wood ; venaculer architecture by khan

1. SIKANDAR QURUSHI
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
MUHAMMAD UMAR
FAROOQ KHAN
GROUP MEMBERS

2. Vernacular
architectureUse of wood in vernacular
architecture

3. Latin word Vernaculus means domestic, native,
indigenous.
Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture
based on localized needs and construction materials,
and reflecting local traditions.

4. Vernacular architecture
is influenced by:Localized needs
Local construction
material
Local traditions
Hence, varies from

5. Factors influencing
vernacular architecture :•Topography
•Climate
•Materials and Resources
•Users and lifestyle
•Construction Technology
•Culture and Traditions

6. There are 3 main types of timber:
HARDWOOD
SOFTWOOD
MANUFACTURED BOARD
TIMBER is the general name for wood materials.

7. Wood
Can you name any types of wood?
pine, oak, ash, teak, mahogany, maple, sycamore, birch, beech,
walnut, cherry, zebrawood, balsa…….
pine oak beech walnut maple
zebrawood mahogany ash

8. Can you think of words that
describe wood?
warm, smooth, strong, flexible, strong,
hard, soft, rough, ….

10. Hardwood
This type of timber is produced from
broad leaf trees that lose their leaves in
winter – a deciduous tree.
Uses - Oak is a hardwood and is used to
make expensive furniture/flooring and Model aircraft made from balsa

12. This type of timber is produced from trees
that do not lose their leaves
Leaves are easily identified as
Softwood trees grow much quicker
than the hardwood ones, they are
therefore cheaper to buy and far more
available. Softwood is used for
Softwood

13. Uses of soft
furniture
building
construction
packaging

14. These are manmade boards, which are made
by gluing wood layers or wood fibers
together.
Manufacture
d board
Plywood is a widely used

15. LAYER IT …
CARVE
IT…
BEND IT …..
you can ……

16. Why Specify Wood?
Reasons to Specify:
Cost
Availability
Ease of construction
Thermal performance
Aesthetics
Design versatility

17. Can be used in:
Single- and multi-story
residential
Schools
Offices
Industrial facilities
Recreational centers

18. Design Flexibility
Light weight
Workability
Adaptable in field Well suited
to additions and retrofits
Can be dismantled and

19. HIMACHAL
PRADESH

20. When we say Indigenous architecture, what do we
mean?
•Dwellings and structures that have responded to the
topography and local climate of the region
•They have been built using locally available resources
•They have emerged out of hard necessities of the place
and the lifestyle
•They are built by user themselves without professional

21. In the Satluj valley region, the typical house consists of stone
and timber walls, constructed in what is known as Kath-Kona
style, an indigenous style of construction,
In some parts of Himachal Pradesh, there is a popular use of

22. Kath-khuni An empirical building
technique of Himachal Pradesh

23. A typical house in Himachal Pradesh is built using kath-khuni
construction technique and is usually two or three storey high.
Examples of kath-khuni
houses

24. Examples of kath-khuni temples

25. Foundation and plinth
Stone plinth is filled up to a meter from the
ground level and higher in case of tower
temples. The depth of the trench is relative to
the height of the structure. For a two storey

26. 2. Wall (Wood-and-stone walls)
The walls are constructed with alternate courses of dry

28. Typical Kath-khuni wall junction
Detail showing layering of wood and stone
including a truncated pyramid shaped corner

29. Two parallel crossbeams held together by a dovetailed member &
Carpenter fixing a wooden log in the wall construction in Devidhar
Wall construction
Dry masonry wood-and-stone wall of a temple construction in
Devidhar .

30. Wall punctures
Windows are provided in walls with solid plank shutters on all
four sides and are usually very small. The same window has
rhythmic floral carvings on the outer face with a small opening

31. Wall storage units
A typical wall storage unit is fixed in the peripheral wall

33. Projecting wooden balconies
A typical two storey house with a cantilevered balcony on the top
floor. The wooden members supporting the balcony rest on the wa

34. Projecting wooden balcony
All the vertical posts are connected through a horizontal member
on top, on which sit the perpendicular members (connected with a

35. Projecting wooden balconies

36. ROOF
The roof structure is constructed out of wooden beams followed
by purlins and rafters, topped with slate or wooden shingles

39. STRUCTURE
Load Bearing
Bhattar Wall ( Bhattar Means Filling of
Stone or Brick)
Kath Kundi or Kona (Kath means wood

40. FOUNDATION
Stone Foundation
In past Reinforcement of timber Beam and It was
dry.

41. WALLS
Beams (bhatar) in the walls act as ‘seismic bands’.(Himachal
comes under Earthquake Zone – 4 & 5)

42. ROOF
Sloping - Wooden
Protects Dead load by falling down snow.
Projects less load to the base structure of bhattar
Roof frame binds all walls together

43. OPENINGS
Small ( Max 3’0” wide)
Height ( Max 6’0”)
a bigger window, the beams go
through the window.

44. FLOORING AND FLOOR
Wooden Structure for I floor

45. Wood - the forests of the deodar wood and other
mixed forests were easily available. Wood is used to
impart stability to tall structures

46. KASHMIR VALLEY

47. SETTLEMENT
Permanent
Dhajji House
Semi permanent
Donga( House Boat
Temporary
Kacchi Huts

48. Permanent Structure Dhajji
House

49. ‘DHAJJ’ MEANS

50. A Dhajji house is a patchwork of
DHAJJI CONSTRUCTION
For one and two storey
earthquake resistant houses

51. Dhajji Walls
Load Bearing Structure

52. Why is a Dhajji wall strong?
In a usual house, an earthquake
first makes:
• ONE BIG crack,
•then TWO BIG cracks,
• then the walls fall out

53. Small panels distribute the
energy evenly
In a Dhajji house, there are:
many SMALL cracks,
and only small parts fall out.
BUT THE WALLS REMAIN

54. A Dhajji wall is strong because:
The small panels distribute the earthquake energy
evenly.
The friction between all the small elements and their in-
fills breaks down the energy.

55. Dasa (plinth beam)
Anchoring the Dasa to the
foundation
Protecting the Dasa against
water and insects

56. Wall Finish
Mud Plaster - Cow dung Plaster -
Whitewash

57. OPENINGS
Less openings
Maximum 3’0” opening span
Mainly in south and South-west
Directions

58. Material
Deodar Wood
imparts stability to tall structures
insect and termite resistant
even when untreated, can
withstand long periods of weather
corrosion.
It is used in making posts, beams,
window and door frames, shutters,
roofs etc.

61. ofing on timber and stone masonry wall
ofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wallsheet roofing on stone masonry and tim
sheet roofing on timber and burnt brick ma

62. House with timber balconies and two sided pi
Taaq type construction
Unbaked brick wall with
timber element

63. Taq construction in Kashmir
The typical ladder bands of timber runners and crosspieces
embedded in masonry walls in traditional taq construction at

64. Bhatar construction in Pakistan
Bhatar is a pashtoo word for beam. Wood is the main structural
member and the crosspieces tying the parallel wooden beams

65. Temporary House Boat
( Donga)

66. HOUSE BOAT Donga
Well planned
Fully Wooden
Delicate Kashmiri Wooden
carving
Modern Resources

69. Vertical members (‘shear keys’) attached to the outer façade
to prevent out-of-plane failure of the walls.

70. Ladders made of a single
trunk used for
access to upper floors

71. uses in Trabzon turkey
vernacular architecture eastern black sea
region in turkey

72. Building materials Wood and stone are the major and common
traditional building materials
Wood issued for walls (bearing, strut, filler, partition walls and
coating),
floors (Beam and coating),
frames (doors, windows and balcony balustrades), roofs (all

75. Use of wood in vernacular architecture in the ruler
areas of Nepal
Now mostly wood used for construction in hilly areas because
it is easily locally available in hilly areas which fulfill the
purpose of vernacular Architecture

76. The vernacular architecture of wood draws on environmental
and cultural sources to create unique designs
In the Carpathian Mountains near Ukraine , Slovakia and the
surrounding foothills, wood and clay are the primary
traditional building materials.

77. tor And Cribbage Construction Of
Northern Pakistan

78. Timber lacing for strengthening walls
The use of timber lacing is perhaps first described by
emperor Julius Caesar, as A technique used by the
celts in the walls of their fortifications.

80. Altit Fort Tower, Hunza, Showing ‘Cator And
Cribbage’ Construction
The Shikari Tower Is Around 1100 Years Old

82. Use of wood in vernacular Architecture of
Ziarat Baluchistan (PAKISTAN)
As ziarat is famous for junipers forest in the early time and
even today local people use juniper wood for local
construction

83. Use of wood in hilly areas
of Pakistan

84. TEMPLES

85. THE PALACES

86. ANARY – A SHARED STORAGE

88. CLASSICAL WOODCARVING,
LAKSHANA DEVI TEMPLE,
BHARMAUR VILLAGE.

89. SOME FAMOUS WORDS ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE BY
SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE

90. "Folk building growing in response to actual needs,
fitted into environment by people who knew no better than
to fit them with native feeling"
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

91. It is the architecture of the people,
and by the people,
but not for the people.”
PAUL OLIVER defines in his book „Dwellings,‟

92. “It is a building designed by an amateur without any
training in design…………
The function of the building would be the dominant
factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to
some small degree, being quite minimal……………
Local materials would be used as a matter of course,

93. Histor
y
In 24 BC, the Roman emperor Egnatius Rufus
The department was composed of 600 slaves.
They were stationed
around the city to watch for and extinguish fires

94. Conclusion
•Vernacular structures - by empirical builders without
the intervention of professional architects
•In vernacular architecture - culture and climate play a
vital role

95. REFERENCES
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