Look at end of the Cold War and the rise of terrorism in the modern setting.

1. The End of the Cold War
Rise of Global Terrorism

2. Objectives
Examine rise of global terrorism.
Investigate biographical background of terror
leader, Osama bin Laden.

3. Vocabulary
mujahideen - Afghanistan guerilla fighter, “people doing
jihad”
Sunni/Shia Islam - sects of Islam determined by choices of
Mohammed’s followers
Ayatollah Khomeini - religious leader in Iran who oversaw
the Iranian Revolution of 1979
terrorism - acts of violence intended to cause fear
Saddam Hussein - leader of Iraq from 1979-2003
jihad - “struggle”; call for Islamic followers to strive for
some change

4. Cold War Ends
Evidence: Berlin Wall falls
(1989)
Germany Reunites - East and
West (1990)
Communist governments fall
across East Europe (1989-90)
Communist government falls in
Russia (1991)
USA ➙ still selling Big Macs

5. Why?
Major factor: Money
American economy stronger,
able to grow through difficult
times (market economy); Soviet
economy inefficient (command
economy)
Arms Race
Technology
Innovation
1980s: US President Ronald
Reagan

6. Afghanistan (Soviet “Afghan
Trap”)
Vietnam: US fails to win; unpopular; expensive
(1950-1975) ➙ economically able to recover
1979 - USSR invades Afghanistan to ‘liberate’ Afghanistan
Ill-prepared; local mujahideen prove stronger than
expected
Receive aid and support from many other countries,
including US
1988 - USSR retreats ➙ failed to win; unpopular;
expensive ➙ not able to economically recover
Middle East ➙ chess board for superpowers

7. Middle East: Islam
Middle East - many nations with
different beliefs
Most popular religion - Islam
Fundamental difference in Islamic
belief: Sunni and Shia
Sunni: Believe that after Muhammad
died, the Islamic faith was led by an
elected leader (Abu Bakr)
Shia: Believe that after Muhammad
died, his family should lead (cousin
Ali (Shia-t-Ali - party of Ali)

9. US Involvement
Afghanistan - secret aid: military,
money and training
Iran - Long time US supported
leader (Shah Rezi Pahlavi)
overthrown; Ayatollah Khomeini
➙ Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)
Iraq - US back Iraq in Iran-Iraq
War (1984) ➙ retribution
Israel & Palestinian conflict -
consistently support Israel
Net effect: Rising resentment of
US

10. Terrorism
Acts of violence intended to cause fear
Goals can be political, religious or
ideological; domestic or international
1970s - IRA (North Ireland)
1972 - Munich Olympics; ‘Black
September’ (Palestine)
1983 - Beirut Bombing (Lebanon)
1988 - Pan Am Flight 103 (Libya)
1995 - Tokyo Subway - Sarin Gas
(Japan)
1995 - Oklahoma City (US)

11. US - Gulf War I
Iraq invades Kuwait
US leads UN coalition of forces (1990-91)
Did not invade Iraq or remove Saddam
Hussein
Why not? ➙ fear of more radical Shia
government replacing Sunni
government under Hussein (Buffer)
US Troops in Saudi Arabia ➙ close to Mecca
US Support of Israel ➙ their control of
Jerusalem
Net effect ➙ rising ANGER against US

12. Global Terrorism Strikes US
Al Qaeda - political organization
from mujahideen; other groups rise
up too (Hamas, Islamic Jihad, etc.)
Call for jihad
1993 - World Trade Center ➙
truck bomb
1998 - US Embassies in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania & Nairobi,
Kenya ➙simultaneous bombing
2000 - USS Cole in Aden, Yemen
➙ bombing
2001 - World Trade Towers,
Pentagon ➙ 9/11