
each production stage, list input materials such as raw materials or output from previous stages, and
output materials such as products, byproducts, wastes, or pollutants. Describe the process used at
each stage and identify the least sustainable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HDPE pellets | |1. Particulates from the mixing process that | |2. Dyes | |may create
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bisphenol A
The risk of some toxic substances is that they do not biodegrade once more into the ecosystem.
Although, there are many modern pesticides that are now made to degrade into their original
elements and molecules so that they are no longer toxic, but other substances such as plastics and
other manmade chemicals do not biodegrade. These nonbiodegradable compounds are called
persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for example, Bisphenol A (BPA); as such compounds can cause
long–term effects to the environment due to their longevity (Spooner, 2012). The degradability of
any organic compound depends on the elemental characteristics of that compound and the
environmental properties of the ecosystem receiving the compound. Strategies that monitor the ...
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Some organisms may react to the pollutants more than others and some could be exposed to the
pollutants in higher doses, for example, fish in areas of polluted water (Spooner, 2012). Pollution
has many forms, for example, air, soil, water, noise and light. Water pollution is a result of industrial
waste products being released into rivers, lakes and other water bodies and as a result of this it has
made some marine environments no longer habitable. Acid rain, fertilisers and polluted water can
result in soil pollution and as a result, for example, this can lead to bad crops. Soil pollution occurs
when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage and this releases heavy
contaminants into the soil, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons and pesticides. Air pollution is one
of the most harmful types of pollution to the environment. Air pollution is caused by harmful smoke
that is produced by vehicles and factories. Evidence of an increase in air pollution is seen in lung
cancer, asthma and allergies, along with serious and irreparable damage to fauna and flora. Also, this
has affected the migratory pattern of birds as severe air pollution can prevent them from reaching
their seasonal metropolitan destinations of centuries (UCCEE, 2006). The impact that pollutants
have on the environment is vast and detrimental, as excessive levels of pollution can cause a great
amount of damage to the

Acid Rain Essay
Don't you always wish to taste the fresh rain in April? Nowadays, you may want to think twice
before doing something like that. The rain might turn out to be acid rain. You may be wondering
what acid rain is. Acid rain looks, feels, and tastes exactly like normal rain, but it is very different
and very dangerous. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction in certain substances. These
substances originate from many pollution sources. The most abundant chemicals in pollution are
sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. When these materials are released into the atmosphere,
they undergo various physical and chemical changes. The most important chemical reaction is the
transformation of the sulfur and nitrogen oxides into acids. Sulfuric ... Show more content on
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Acid rain releases toxic metals that are later absorbed by drinking water, crops, and animals that
humans consume. Acid rain can deposit aluminum into the water supply. Scientists have discovered
that aluminum is one of the causes of Alzheimer's disease, a brain disorder that makes elderly people
forgetful. The air also contains many toxic gases released by acid rain. If carbon dioxide is inhaled,
it can cause breathing problems and unconsciousness. When carbon monoxide enters your body, it
goes into the bloodstream and slows down the delivery of oxygen to the rest of the body, causing
dizziness, headaches, and fatigue. Hazardous air pollutants can cause serious health problems like
cancer, birth defects, nervous system problems, and even deaths. Lead can affect young children by
causing nervous system damage and learning problems. In fact, it is estimated that death rates in the
most polluted areas are 15 percent higher than those in the least polluted areas because of acid rain.
The main health effect of acid rain on humans is respiratory problems. The pollutants that cause acid
rain react with water vapor and other chemicals in the air to form very fine sulfate and nitrate
particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs. These particles are particularly dangerous to people
with asthma, elderly and very young people, and pregnant women, but even healthy people can have
their lungs damaged by acid air pollutants. When

Masks In The Workplace
Manufacturing, by definition, tends to load up the workplace all sorts of hazardous particles, fibers,
fumes, even airborne bacteria and other harmful agents by cutting, shaping materials and using
various processes to produce products. And without proper air filtration systems and procedures in
place, people are going to get hurt, production and profits will decrease, and costs will go up. Not
the right direction for any business trying to succeed in the marketplace. And sometimes, wearing
masks to stop the fumes from chemical additives like diacetyl, a flavor enhancer used in popcorn,
wine, and fast foods is all you need, assuming everyone wears the mask at all times... ? Diacetyl, for
example, is particularly hazardous if inhaled and can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tell them what you're doing, the products that you're using and how people are exposed to those
products, and ask if they can tune the carbon where necessary for your manufacturing operation.
This is a big deal, and when business owners don't pay attention to proper air quality in
manufacturing situations, the result is having to pay a lot more in expenses than the proper air
purification system would have cost or the few extra minutes to customize a carbon blend to ensure
proper chemical removal, etc. The time and money you spend to ensure clean air will pay huge
dividends with increased productivity, higher revenues, lower healthcare costs, and it's all tax
deductible. And, you're far less likely to get hit with OSHA or other regulatory fines or be held
liable for various things. Air purification is a smart investment for any manufacturing

SO2, as a pollutant with high reactivity, attracts...
SO2, as a pollutant with high reactivity, attracts attention of many scientists due to its property to
form acid rains, as well as due to the fact that it is responsible for formation of sulfoxy radicals
which can cause serious damage to the environment [1,2]. The acid rain issue, whose pH value is
under 5,6, occurs in 40% of the territory in China [3]. European most endangered regions are the
Netherlands, Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic [4]. Apart from the primary pollutants such
as SO2, NO2, CO2, CO and soot particles, one can also find heavy metal particles in the air which
result from various industrial processes (Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Zn and other). A number of investigations
indicate the impact of pollutants on the health of people. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Seasons when people are exposed to hazardous effects of pollutants have a considerable effect on
health of people [16]. SO2 from the atmosphere impacts increase of blood pressure during the
winter, while there is no such effect during the summer [17]. However, the impact of pollutants on
blood pressure is not quite clear, which is confirmed by the results of investigation which are
contradictory. Pollutants do not have a big influence on the increase of death cases of people over
65. With growing old the impact of pollutants increases [18]. The conncetion between pollutants and
death of children younger than 5 is not statisctically important. Investigations show that pollutants
do have an impact on the health of people of all age, not only on elderly people [19]. Weather
conditions have a major role in the interaction between pollutants, thus, there is certain difference in
the obtained results of investigations conducted at different locations [18]. Pollutants that appear in
the air can act separately, however interactions between them can frequently occur and then they
have a more negative impact on environment and the living world [20]. It is hard to specify the
diseases which could be caused by SO2, and which could be caused by fine sulphate particles which
exist in our surrounding and are created by nucleation of SO2. Sulphate particles with the diameter
2,5 and 10μm have a particularly negative impact [21]. Gas and particles almost

Cadmium Case Study
Cadmium
What role does the chemical you selected play in the modern world?
Cadmium is a natural member like zinc and mercury. Cadmium belongs to group 12 of the Periodic
Table of the Elements. Cadmium is classified as a soft, ductile, silver–white or bluish white metal.
Cadmium is found in association with zinc sulfide based ores. It can also be found in sedimentary
rocks at higher levels. Cadmium can be found throughout the environment within the natural
resources. Cadmium weights 8.64 g/cm3 at room temperature. The atomic number for cadmium is
48. Atomic weight is 112.1 (Cadmium.org).
Cadmium is also produced from recycling spent nickel–cadmium batteries, or recycled cadmium
now accounts for about 23% of total cadmium supply. Exhibits ... Show more content on
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Cancer can be caused from occupational exposure to cadmium. Flu like symptoms can be caused
from acute inhalation exposure and can damage the lungs. Kidney, bone, and lung disease can be
caused from chronic exposure. According to OSHA the primary health effects which has been
observed are lung cancer and kidney damage (osha.gov).
Explain the position of the FDA or EPA regarding your selected chemical. What is the position of
your state government regarding your selected chemical?
FDA states that a maximum limit of cadmium in bottled water is .005mg/L. The EPA states that
cadmium is on the EPA National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants list of 189
hazardous air pollutants and cadmium is listed as one of the 33 hazardous air pollutants that present
a great threat to the public health in urban areas (atsdr.cdc.gov).
I looked up Oregon's government regarding cadmium and I could not find anything about it. It all
just lead back to the EPA. My thought is that since the EPA as set guide lines the states government
follows the EPA rules with cadmium.
Do you feel that your chemical should be more tightly regulated in the United States? Why or why

Report Assignment
This report comprises the Emissions Inventory of Stationary Sources for the United States Army
Garrison–Kwajalein Atoll (USAG–KA). The report was prepared according to Section 3–1.11.3 of
the USAKA Environmental Standards (UES) to update the inventory of stationary sources of air
pollutants following issuance of a DEP–13–002.0, Construction and Operation of Space Fence
Radar System. As appropriate for the additional new sources this update contains the appropriate
information as required by Section 3–1.11.3. This update also reflects reductions in the USAG–KA
stationary source inventory since the last issuance of the inventory in 2013. 1.2 Inventory of
Stationary Source Emissions Section 3–1.11.3 of the UES establishes requirements for ... Show
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1.3 Methods and Assumptions Emission rates were estimated using either an emission factor or
mass balance technique. Emission factors were primarily taken from USEPA's Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors (AP–42), Fifth Edition. Actual annual emission rates in tons per year are
calculated using the best available information such as annual throughput or hours of operation, as
appropriate for the source. Annualized hourly emission rates in pounds per hour are generally
calculated by dividing the actual annual emission rates by the number of hours in one year (8,760).
This provides the average hourly emission rate during the entire year, regardless of whether the
source was in operation. In general, maximum hourly emission rates are calculated as a function of
predetermined peak operational parameters, such as the maximum hourly charging rate and
maximum hourly fuel throughput for incinerators. For other sources, where maximum hourly
operational parameters are unknown, maximum hourly emission rates are generally calculated by
dividing the actual annual emission rates by the number of operating hours during the calendar year.
This provides the maximum emission rate for a one hour operating period, though the rate is
effectively averaged over the operational time frame. Maximum allowable hourly and annual
emissions are calculated by determining the maximum emission rate of a pollutant that can occur at
a source when operated at its

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And...
IV. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
In the late 1970s, the contamination of the Love Canal neighborhood in New York with numerous
toxic chemicals inspired creation of a comprehensive statute to handle issues of contamination, the
cleanup and compensation liability that stem from contamination, and the resulting health risks.
CERCLA developed a framework of strict financial liability for contamination from spills, dumping,
or any spreading of a wide range of dangerous materials and applied that liability to a broad group
of responsible entities. CERCLA established a comprehensive framework to address areas that have
been contaminated by a wide–range of harmful substances (including RCRA's hazardous ... Show
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In addition to the cleanup standards, CERCLA assigns financial liability, for cleanup and the health
impacts resulting from contamination, to any potentially responsible party, including current and
past operators, transporters, and other contributors to the contamination.
V. Clean Air Act
The economic development and industrial boom of the early 20th Century in the United States
resulted in widespread air pollution and smog generation. In response to this environmental and
health problem, the Clean Air Act was created to regulate the emission of air pollutants such as
ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and other noxious airborne substances. This primarily
state–enforced program developed a framework for the federal government to contribute to the
regulation of air pollution and established processes and permitting to maintain an acceptable air
quality across the country.
The Clean Water Act's centerpiece regulatory tools are emission limits and ambient standards that
are enveloped in a permitting system setting technology–based performance standards implemented
by state and federal agencies to achieve EPA–determined air quality levels. The ambient standards
under the CAA manifest as air quality levels for criteria air pollutants, referred to as National
Ambient Air Quality Standards ("NAAQS") and developed by the EPA. The primary NAAQS are
set based on health concerns and must be set at a level

Air Act Impact
The Impact of the Clean Air Act on Public Health
In the mid 1940s, attention began to turn towards air quality in highly populated cities. During this
period, an industrial town of 14,000 people in Pennsylvania experienced a lingering cloud of
pollution that eventually killed 20 people and sickened 6,000 more (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 2007). Similar events to this caused the issue to receive attention in Congress. The original
Clean Air Act was established in 1963, providing funds towards research and cleanup of air
pollution. The Clean Air Act was passed again in 1970, and was a much more solid federal response
to the air pollution crisis. Congress created the EPA the same year, and gave it the responsibility of
implementing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inhaling dirty air can cause throat irritation, watery eyes, burning nose, and can make it difficult to
breathe. The two most detrimental common pollutants, particles and ozone, can cause respiratory
problems, and aggravate cases of asthma. Certain chemicals that are toxic are released into the air,
and this can cause problems like birth defects, brain and nerve damage, long–term lung injury, heart
disease, cancer, and sometimes even death. Some of these pollutants travel to the upper atmosphere,
which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer is linked to
higher incidences of skin cancer and cataracts. EPA's enforcement of the programs of the CAA has
made significant progress in the reduction of air pollution. This leads to a decline in air quality
related ailments, and saves the lives of tens of thousands of Americans each year (Benjamin, G.C.,
M.D., 2011). This increase in public health would save billions of dollars in public health benefits,
which far exceeds the cost of implementing these programs. Some criticism has come against the
CAA, claiming that the need for reform is desperate. This line of thought insists that the CAA fails
in assuming that all pollutants have "safe" levels. All recent studies, however, have shown that fine
particle pollutants are not safe in any quantity. Though detrimental health effects do decline in
proportion with the decline of fine

The Spread Of Globalization In China
Governments of many nations such as China have been developing over the last forty to fifty years
which have caused more issues for the populations that inhabit the nation due to the increase of
globalization and how economy and population have changed. The changes have been both positive
and negative and as with all countries faced with developing and developed globalization as the
world technologically advances and each country becomes more active in the world market.
The people of China enjoy the assets of a flourishing economy but they also are suffering from the
price that is being paid on the environment and specifically air pollution in their country due to the
cities and the housing of people and the materials that are being used ... Show more content on
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The fuel combustion as a byproduct of production and a means of providing power for the people
who inhabit the cities is at the cost of those who briefly enjoy the benefits of the prosperity the
economy as a whole enjoys. Due to the lack of development of the lungs of younger people they
seem to suffer as do the elderly while people of all ages wear masks to filter some of the pollutants
when alerts in cities are in

The Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay
Air pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute the air
include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic
compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural occurrences is not very often. Human
action include but not limited to industrial pollution, bush burning, biomass and many others.
"Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or
biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion
devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution.
Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other
diseases, which can be fatal." (n.d world health organization para. 1)
Villages, communities, and even cities in the developing world often suffer poor air quality, which
can be hazardous to health, yet there have been relatively few studies. Waste management is
becoming one of the critical issues in Ghana at large in recent years. Despite the environmental and
sanitation policies, waste is currently a public menace in all cities, towns, communities and in Ghana
at large. Following recent incidents in Ghana, such as the cholera outbreak which claimed over 100
lives and the June 6th disaster which claimed about 150

Is Religion Wrecking Our Air Research Paper
Pollution is a substance or making of an area unsuitable or unsafe for use. The Second principle I
would like to discuss is that pollution must not exceed the environment capacity to clean itself. Air
pollution has become one of the biggest areas of concern in several communities. Religiously,
however, in the United States, pollution only clashes because of politics as a result of economic
reasons but in some distinct places, you can make a distinction. According to a writer from the
University of Southern California newsletter in 1990, a teacher in Brooklyn NY by the name of
Arnold Wendorff became aware of the use of mercury by some of his student's parents in the
practice of a Caribbean religion. The religion encouraged the sprinkling of mercury in and around a
person home car or the burning of it in candles or the swallowing of the element. Because of the
dangers evolved with a small amount of mercury. The Environmental Protection Agency after
conducting studies decided to educate the area about the dangers of mercury despite having the
authority to enact changes via the Toxic Substances Control Act, which could band the selling of the
mercury. (Wexler, "Is Religion Wrecking Our Air"). This was probably handled this way because of
the right to practice your religion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Safe Drinking Water Act, passed in 1974 and amended in 1988 allows the Environmental Protection
Agency to be vigilant against pollutants that would damage drinking water. In so doing it protects
the environment from pollutants that would not be mitigated properly. Industrial waste both
hazardous and no hazardous are regulated along with oil, gas spills and radioactive. Other political
pollution prevention initiatives were banning of chlorofluorocarbons, act to prevent pollution from
ships and the Superfund Act that deals with liability and clean up of hazardous material that has
been

Sarnia Case Study
The general population of Sarnia are included by 63 industries that transmit a scope of hazardous air
poisons. In 2005, the aggregate air contamination radiated from the 46 NPRI offices was 131,992
tons. To place this into point of view, the offices in the Sarnia zone discharged nearly an
indistinguishable measure of air contamination from all the NPRI offices in the whole area of New
Brunswick (137, 191 tons). Sarnia is home to a number of the major air polluting offices in Ontario:
Ontario Power Era's Lambton Generating Station, placed number three in Ontario, Imperial Oil's
Sarnia Refinery positioned 5th, and Shell Canada's Sarnia Manufacturing Center positioned tenth
(joined air discharges). The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted from Sarnia facilities in 2005
was 16,494,169tonnes (carbon dioxide equivalents). Sarnia facilities emit more than one fifth (20
per cent) of Ontario's total greenhouse gas emissions from industrial facilities reporting to the
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The industries in the Sarnia area released the largest amount of poisonous air pollutants of any
community in Ontario, more than Hamilton, Windsor, Sudbury, Toronto, Thunder Bay, Kitchener or
Oshawa. Health effects resulting from exposure to air pollutant emissions are being observed in both
the people of the Sarnia area and the Aamjiwnaang First Nation. The situation is unlikely to increase
in the coming years without major drops in the air pollutant emissions from industrial facilities in
the

Environmental Effects Of Air Pollution
Having over 121,000 kilometers of rail lines throughout China and 228,218 kilometers throughout
the United States transcontinental travel throughout the countries has become immensely accessible.
The use of such transports has subsequently resulted in an emittance of pollutants such as nitrous
oxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide. The increase of the anthropocentric activity dictates
the positive feed back loop of the total emissions of criteria pollutants. In cities with extensive rail
lines such as Henan and Anhui within China air pollution concentration can range from 300 ug/m3
to 500 ug/m3 both deemed unhealthy and hazardous atmosphere environments compared to cities
where railways are few in number such as Ningxia that has moderate environment at 75 ug/m3.
When areas are determined to have either an unhealthy or hazardous atmospheric environment
susceptible populations are effected pregnant women, children, and the elderly. Children are highly
susceptible to air pollution because "children breathe more air per pound of body weight" (World
Resources Institute) in comparison to adults.Consequently exposure to the pollutant particulate
matter affect both the lung and heart in children because of their developing organs. Because of
particulate matter's ability to travel through the respiratory tract because of the particles size that
when inhaled can result in health effects of decreased lung function, irregular heartbeat, as well as
premature deaths.

Newland Case Study
You are the legal counsel to the newly elected governor of the State of NewLand. The governor
wants to attract more industry to the state as part of his plan of improvements for the state. The state
is divided into several Air Quality Control Regions (AQCRs). The governor wants to alter the
parameters of pollution control monitoring so as to attract more industry. Please, advise him as to
whether he may do the following and if so, how.
a) Can he change the geographic lines of the different AQCRs so as to attract more industry? How?
The governor can change the geographical lines so as to attract more industries .he can do so by
petitioning to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to redraw the line of the AQCR. The
governor cannot do it at the state level without the approval of the federal of the resultant State
Implementation Plan. A federal law has to be passed as a matter of federal regulation for the
geographic lines to be changed so as to attract more industries. The federal government derives
direct authority to define AQCRs under The Clean Air Act of 1970.
b) List the criteria pollutants for his state. He is concern about regulation on carbon dioxide could
restrict new industry. Is he correct in his concern?
Criteria pollutant
These emissions are harmful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To achieve this NAAQ established some standard for each of the criteria pollutant. The primary
standards defend against hostile health implications. The secondary standard defends against welfare
implications. With some pollutant having short and long term averaging timing, the NAAQS are
also altered. Short term standards are commonly designed in protecting against severe health
implications, whereas the long term standards are traditional used to defend against chronic health

The Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment
Introduction
Environmental pollution is a major problem in the world, posing many health risks to both humans
and the environment when exposed to the pollutants for long periods of time. Environmental
pollution can simply be defined as "the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially
damaging to either the environment or human health (Briggs, 2003, 2)." There are many different
types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Environmental pollution
needs to start subsiding before it becomes an even more serious problem.
History/Development
The history and development of environmental pollution are very similar. The growth or
development of pollution all started in ancient times when large numbers of people began living
together in cities (...pollution is not "A brief history of pollution," 2008, n.p.). This population
growth resulted in problems like poor sanitation and contaminated water supplies. People really
started to notice the problem of pollution in the 1800s when the industrial revolution started to
boom.
Types of Pollution:
There are several different types of environmental pollution. The main ones are listed below:
Air Pollution
Air pollution is a major form of pollution. It can be defined as a harmful or poisonous substance that
escapes into the air. There are two types of air pollution; there is indoor air pollution and outdoor air
pollution. Some health effects of both of these types of air pollution include

How Polluted Is East Los Angeles Essay
TITLE
How polluted is East Los Angeles?
AUTHOR
Destiny Avila
ABSTRACT
Air pollution has become a problem in our world today. Living in a busy city, I am curious to know,
how polluted is our city air. To test this I am doing an experiment using petroleum jelly and
flashcards. These flashcards will collect air particulate matter that consists of organic chemicals,
metals, and soil or dust particles. I will put each flashcard in 4 different locations around the
community. One will be put at the park, at my home, at school and by the freeway. My results were
an interesting find. One location that I thought would have the least particles had more than I
thought. Although my findings were interesting, my experiment had gotten tampered with.
INTRODUCTION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Air pollution is when there is a presence in the air of a substance that has harmful or poisonous
effects. There is air pollution almost everywhere in the world. This is due to industrialization. The
world today depends on things that emit hazardous fumes and other hazardous pollutants in the air.
Air pollution that is hazardous or toxic can have health risks. Some of these risks range from skin
rash, cough and headache to cancer, nervous system damage and birth defects. There are no positive
effects of air pollution. Air pollution is also in the form of acid rain. Acid rain pours wherever it's
ready. Acid rain destroys plants, harms animals, fish and other wildlife. Humans aren't the only ones
affected by air pollution everything is affected.
It's a good thing that the U.S came up with laws that limit air pollution. Congress made the Clean
Air Act in 1970 to protect public health from different types of air pollution caused by different
pollution sources. What the act does is sets standards for air quality to limit the amount of pollutants
to specific levels. It sets certain limits for governments and industries to pollute at a certain rate. I
think that in the world we live in today, how industrialized it is, it is important to know how polluted
the air you breathe in is. So, how polluted is East Los Angeles'

Resource Recovery And Conservation Act Of 1976
Resource Recovery and Conservation Act
Introduction:
In 1965 the Solid Waste Disposal Act was passed, providing for reductions in waste,
environmentally friendly waste management, resource conservation, and aimed to safeguard citizens
from the effects of hazardous waste. Eleven years later this act was amended to become the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. The amended act created a regulatory system that
embraced reduce, reuse, and recycle; it also banned open dumping. Dumping of hazardous
chemicals came under the control of RCRA and rules governing storage, disposal, and treatment
were made. RCRA focuses on three areas: solid waste, hazardous waste, and underground storage
tanks. All aspects of RCRA affect the oil and gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conditions set forth in the permit are closely observed to ensure no deviations take place (The
Hazardous Waste Permitting Process: A Citizens Guide).
Compliance or monitoring activities for RCRA permits vary depending on which section of RCRA
jurisdiction governs your company. The legislation requires cradle to grave compliance, meaning
that hazardous waste must be within compliance from its generation, transport, storage, and
destruction. All three portions of the regulation require inspection and periodic auditing. These
audits and inspections are carried out by state agencies or the EPA (Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act Compliance Monitoring). Federal permit information can be found at 40CFR264.
Discussion:
In my opinion the RCRA is a beneficial program to the industry and safety professional. While some
view additional audits and inspections to be bothersome, I view it as motivation for compliance.
Without the act waste produced by industry and stored by vendors could damage many areas of the
environment. By instituting a cradle to grave system the EPA has put the burden on the producer to
ensure that waste are handled safely, which may be the largest hardship for the safety professional
acting as a responsible party. Water Quality Act
Introduction:
In 1972 the Clean Water Act was created by amending the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of
1948 (History of the Clean Water Act). The Clean Water Act is the product of almost 100

Water Pollution In Montana Essay
The state of Montana faces the important issue of pollution. As a state renowned for its natural
beauty pollution affects many aspects of Montana life. Pollution can be found in many places life
the water and the air, for example. The pollution in these areas can become harmful to the Montana
wildlife and the land surrounding it.
Water pollution is a major issue that plagues the state. The pollutants found in our waterways can be
harmful to human health as well as our wildlife and ecosystems; the chemical runoff from pesticides
and fertilizers and the industrial waste from mining contaminates the habitats of marine life and
plants, as well as drinking water sources for humans (Water Pollutants). Even with a considerable
amount of damage, clean water laws are often neglected; each year the degradation of the
environment continues. The damages created can cost the state thousands of dollars in violation fees
from the Clean Water act. With a total of 195 registered facilities in Montana, there were 127 total
violations from these facilities; but only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main sources of air pollution come from electrical power plants, other industrial processes,
automobile emissions and fires. The most common form of air pollutants in the state come from
forest fires; an example of such an occurrence is the 2015 Air Quality Alert in a number of counties
in Western Montana due to the numerous fires burning in the area (XPAX). The deterioration of air
quality can pose many harmful effects to the environment and inhabitants of Montana. It is not only
hazardous to human health, accumulating a death toll of three million people nation–wide each year.
Environmentally, the emissions create an abundance of greenhouse gasses and can result in the
occurrence of acid rain (Air Pollution). Under the Clean Air Act, many of these air pollutants have
been reduced, but there is still a threat to the quality of life in

Air Quality Intervention Essay
In the field of public health, when looking to devise new interventions it's vital to examine not only
past and current intervention efforts but also their failures and successes. Notably, the ideas,
observations, shortcomings or failures of past interventions serve as the blueprint for enhancements
and error avoidance in both current and future efforts. Subsequently, failure to learn from past
interventions provers counterproductive to all efforts aimed at achieving future successes; hence the
significance of the adages, we learn from our mistakes and when we know better, we do better.
Therefore, it's equally important to apply this same logic when looking to advance old methods or
develop new environmental health interventions.
With ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, there's a degree of confidence in suggesting that sensors serve the most valuable asset for
both current and future monitoring and control efforts when combating air pollution.
The EPA denotes the criteria pollutants as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide, as such, monitoring and control efforts must focus on these
criteria pollutants (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). Subsequently, sensors
allow for real–time monitoring of not only these pollutants but also these sensors provide vital
statistics related to natural and manmade quality standards, trends, and hazardous, which are both
emitted and circulating. Notably, sensors prove invaluable to federal, state, and local agency efforts
to monitor the long–term and short–term standards of said pollutants. The "short–term standards are
designed to protect against acute, or short–term, health effects, while the long–term standards were
established to protect against chronic health effects" (EPA, 2017, para. 3). Equally important,
sensors prove essential in monitoring factory emissions, car emissions, and agricultural emissions,
which without their use such important data would remain unfounded.
Interestingly, while conducting research an article appeared, which highlighted the significance of

Clear Air Law Chapter Summary
This chapter of the book discussed some of the pollutants that are discharged into the air from coal–
fired utilities. It explained how weather conditions play a role in exposure and explained the
measuring criteria for particulates. It explained how some particulates stay in the atmosphere longer
and therefore travel a greater distance till exposure. It then discussed federal involvement in the
issue and some of the Clear Air legislation that has been passed over the years starting with the Air
Pollution Control Act of 1955. There were six pollutants that were determined to pose the greatest
risk, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter (now subdivided be particle size), ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The final report listed

Air Pollutants
Air Pollutants There are many issues which people have to deal with when considering how we as a
species are affecting our environment. Not only are chemicals and other pollutants making life
difficult for other species, we are in fact poisoning ourselves with what we are sending out into our
own atmosphere. In fact, the air that we breathe is no longer clean or fresh. Rather because of
pollution much of the air is corrupted by pollutants. There are naturally occurring air pollutants,
such as the ash that goes up into the air frm volcanic eruptions or from natural fires like when a tree
is hit by lightning. However, since the discovery of fire, human beings have done more damage to
the Earth than any other species on the planet. Some of the most prolific pollutants in our air,
according to Richard Wright (2007), are: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen,
sulfur dioxide, and lead (page 340). Any of these things, if one is exposed to it for lengthy periods of
time, can cause lasting damage to people and to all other living things within an ecosystem.
Scientists and environmental researchers have been able to provide evidence that pollutants in the
air are dangerous and extremely hazardous to the health of humans and other living things. To
combat further denigration of the atmosphere, several important pieces of legislation have been
passed on both the state and federal levels. This legislation has made it mandatory for industries
which had before

The Special Activities For Forestry Works Towards...
The Special Activities for Forestry works toward supporting activities that are related to timber, fire
prevention, management plan preparation, pest control services, forestry services, and reforestation.
The main objective of forestry are to ensure forest are protected. Management can include
ecological restoration and maintenance of forests. The Forest Service oversees timber sales and
other vegetation management techniques. The Special Activities for Forestry provide serval aerial
services to ensure that the forests stay managed. Aerial firefighting services that provide support
from an aircraft and can collect, transport, and dump water/fire suppressants and retardants over the
location of a fire. Firefighters also transported ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forestry is actively working on environmental restoration and cleanup of hazardous substances, so it
must follow the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA). Certain CERCLA responsibilities were shifted to the Forest Service, so if needed the
Forest Service has the authority to lead investigations or cleanups on Forest Service lands, such as
abandoned landfills and mines, oil and gas exploration sites, and drug labs or other illegal dumps.
The Joseph Forest Products site is located about one mile northwest of Joseph, Oregon. The location
is 18–acres, and was operated from 1974 to 1985 as a lumber mill. The site was mostly used for
industrial and agriculture. The process for wood treatment were to mix concentrated preservative
paste with water and then to treat lumber products with a mix of chromium, copper, and arsenic
(CCA). In 1974 parts of the Joseph Forest Products site, treatment building and surrounding
buildings, were destroyed due to a fire. While putting out the fire about 200 gallons of contaminated
treatment paste and 3000 gallons of treatment solution were released. Contaminates that have
primary concern in the soil and debris are metals such as, arsenic, chromium, and lead and
inorganics such as asbestos. While the site was operating an estimated 160000 pounds of CCA
preservative concentrate were used. In 1985 the Joseph Forest of Products site received a Notice of
Violation for unauthorized disposal of

Essay On Light Pollution
Pollution is the contamination using a substance with a harmful or poisonous effect in an
environment. It is one of the most prevalent environmental issues in New York City today. Pollution
not only causes health risks for humans, but it also takes a serious effect on the ecosystem. There are
various forms of pollution such as light pollution, air pollution, and land pollution. The similarity
that connects them is that they affect the health and quality of life of all organisms in New York
City. The steady growth in population in New York City shows us that we need to conserve our
resources. Humans have had a negative impact on New York City's environment because people are
the primary cause of pollution in the city, but addressing these issues using scientific methods with
improve efforts of conserving the environment. Light pollution is light that is harmful, unwanted, or
hinders the environment. Light pollution uses more energy because it shines light up instead of
down. This means brighter bulbs are needed to create the same amount of light. Since New York
City is a popular tourist attraction, light is essential to their ecosystem. Landmarks like Times
Square, Rockefeller Center, and most public business building are using light for twenty–four hours
continuously. The impact of light pollution is that it corrupts the sleep cycles of organisms in the
ecosystem. This causes stress to animals in New York City and forces them to adapt in an unnatural
way to survive. This

Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
Pollution As a society, we have come to understand that pollution is the process of discharging
harmful substances into our atmosphere, water or soil. There are campaigns all across the world
educating us to the different types of pollution. Humankind has become more aware of the rising
problems with pollution and recycling is constant in most households. We know about the effects
that pollution has on the environment, but how do the types of pollution affect each other? Pollution
can produce a form of secondhand pollution. Secondhand pollution is the way that these different
types of pollution can influence each other. For instance, we use diesel to power machines, but the
machines pollute our atmosphere and in turn, the atmosphere pollutes our water and our land. The
problem with pollution prevention is that it requires people to understand more than the intimate
details of the production process. If we do not understand the problem fully, how can we expect to
find a solution? Pollution is devastating to our environment. If we hope to reverse some of its
devastation, we have to educate ourselves against the possible harmful effects of pollution and its
ability to transform its ill effects from one type to another.
The air that we breathe is full of things that are hazardous to our health. Airborne substances can
pollute our water and soil. Some air pollutants can be noticed because of

Air Pollution In North Carolina Essay
Causes of Air Pollution In North Carolina
One of the world's worst problems is air pollution. The focus of my research is on the causes of air
pollution in North Carolina. Air pollution is when pollutants get into the air and turn it dark and
toxic. Some examples of air pollutants are carbon dioxide, car fumes, smokestacks, and factory
fumes. Air pollution is a serious problem that we can fix.
Smokestacks are a big factor in pollution. Smokestacks are usually found at the top of factories and
other buildings. Smokestacks emit toxic gases that pollute the air. These gases are caused by melting
and creating thinks inside a building where the smokestack is. We can stop this by using more
natural materials in products and items.
Another big cause of air pollution is the generation of electricity. Electricity generation made up
48% of air pollution in North Carolina in 2010.2Clean Air Carolina Electricity generation is a big
pollution problem because it involves coal and other fossil fuels. Also electricity generation is done
in factories so it creates toxic gases. We can solve this by using less electricity in our homes. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paper productions
made up 23% of air pollution in 2010.1Division of Air Quality This is a problem because paper is
made in factories where lots of pollution occurs. Also paper is made using pressure which requires
machines which can create toxic gases. We can stop this by using less paper for work purposes.
Air pollution is a big problem in North Carolina and other places around the world. Some of the
leading causes are production plant gases, car fumes, and toxic gases like carbon dioxide. If we
continue to pollute the air it can become hazardous to breathe. There are many ways to stop air
pollution for example to cut down on car fumes in the air you can walk or ride your bike more. In
conclusion air pollution is a problem that we can

National Ambient Air Quality Standards For Hazardous Air...
a. I would ask the client to provide all standards and compliances with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS).
b. Informations regarding the permit requirements and compliance with State Implementation Plan
(SIPs).
c. Provide National guidelines for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD).
d. Provide control requirements for air pollution based on Reasonably Available Control Technology
(RACT) to know if it is technologically feasible or economically reasonable.
e. I would demand for the regulatory and reporting standards under National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs).
b. FIVE QUESTIONS THAT I WOULD ASK THE CLIENT
a. Does the corporation intend to use the Best Available Control Technology (BACT)? And evidence
showing that the emission rate does not exceed the requirement under the New Source Review
Permit.
b. Does the installation to be done meet the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER)?
c. Does the installation of the equipment in compliance with all existing regulatory standards and
operated facilities within the state to which it is seeking a permit?
d. Does the benefit of the project outweigh the environmental and social costs?
e. Does the project comply with the federal emission offset requirements under the New Source
Review?
c. How would your conclusions change if the plant emitted hazardous air pollutants?
a. The installation or expansion of the project must be discontinued and the corporation must be

Research Essay On Global Pollution
Research Essay on Global Pollution The global pollution is one of the major hazards human
civilization is confronted with at present. Few issues in the history of mankind had such a
pronounced and universal effect on the entire population of our planet, its environment, flora and
fauna. Pollution is a problem that also needs to be analyzed and handled in terms of its perspectives
in the future, both short– and long–term. Pollution is defined as the process and result of the
introduction of foreign, contaminating substances into natural environment that have a potential of
damaging the environment or human health (Briggs 2). It has diverse forms including air, soil and
water pollution, radioactive contamination, littering, thermal and some other kinds of pollution.
Climate change is the direct and most alarming consequence of the global pollution, with
greenhouse effect and global warming being its most evident outcomes. Global pollution has various
forms and many negative consequences that should be recognized, studied and controlled by the
global community. Anthropogenic influence is the main source of global pollution that has highly
detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Although pollution has been known from
ancient time, when people used only primitive tools and instruments, its negative impact has been
greatly increasing with the rapid progress of modern technology that facilitates the use of various
substances in all spheres of human life and

History Of Pollution
Ⅰ. Introduction: History Of Pollution Pollution was first introduced in October 1948, Donora, PA;
was enveloped in a lethal haze. Lethal is harmful and is sufficient to cause death. During this people
experienced severe respiratory problems. It was difficult for them to breath. The death rose nearly to
40. But this wasn't a surprise since Donora was no outsider to pollution. Since pollution has long
plagued Donora with dirty air.
Ⅱ. Air Pollution Pollution is created by pollutants that are set free into the air, oppose to land and
water pollutants, they are the most harmful. It is caused by cars, public transportation and human
activities. Human activities create an amount of gases that are set free into the air. Pollutant gases
are made from the burning of fuel which releases a vast amount of carbon dioxide into the air. This
makes it the most harmful because carbon monoxide, another gas that is released when the burning
of fuels, is toxic and, if inhaled, could cause death. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that
is created by incomplete burning of carbon. Air pollution means harmful material include
particulates and biological molecules are inserted into Earth's atmosphere. Air pollution contributes
to the global pollution of the air every single day. On average a person breathes around 220 million
tiny particles every day. Common types are primary and secondary pollutants. A primary pollutants
is which an air pollutant enter the atmosphere

Clean Air Act Research Paper
Maumee Project
First I will discuss the overall Clean Air Act regulations and permitting implications of both
proposed Maumee projects. Then I will delve into the specifics related to each project separately.
In connection with both projects, Itchee will need to ensure compliance with the Clean Air Act
because of the increased emission of particulate matter. Particulate matter is a criteria pollutant
under the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act defined 6 criteria pollutants as indicators of nationwide
air quality. Each criteria air pollutant has a maximum concentration limit set by the Clean Air Act,
above which dangers to human health are present. These maximum concentration limits are called
national ambient air quality standards, or NAAQS for short. Ambient air is the outside air, as
opposed to indoor air.
Particulate matter can be anything from dust, dirt, soot, smoke, or even liquid ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A true minor facility is one that has a PTE that is less than 100 ton⁄year. If this threshold is crossed
the facility is classified as a title V major facility. This would add additional costs of complying with
federal regulations. If the facility did cross the 100 ton⁄year threshold, Itchee could apply to become
synthetic minor facility. To become a synthetic minor facility Itchee would have to receive a
federally enforceable state operating permit limited its PM_10 emissions to minor levels. Options to
consider to limit emissions to stay under the title V threshold are limiting operation hours, usage of
raw materials and throughput. While this may result in slightly less production, it may save the
company in regulation costs. Adding new pollution control equipment may also lead to long term
savings by avoiding title V

The Pros And Cons Of The Clean Air Act
Improved air quality wasn't a subject of national concern until the mid 1900s. After decades of coal
burning, unregulated gas emissions from cars and the excessive burning of fossil fuels, people
started noticing bad air quality as a hazard to their lives. Over several decades, after seeing the
costly effects air pollution was having on the environment and people's health, interest groups like
the Friends of The Earth club and the influences of Theodore Roosevelt and Rachel Carson's Silent
Spring finally came together to persuade the government to enforce legislation that would reduce air
pollution. Because of these efforts, the policies of the Clean Air Act of 1963 and the Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Act of 1965, that aimed to control air pollution and raise air quality standards,
helped create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on December 2, 1970. Since then, the
EPA has passed more air quality improvement acts, and amendments to previous acts passed, to
increase restrictions on air pollutants, with their main policy concern being the Clean Air Act.
Improved air quality acts imposed by the EPA have been successful in cleaning the United States' air
quality by reducing ground–level ozone pollution and reducing emissions, allowing for a decrease in
pollution related deaths/illnesses and a better standard of living. The EPA, through regulations and
the Clean Air Act, has delivered it's promise to improve air quality in the United States.
After World War II,

Effects Of Outdoor Air Pollution And Its Effects On Human...
The research presented in this paper will discuss poor air quality due to outdoor air pollution and its'
effects on human health. I have examined numerous documents, learning about the anthropogenic
causes of the air pollution in addition to studying the hazards the contaminated air presents to the
public, particularly in urban areas. I have created a policy that I believe directly addresses the
current needs of the atmosphere in order to continue to reduce the amount of pollution in the air we
breathe, in turn improving our overall health. Looking back on the history of the United States,
monumental events have occurred every so often in the past few hundred years. However, it is a
rarity when an event so substantial transpires to create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The air poisons can lead to severe medical complications and even death for thousands of citizens,
especially in these areas. In order to protect the air and the health of the nation, it is vital to create
new policies to reduce pollution and emissions. Both health and standpoints are the best ways to
assess this issue and to fully understand what is occurring in the atmosphere. *come up with a thesis
*establish counter frames Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency is working with the
federal government as well as state and local governments to reduce 187 different types of air
pollutants. One of the most frequently burned toxins is benzene, a highly toxic pollutant found in
gasoline. This is emitted into the air every time an automobile is driven and is extremely dangerous
to breathe in. (About Air Toxics) Not only is benzene emitted when automobiles are driven, but it is
also used in factories that produce plastic, nylon and numerous other chemicals. This puts those
working in industrial areas at an even higher risk due to their increased exposure. Benzene is so
hazardous to the body because it alters the way cells function and can often impair the immune
system. After only a few hours of minor exposure, this pollutant can cause numerous symptoms,
including drowsiness, dizziness, irregular heartbeat and headaches. As exposure increases the body
can experience more

Pros And Cons To Uphold The Clean Air Act
As a college student who's majoring in Public Health, I'm writing to urge you to uphold the Clean
Air Act and to reject any measures that would block or delay the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency from doing its job to protect all Americans from life–threatening air pollutants such as soot,
black carbon, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter to name a few. Several bills have been
introduced in the House as well as the Senate that would undo important public health protections
and I implore you to oppose these measures if they happen to make it far enough to be voted on.
More than four decades ago, congressional leaders from both parties wrote and passed the Clean Air
Act. This public health law directed the EPA to protect public health

The Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and...
The Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health
Abstract
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of
pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any
discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short–term)
or chronic (long–term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life.
Pollutants may cause primary damage, with direct identifiable impact on the environment, or
secondary damage in the form of minor perturbations in the delicate balance of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sources of such chemicals are the large factories, smoke from the vehicles, chimneys and
burning of wood. Air pollution is also a cause of global warming and acid rain. The effects of global
warming are playing havoc everywhere – higher temperatures, hurricanes, heavy rains, flooding and
droughts have now become more frequent and severe in intensity. Air pollution consists of solid
particles and gases. Many pollutants are carcinogens. People who breathe in these poisons are at a
higher risk for asthma and reproductive–system damage. According the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, birth defects can also be caused by air pollution. A 1995 study found a link
between air pollution and increased deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Humans
are not the only living creatures affected by toxic air pollutants. Some toxins, like mercury, settle
onto plants and into water sources that are then consumed by animals. The health effects of these
poisons are then magnified up the food chain. Animals that are at the top of the food chain end up
with the largest concentrations of toxins in their bodies.
Soil contamination consists of either liquid or solid particles mixed with soil. The contaminants may
be physically attached to the soil particles or they may be in the spaces between the soil particles.
Soil pollution is mainly caused by the release of industrial waste. This waste is directly incorporated
into the soil by large industries and

Sources of Pollution and Their Effect
Air pollution used to be a natural occurrence that had no major effects on the Earth's inhabitants.
Such instances were caused by forest fires, emission from the Earth, and volcanoes. It was not until
humans discovered how to start and control fire that we started over polluting the planet. For many
years cities have struggled through thick smog due to dense smoke emissions. Officials, like in Los
Angeles, have tried to adopt multiple measures to combat the smog but the city, and the rest of the
world, continued to boom in industry. Thus, overwhelming the air pollution reforms the city tried to
enforce. However, it was not until about seventy–one years ago during the height of World War
Two, when the dire consequences of air pollution began to dramatically increase. Instead of a
foreign enemy attacking the city of Los Angeles, it was a domestic one, smog. On July 26, 1943
downtown Los Angeles was covered in smoke and fumes. The smog was extreme to the extent that
it cut off visibility of three blocks. This spontaneous "gas attack" came about in the middle of a heat
wave. For the citizens it was unbearable. They suffered from throat–scraping and eye stinging
sensations. The people soon realized that something must have gone wrong.. The day after the
incident, the city officials blamed the Southern California Gas Co.'s Aliso Street plant for the
catastrophe. In order to stop the smog, the angry public had the plant shut down temporarily. Yet
they were unpleasantly surprised to

Definition of Air Pollution
1. Definition of air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in
the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1]
Define Air pollutants
Pollutants
Main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected
carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3–butadiene is another
dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. * Particulate matter –
Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of
solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together.
Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally,
originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial
processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic
aerosols–those made by human activities–currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount
of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards
such as heart disease,[3] altered lung function and lung cancer. * Persistent free radicals connected
to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.[4][5] * Toxic metals, such as lead,
cadmium and copper. * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – harmful to the ozone layer emitted from
products currently banned from use. * Ammonia (NH3) – emitted from agricultural processes.
Ammonia is a compound

Environmental Policy : The State Of Michigan And The...
Environmental policy has always been an important topic in American politics. The landmark case
between the state of Michigan and the Environmental Protection Agency arose the recurring
question as to whether, and to what extent, agencies should account for the cost of engaging in
environmental regulation and public health. This has not been the first time the Supreme Court has
had to deal with such issue, in fact this has been the fifth time the court has had to intervene in a
related matter. In this specific case of the state of Michigan and the Environmental Protection
Agency, the Court ruled that cost considerations were very much required under certain provisions
of the Environmental Protection Agency itself and sections of the Clean ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chevron, which guides judicial review of agency statutory interpretations, holds that courts must
defer to reasonable agency constructions of ambiguous statutory language. These potential doctrinal
developments could create big problems for agencies tasked with improving public health and the
environment. For starters, at a minimum, agencies pursuing ambitious agendas in these areas may be
slowed down by the need to consider cost at each statutorily prescribed stage of the regulatory
process; second, and more importantly, these agencies may be halted altogether by courts striking
down regulations as arbitrary and capricious. Because agencies may see Michigan as requiring them
to consider cost at each stage of multistage regulatory processes (processes in which agencies must
make threshold decisions whether to regulate) followed later by setting standards those processes
may take more time. Agencies may no longer assume, as EPA did in Michigan, that considering cost
only at the standard–setting stage is sufficient to withstand attack in litigation. These additional cost
calculations will inevitably demand time and resources, adding burden to already strapped agencies.

Max Sawyer's Toxicology: Study Guide
Max Sawyer Unit 8 Test Review / Study Guide Toxicology – Chapters 17/20 and my lecture What 4
types of hazards do people face? Chemical, Cultural, Physical, Biological Hazards List two (a)
cultural hazards, (b) chemical hazards, (c) physical hazards, and (d) biological hazards. Cultural:
unsafe highways, assault, unsafe working conditions, poverty OR lifestyle choices like smoking,
drinking, unsafe sex Chemical: harmful chemicals in air, water, food, soil, man–made products
Physical: natural hazards like earthquakes, fires, volcanic eruptions, floods Biological: 1400+
pathogens that can cause disease (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites) What is toxicology, and how do
scientists measure toxicity? Toxicology: a branch of science that studies ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What happened at Chernobyl? What was the result? April 26 1986, the chernobyl nuclear plant
exploded due to an inherent flaw in the reactors and a disabled automatic shutdown mechanism.
This led to radioactive fallout, radiation poisoning, and poisoning the surrounding environment for
20,000 years What happened at Minimata? What was the result? Mercury was dumped in a bay by a
local factory. This lead to all the fish in the bay getting mercury poisoning, and destroyed the local
fishing culture, and gave many people mercury related health issues (birth defects, paralyzation,
brain and nervous system damage) What is risk analysis? What are its major limitations? Risk
analysis: the process of defining and analyzing the dangers posed by potential natural and human–
caused events. Major limitations include What is CERCLA? What is the other name it is known by?
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, aka Superfund (1980) –
aimed to clean up sites contaminated with haz waste & prevent contamination of future

Air Pollution And Air Pollutants Essay
Air pollution is characterized by the introduction or rise in air gases and particles beyond the
standard levels of clean air (EPA, 2016a). Types of air pollutants vary depending on the source, such
as industries, motor vehicles, combustion or natural sources; however, certain air pollutants have
drawn more attention because of their widespread and health effects (EPA, 2016a). Examples of
these pollutants are: ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic
compounds and particulate matters (EPA, 2016a). A recent report from the World Health
Organization states that 98% of the cities in low and middle income countries and 56% of cities in
high income countries don't meet the WHO's air quality standards indicating high levels of pollution
(WHO, 2016). In the US, national data on air quality shows improvement in the levels of air
pollutants in the past 16 years (EPA, n.d.). Specifically, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, ozone, PM10 and PM2.5 dropped by 60%, 91%, 45%, 69%, 17%, 36% and 37%
respectively, yet ozone and particulate matter remained among the highest pollutants (EPA, n.d.;
American Lung Association, 2016). While a similar trend of improvement in air pollution can be
seen across cities and counties in the US, it is well documented that some counties score
substantially higher all year round on air pollution quality standards (EPA, n.d.).
Located in Southern California, Los Angeles has been repeatedly reported as

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