Information about butterfly migration in South India.

1. Butterfly Migration By Kishen Das kishen.das@gmail.com [email_address]

2. Insect Migration – Few definitions To go from one habitat to another – Oxford English Dictionary A Continued movement in a more or less definite direction, in which both movement and direction are under the control of the animal concerned – Williams, 1958 Transfer of populations from place to place by mass flights – C. G. Johnson, 1969

3. Types of Migration Short Distance Migration or Local Movement ( Few hundred meters to few kms ) Long Distance Migration ( Hundreds of kms ) Dispersal – Random , sporadic movements Note: There are various other classifications of Migration as well.

4. Monarch Migration Sierra Pelon, Michoacan, Mexico, by Carole Jordan

5. Monarch Migratory Path Credits: Carol Cullar

6. Monarch Migration Credits : Cerro Pelon , Jim Mason

7. Monarch ( Danaus plexippus) Life Cycle

9. Few migratory species in India

10. Lime ( Papilio demoleus )

11. Large Blue Oakleaf (Kallima horsfieldi)

12. Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona)

13. Mottled Emigrant(Catopsilia pyranthe)

14. Common Albatross (Appias albina)

15. Lemon Pansy (Junoniana lemonias)

16. Striped Tiger ( Danaus genutia )

17. Common Leopard ( Phalanta phalanta )

18. Painted Lady ( Cynthia cardui )

19. Early work on butterfly Migration Moore 1838 – English News Paper Aitken 1897– 98 - Migration of Euploea core and Tirumala limniace Dudgeon, G.C. 1902 Andrew 1910 Lefroy 1909 – Lampides boeticus Nurse G. C. 1914 – Catopsilia spp. J. Evershed 1907 ,1914,1921 – Migration in Kodaikanal Williams C. B. 1927, 1930 Fisher K.J. 1945 – Migration in India and Ceylon Wynter Blyth 1957

20. Recent work on butterfly Migration Raizuddin and Singh 1977 Larsen T. B. 1978-79 ( Family Pieridae ) Chaturvedi and Satheesan - Euploea core Meena Haribal 1997 - Danaus genutia Jaffer Palot 2002 - Appias spp. and Catopsilia spp. Chaturvedi 2005– Papilio polymnestor Krushnamegh Kunte 2005– Euploea spp. and Tirumala spp. Kishen Das, Adavanne Shivaprakash 2000- Till date – Euploea spp. and Tirumala spp.

22. Dark Blue Tiger (Tirumala septentrionis)

23. Blue Tiger ( Tirumala limniace ) Migrates only locally

24. Niligiri Tiger ( Parantica nilgiriensis ) Non-migratory species

25. Glassy Tiger ( Parantica aglea ) Non-migratory species

26. Double Branded Crow ( Euploea sylvester)

27. Common Indian Crow ( Euploea core ) Has both migrating and residential populations

29. Brown King Crow ( Euploea klugii ) Non migratory species

30. Sex determination in Tirumala septentrionis

33. Direction during Sept/Oct/Nov

34. Places in South India where migration has been observed

35. Life Cycle – Tirumala limniace

36. Life Cycle- Tirumala septentrionis By Dr K. Saji

37. Life cycle of Euploea core Host Plants: Nerium sp. Ficus sp. Tylophora indica

39. Marsdenia brunoniana, Dregea volubilis, Marsdenia volubilis, Asclepias volubilis,Watakaka volubilis Host Plant

40. Wattakaka volubilis Host Plant

41. Asclepias curassavica Host Plant

42. Calotropis gigantea (White) Host Plant

43. Feeding on Heliotropium indicum

44. Crotalaria verrucosa Alkaloidal Resource

45. Crotalaria retusa Alkaloidal Resource

47. Other Activities – Congregation

48. Other Activities - Basking

49. Other Activities – Mud-Puddling

50. Other Activities – Courtship and Mating

52. Gliders Credits : http://www.Papalotzin.com

53. Monarch Tag Credits : Jim Gallion

54. Monarch Tag Credits: NancyLee Bergy

55. Radio Tagging -Credits: Vijay Barve

57. Pollination – Euploea sylvester

59. Nephilengys malabarensis preying on Tirumala septentrionis

61. I have collected thousands of dead butterflies every year during migration season. It’s just sad   

63. Books on Insect Migration Insect Migration: Tracking Resources through Space and Time. V.A. Drake & A.G. Gatehouse (eds) (1995). The Biomechanics of Insect Flight : Form, Function, Evolution. R. Dudley (2000). Flow of Life in the Atmosphere: An Airscape Approach to Understanding Invasive Organisms. S.A. Isard & S.H. Gage (2001). Migration: the Biology of Life on the Move. H. Dingle (2001). Insect Migration: Mechanisms and Consequences. I.P. Woiwod, D.R. Reynolds & C.D. Thomas (eds) (2001). Johnson, C.G. 1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen & Co Ltd., London. Williams, C. B. 1930. The migration of butterflies . Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh

64. Thank You [email_address]