The document discusses the relationship between inflation and unemployment as depicted by the Phillips curve. It explains that demand-pull inflation is caused by increases in aggregate demand, while cost-push inflation stems from increases in costs of production. The Phillips curve shows an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run, but this relationship breaks down in the long run as inflation expectations rise. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which inflation remains stable in the long run.

1. Inflation & unemployment

4. Demand pull : Increase in AD can be due to a fiscal or monetary policy, thus increasing prices

5. Cost push: Upward shift of the AS will be due to increase in costs due to increase in price of inputs.

7. Combination of both:

16. Countering inflation: Demand -pull Reduce demand by higher taxation, lower govt. expenditure, lower govt borrowing, higher interest rates Cost push Take steps to reduce production costs by deregulating labour markets, encouraging greater productivity, apply control over wages and prices Import factors reduce quantity of imports or their prices via trade policies.

17. Controlling inflation (cont) Excessive growth on money supply Reduce money supply by cutting down on public sector borrowing Funding Govt borrowing from non bank Reduce bank lending Maintain interest rates Expectations of inflation Pursue policies which indicate Govt’s determination to reduce inflation