2. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS
AS THEY ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE
ARE ”
3. Definition
• According to Udai Pareek,
“perception can be defined as
the process of receiving,
selecting, organizing,
interpreting, checking and
reacting to sensory stimuli or
data”.
• Stephen P. Robbins defines
perception as “a process by
4.
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9.
10. Perceptual Process
Through
Inputs Outputs
puts
Selection
Organisation
Stimuli Action
Interpretation
11. 1. Receiving Stimuli
• The perception process starts with
the reception of stimuli. The stimuli
are received from the various
sources.
12. Continued…
• Through the five
organs, we see
things/objects, hear
sounds, smell, taste and
touch things. In this
way, the reception of
stimuli is a physiological
aspect of perception
process.
13. Continued…
• Stimuli may be external to us (such as
sound waves) and inside us (such as
energy generation by muscles).
14. 2. Selection of Stimuli
• People, in their everyday life, They
cannot assimilate all what they observe
or receive from the environment at a
time.
• Hence, they select some stimuli for
further processing to attach meaning to
them while the rest are screened out.
15. Continued…
• Selection of stimuli is not made at
random, but depending on the two types
of factors, namely external factors and
internal factors.
• While external factors relate to stimuli
such as intensity of stimuli, its
size, movement, repitition, etc.
16. Continued…
• internal ones relate to the perceiver such
as his/her age, learning, interest, etc.
• Normally people selectivity perceive
objects or things which they are
indifferent.
• This is also called ‘selective perception’.
17. 3. Organisation of Stimuli
• Having selected stimuli or data, these need to
be organised in some form so as to assign
some meaning to them.
• Thus, organising the bits of information into a
meaningful whole is called “organisation”.
• There are three ways by which the selected
data i.e., inputs are organized. These are:
18. a) Grouping
• It is based on the similarity or
proximity of various stimuli
perceived.
• The tendency to group stimuli.
i.e., people or things appearing
similar in certain ways has been a
common means of organizing the
perception.
19. b) Closure
• When people face with incomplete
information, they tend to fill the gap
themselves to make it more meaningful.
• They may do it on the basis of their
experience, guess, or past data.
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21. c) Simplification
• When people find themselves overloaded
with information, they try to simplify it to
make it more meaningful and understandable.
22. 4. Interpretation
• The data collected and organized remain
meaningless for the perceiver till these are
assigned meanings.
• Assigning meanings to data is called
‘interpretation’
23. • Halo Effect
“An effect whereby the
perception of positive
qualities in one thing or part
gives rise to the perception of
similar qualities in related
things or in the whole.
24. • An example of the halo effect would be
judging a good-looking person as more
intelligent. The term is commonly used in
human resources recruitment.
• It refers to the risk that an interviewer
will notice a positive trait in an
interviewee and, as a
result, will overlook their
negative traits.
25.
26. • Attribution
• Explaining human behaviour
in terms of cause and effect
is called ‘Attribution’.
• However, attributing casual
explanation to a particular
human behaviour sometimes
tends to distort perception.
27. • Stereotyping
• When individuals are judged on the basis
of the characteristics of the group to
which they belong, this is called
‘Stereotyping’.
• e.g. ‘older workers cannot learn new
skills’
• ‘Japanese are nationalistic’
28. • Situation
• The situation or context in which we
observe or see things also influence
our perception about them.
29. • Perceiver
• The factors residing in the perceiver
himself/her self do also operate to shape and
sometimes distort his/her perception.
• The perceiver attitude, motives, interests, past
experience, and expectations are among the
more relevant personal factors/characteristics
that affect perception.
30. 5. Action
• Action is the last phase in the perceptual
process.
• The action may be positive or negative
depending upon favourable perception
held by the perceiver.
