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Oligopoly
Oligopoly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Cournot Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O Q DEMAND
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SWEEZY MODEL – STICKY PRICES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stable price under conditions of a kinked demand curve £ Q O P 1 Q 1 D   AR MC 2 MC 1 MR a b
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Price - leadership ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PRICE LEADERSHIP BY DOMINANT FIRM
Cartels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
cartel ,[object Object],[object Object]
REASONS FOR FAILURE OF CARTELS : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategic Behavior &Game theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prisoner’s dilemma ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prisoner’s Dilemma by Coke and Pepsi Coke Pepsi (right) Discount Price Regular Price Discount Price Regular Price $4,000, $2,000 $10,000, $1,000 $1,500, $6,500 $12,500, $9,000 (left) Weekly Profits from Grocery Store
DOMINANT STRATEGY: ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Firm 1 Don’t advertise Advertise Firm 2 Don’t advertise  1  = 500  2  = 500  1  = 750  2  = 0 Advertise  1  = 0  2  = 750  1  = 250  2  = 250
[object Object],Firm 1 Don’t advertise Advertise Firm 2 Don’t advertise  1  = 500  2  = 400  1  = 750  2  = 100 Advertise  1  = 200  2  = 0  1  = 300  2  = 200
Nash Equilibrium: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Game Theory ,[object Object],Low price  high price Low price High price firm2 firm1 2,0 1,2 0,7 6,6
[object Object]
PAYOFF FOR A TWO PERSON CONSTANT SUM GAME B’s strategies A ‘s strategies a ’ b ’ c’ d’ Row minima a 10 9 14 13 9 b 11 8 4 15 4 c 6 7 15 17 6 Column maxima 11 9 15 17 9=9
Non – determined game: B’S STRATEGIES A’s strategies 1 2 3 Row minima 1 19 23 11 11 2 15 19 20 15 3 27 18 19 18 Column. max 27 23 20 18/20
Concentration of economic power: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EFFECT OF UNIT TAXES UNDER PC EFFECT SHORT RUN LONG RUN PRICE INCREASES BUT BY LESS THAN TAX INCREASES BY FULL AMOUNT OF TAX FIRM’S OUTPUT DECREASES UNCHANGED INDUSTRY OUTPUT  DECREASES DECREASES NUMBER OF FIRMS SAME DECREASES
EFFECT OF LUMPSUM TAX UNDER PC EFFECT SHORT RUN LONGRUN PRICE NO CHANGE INCREASED QUANTITY BY FIRM NO CHANGE INCREASED INDUSTRY OUTPUT NO CHANGE DECREASED NO. OF FIRMS NO CHANGE DECREASED

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Oligopoly

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Stable price under conditions of a kinked demand curve £ Q O P 1 Q 1 D  AR MC 2 MC 1 MR a b
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. PRICE LEADERSHIP BY DOMINANT FIRM
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. Prisoner’s Dilemma by Coke and Pepsi Coke Pepsi (right) Discount Price Regular Price Discount Price Regular Price $4,000, $2,000 $10,000, $1,000 $1,500, $6,500 $12,500, $9,000 (left) Weekly Profits from Grocery Store
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. PAYOFF FOR A TWO PERSON CONSTANT SUM GAME B’s strategies A ‘s strategies a ’ b ’ c’ d’ Row minima a 10 9 14 13 9 b 11 8 4 15 4 c 6 7 15 17 6 Column maxima 11 9 15 17 9=9
  • 27. Non – determined game: B’S STRATEGIES A’s strategies 1 2 3 Row minima 1 19 23 11 11 2 15 19 20 15 3 27 18 19 18 Column. max 27 23 20 18/20
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. EFFECT OF UNIT TAXES UNDER PC EFFECT SHORT RUN LONG RUN PRICE INCREASES BUT BY LESS THAN TAX INCREASES BY FULL AMOUNT OF TAX FIRM’S OUTPUT DECREASES UNCHANGED INDUSTRY OUTPUT DECREASES DECREASES NUMBER OF FIRMS SAME DECREASES
  • 31. EFFECT OF LUMPSUM TAX UNDER PC EFFECT SHORT RUN LONGRUN PRICE NO CHANGE INCREASED QUANTITY BY FIRM NO CHANGE INCREASED INDUSTRY OUTPUT NO CHANGE DECREASED NO. OF FIRMS NO CHANGE DECREASED