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Tour of the_cell(chpt6)
- 1. Tour of the Cell 1 2007-2008
- 2. Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote animal cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote plant cells
- 6. Proteins do all the work! cells DNA proteins organism Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work!
- 10. production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore 1 2 DNA Nucleus mRNA nuclear membrane small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm mRNA nuclear pore
- 16. Types of ER rough smooth
- 20. Synthesizing proteins ribosome cytoplasm cisternal space mRNA ribosome membrane of endoplasmic reticulum polypeptide signal sequence
- 22. Golgi Apparatus
- 23. Vesicle transport vesicle budding from rough ER fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus migrating transport vesicle protein ribosome
- 24. DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus TO: TO: TO:
- 25. Making proteins Putting it together… proteins transport vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle smooth ER rough ER nuclear pore nucleus ribosome cell membrane protein secreted cytoplasm
- 28. Making Energy 2007-2008 ATP
- 31. Lysosomes white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes 1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve Lysosomes discovery in 1960s 1960 | 1974
- 37. Fetal development 15 weeks 6 weeks syndactyly
- 43. Mitochondria
- 44. Membrane-bound Enzymes glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP + + +
- 45. Dividing Mitochondria Who else divides like that? What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
- 47. Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells
- 50. Membrane-bound Enzymes + water + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy + + +
- 56. Endosymbiosis theory Evolution of eukaryotes
- 57. Compare the equations Photosynthesis Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP + + + + water + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy + + +
- 58. The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun ATP Photosynthesis Respiration O 2 glucose sugar CO 2 H 2 O + + plants animals & plants ATP
- 59. Food & water storage plant cells central vacuole contractile vacuole food vacuoles animal cells
- 63. Making New Cells 2007-2008
Editor's Notes
- Why organelles? There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions. Organelles as specialized structures An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move. Organelles as Containers Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it. Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast.
- The genes for rRNA have the greatest commonality among all living things. There is very little difference in the DNA sequence of the rRNA genes in a humans vs. a bacteria. Means that this function (building of a ribosome) is so integral to life that every cell does it almost exactly the same way. Change a base and this changes the structure of the RNA which causes it to not function.
- accounts for 50% membranes in eukaryotic cell
- Which cells have a lot of ER? protein production cells like pancreas = production of digestive enzymes (rough endoplasmic reticulum from a cell of exocrine pancreas (88000X))
- Cells specialized for secretion? endocrine glands: produce hormones pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries exocrine glands: produce digestive enzymes & other products pancreas, mammary glands, sweat glands
- lysosomes create a space where cell can digest macromolecules safely rupturing a few lysosomes has little impact on a cell (pH of cytosol affects functionality of the lysosomal enzymes), but massive leakage from lysosomes can destroy cell why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH so different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if leak into cytosol = most times don’t want to digest yourself! low pH = acid environment cause oxidation (removing electrons) & promotes hydrolysis
- Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even cells around it to wall off virus.
- Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes gone awry. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even kills cells around it to wall off virus.
- Lynn Margulis From hypothesis to theory! Paradigm shifting ideas in evolutionary biology.