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Course Facilitator: Khurshid Alam Swati
University of Swat, Swat
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Cultural Influences on
International Business -
Importance of culture
11. Culture
Shared values, traditions, belief and general ways of
doing things is called culture – Broader perspective
It influence the actions of organization members –
Organizational perspective
“that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member
of society”
The commonly held standards of what is acceptable
or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or
wrong, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community
or society refers to values
11© Khurshid Alam Swati
12. Diverse Definitions
Topical:
Culture consists of everything on a list of topics, or categories, such
as social organization, religion, or economy
Historical:
Culture is social heritage, or tradition, that is passed on to future
generations
Behavioral: Culture is shared, learned human behavior, a way of life
Normative: Culture is ideals, values, or rules for living
Functional:
Culture is the way humans solve problems of adapting to the
environment or living together
Mental:
Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, that inhibit impulses
and distinguish people from animals
Structural:
Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or
behaviors
Symbolic:
Culture is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by a
society
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13. Cross-cultural Values
Freedom
Independence
Self-reliance & Social
loafing
Equality
Individualism
Competition
Efficiency
Time
Belonging
Group harmony
Collectiveness
Age/seniority
Group consciousness
Cooperation
Quality
Patience
Pakistan/ Americans Japanese
Elashmawi &
Harris 1993
13© Khurshid Alam Swati
14. Pakistani culture - Overview
Pakistani culture is very distinct due to its Islamic
nature and rich historical background. it has the
following characteristics:
Islamic values and traditions - Religious Uniformity
National and regional languages
Mixed culture – Pashtoon, Balooch, Sindhi Culture
Rich literature
Male dominated society
Variety of Dresses
Fairs and Festivals
Sports
Handicrafts
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16. Organizational Culture
Personality of the organization
Organizational culture is the behavior of
humans who are part of an organization and
the meanings that the people attach to their
actions
E.g. Organization values, visions, norms, working
language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits
The way we see and do things around here is
culture
16© Khurshid Alam Swati
17. How employees learn organization
Culture..???
Socialization - the process of adopting culture of an
organization, 1st step in orientation
Codes of ethics and decision rules
Top Management leadership and commitment
Shared stories – Ex-Employees
Material Symbols –T-shirts, boxes, walls, stores,
bumper stickers
Language - Jargons
Rituals – Routine work of an organization
Organization current mission , customs, traditions
and general ways of doing things
Cultural audit
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19. © Khurshid Alam Swati
Forces Shaping Individual Culture
Personal
Culture
Values
World-views
Beliefs
Behaviours
Urbanization
- City
Migration
Minority
Experience
Cross-
cultural
Adjustments
Profession
Gender Language
Education
Industrialization
Social
background
Ethnic
background
Religion
Nationalism Rural
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