2. World Energy Prospects
World's Population
12 10
10 6.7
Population
8
(billion)
6
4 Increase in
2
Population Energy demand
0
2008 2050
63-
Year
60%
160%
Source:
•CIA's The World Factbook
• World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau
• Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004
3. Other concerns
Pollution
Climate change
Resource depletion
4. Renewable energy sources
Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004
•By 2030, bio-energy, 15-20% energy consumption
Source:
USDA-DOE, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.
5. Overview
Bioenergy history
Ag wastes and other biomass
Biomass to Bioenergy
Conversion processes
Pros & Cons
Applications
Biofuels
Bioheat
Bioelectricity
6. Some U.S.
bioenergy history
Bioenergy is not new!
1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/
sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel)
1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no
longer competitive with kerosene for lights)
1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the
Ford Quadricycle (
http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf)
7. More
bioenergy
history
(photo from http://www.modelt.org/gallery/picz.asp?iPic=129)
1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T
1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless
mixed with petroleum
WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil costs
Early 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial
fermentation discontinued in US
Today, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in
operation and 75 more planned
8. Ag wastes and
other biomass
Waste Biomass
Crop and forestry residues, animal
manure, food processing waste, yard
waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes,
sewage, industrial waste
New Biomass: (Terrestrial &
Aquatic)
Solar energy and CO2 converted via
photosynthesis to organic compounds
Conventionally harvested for food, feed,
10. Municipal garbage & other
landfilled wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill gas-to-energy
Pre- and post-consumer residues
Urban wood residues
Construction & Demolition wastes
Tree trimmings
Yard waste
Packaging
Discarded furniture
11. % U.S. Data
crop residue
animal manure
forest residue
MSW, C&D
Category Millions of U.S. (%)
dry tons/yr
Crop 218.9 43
(modified from residues
Perlack et al., 2005)
Animal 35.1 7
manures
Forest 178.8 35
residues
Landfill 78 15
wastes
12. % Ohio data
crop residue
animal manure
forest residue
(modified from Jeanty
MSW, C&D
et al., 2004)
Category Billions of Ohio (%)
BTUs
Crop residues 53,717 18
Animal 2,393 1
manures
Forest residues 33,988 12
Landfill wastes 199,707 69
13. Biomass to Bioenergy
Biomass: renewable energy sources coming
from biological material such as plants, animals,
microorganisms and municipal wastes
17. Advantages of Biomass
Widespread availability in many parts of the world
Contribution to the security of energy supplies
Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels
Biomass as a resource can be stored in large
amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand
Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas
Developing technologies and knowledge base offers
opportunities for technology exports
Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission
reductions (SOx, etc.)
19. Drawbacks of Biomass
Generally low energy content
Competition for the resource with food,
feed, and material applications like
particle board or paper
Generally higher investment costs for
conversion into final energy in
comparison with fossil alternatives
21. Biofuel Applications: Liquids
Ethanol and Butanol :
can be used in gasoline engines
either at low blends (up to 10%),
in high blends in Flexible Fuel
Vehicles or in pure form in
adapted engines
Biodiesel : can be used,
both blended with fossil diesel
and in pure form. Its acceptance
by car manufacturers is growing
22. Process for cellulosic bioethanol
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html
23. Why Butanol?
More similar to gasoline than ethanol
Butanol can:
Be transported via existing pipelines
(ethanol cannot)
Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline
without modification (ethanol cannot)
Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as
well as petroleum (petrobutanol)
Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
24. Biodiesel from triglyceride oils
Methoxide
Methyl Ester
Triglyceride Glycerine
Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails
The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking
of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol
Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a
methyl ester (aka biodiesel)
Multi-step reaction mechanism : Triglyceride→Diglyceride
→Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine
25. Biodiesel
Production
Methanol Raw Oil
Catalyst NaOH
Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester)
Crude glycerin Acid (phosphoric)
Excess methanol
Catalyst KOH
Catalyst Mixing Transesterification
Reaction Neutralization
Methanol Recovery
Recovered
methanol
Biodiesel,
glycerin
Phase Separation
gravity or centrifuge Crude Glycerine
Biodiesel,
impurities
Purification Wash water
(washing)
water
Fertilizer Fuel Grade
K3PO3 Biodiesel
26. Biofuel Applications: Gases
Hydrogen : can be used in
fuel cells for generating
electricity
Methane : can be
combusted directly or converted
to ethanol
27. Bioheat Applications
Small-scale heating systems
for households typically use
firewood or pellets
Medium-scale users typically
burn wood chips in grate
boilers
Large-scale boilers are able to
burn a larger variety of fuels,
including wood waste and
refuse-derived fuel Biomass Boiler
(for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail keener.3@osu.edu)
28. Bioelectricity Applications
Co-generation:
Combustion followed by a
water vapor cycle driven
turbine engine is the main
technology at present
Microbial Fuel Cells
(MFCs): Direct conversion
of biomass to electricity
29. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
PEM
Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode
where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a
proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit.
30. Bio-electro-chemical devices
Bacteria as biocatalysts convert the
biomass “fuel” directly to electricity
Oxidation-Reduction reaction
switches from normal electron
acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate)
to a solid
electron acceptor: Graphite
anode
It’s all about REDOX CHEMISTRY!
31. Microbial fuel cells in the lab
•Two-compartment MFC
• Proton exchange membrane:
Nafion 117 or Ultrex Membrane
• Electrodes: Graphite plate
Cathode
84 cm2
• Working volume: 400 ml
ANODE CATHODE
Anode
33. My own MFC story
Undergraduate in-class presentation, 2003
Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode-
reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments.
Science 295: 483–485.
Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005
USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005
#1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005
Research program, 2005 to present
3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 faculty
Over $200,000 in grant funding
High school science class project online resource
http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html
34. References
Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact
of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.
Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy
potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of
Development.
http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf
Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals . Academic Press.
ISBN: 9780124109506.
Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical
feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA.
http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf
Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation.
Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.
Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007.
Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.
Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center
<http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>
USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels
<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
35. For more info
(or to request reference list)
Ann D. Christy, Ph.D.,
P.E.
Associate Professor
Dept of Food, Agricultural, and
Biological Engineering
614-292-3171
Email: christy.14@osu.edu
Editor's Notes
World populations is currently 6.7 b but it is predicted to reach 10 b by year 2050. So the question is, how can a world of 10 billion people be provided with adequate supplies of energy. During the same period of time our energy demand will increase by 63 to 160 %.
But in regards to energy the gap between demand and supply of energy is not the only concern that that we have. Concerns over : resource depletion, pollution and climate change.
Alternate sources of feedstock are needed to supplement the looming imbalance between supply and demand of fossil-based feedstocks. Renewable energy source could provide adequate supplies of clean, safe and sustainable energy . At 47 percent of renewable energy consumption, biomass is the single largest renewable energy resource. Therefore there is a strict need for development of new technologies that can make biomass resources accessible to supply this increasing demand.
Does Oil consider Biomass? No, cause it is not reneable.
Ethanol fermentation , a form of anaerobic respiration used primarily by yeasts when oxygen is not present in sufficient quantity for normal cellular respiration transesterification is the process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base. Transesterification: alcohol + ester → different alcohol + different ester Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis is a process in which organic materials are rapidly heated to 450 - 600 oC in absence of air. Under these conditions, organic vapours, pyrolysis gases and charcoal are produced. The vapours are condensed to bio-oil. Typically, 70-75 wt.% of the feedstock is converted into oil
This is basically an Overview of the our class topics …. Everything starts from “Photosynthesis”, which is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista).
Bioenergy has many advantages as well as drawbacks that must be considered in order to ensure efficient implementation.
Talk about: as business and industry are taking more interest in producing renewable energy from biomass, the demand for new technical and design skills is increasing. And it’s on the universities and colleges to meet this demand by training engineers and scientists expert in areas related to bioenergy. Just to give an example I am doing a search on the web about the amount of federal investment on bioenergy and thought I would share it with you: I googled “USDA DOE” which are the main federal agencies supporting “biomass research” in “Google News”… and see what came first: Then I just did “Biomass Research” and look at the 4 th link: Ohio 3 rd frontier commission has announced “ $12 MILLION FOR ADVANCED ENERGY GRANTS ” … just $12 million in Ohio… and the share of the Ohio Sate Univ. is: $1.5 million 12.5% of the total budget… and this is just a small portion of the entire funding allocated for biomass and bioenergy research. I also, searched “Renewable Energy” and see what came first: in “The New York Times” published just today “ Majoring in Renewable Energy” the article reports on development of “degree programs” in univ. and colleges nation-wide to meet the demand of the market for training students in these areas. Oregon institute of technology offering the country's first 4-year undergraduate degree in “renewable-energy systems”… And other universities such as stand ford, Illinois State Univ. and even some community colleges… Our offering of this course “Biomass to Bioenergy” is the basically the Fist step here at OSU to go toward that goal of supply the demand of the market …. With that introduction if you do not have a question I would like to briefly go over the course outline to give you an idea of what you will be learning and what we will be discussing in this class. For that I have put together a “Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes” that summaries the class…
Biodiesel Use in blends below 5% does not require any modification of the engine. Some minor modifications might be necessary when using biodiesel at 100%. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is mainly used on site for cogeneration applications. The solid and liquid residues from the process are often used as fertilisers on farm land.
Biodiesel Use in blends below 5% does not require any modification of the engine. Some minor modifications might be necessary when using biodiesel at 100%. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is mainly used on site for cogeneration applications. The solid and liquid residues from the process are often used as fertilisers on farm land.
Heat can also be produced on a medium or large scale through cogeneration which provides heat for industrial processes in the form of steam and can supply district heat networks.
Heat can also be produced on a medium or large scale through cogeneration which provides heat for industrial processes in the form of steam and can supply district heat networks.
In this regard, microbial fuel cells, in which biomass fuels are directly converted to electrical energy by undergoing oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions at an anode and a cathode is a promising technology.
Voltage was measured across a 1000 ohm resistor and data was logged into a computer using a data acquisition unit. Power density was calculated as :current times voltage divided by area of the electrode. Current was voltage times resistant
Here is a short cartoon that shows how the substrate enters the bacteria cell, and you can see the biochemical reactions that lead to the production of electrons and hydrogen ions inside and then the transfer of these ions across the cell wall to the anode electrode and through the PEM which leas to the electricity production
