Vertical Circulation and Services of Highrise

Vertical
Circulation & Services

Vertical circulationis the means by which building occupants access
specific areas of a building, including: internal stairs. internal ramps. elevators.
Element of Vertical circulation:
1. RAMP.
2. STAIR.
3. ELEVATOR.
4. ESCALATOR.
Service:
• Simply state that service is defined as those part of a building that consists of the
service lift, fire stair,
• Toilet, M&E service riser duct .
1. TOILET
2. FIRE STAIR.
3. SERVICE/FIRE ELEVATOR
4. RISER DUCT

Core:
• The core of a multistory building that integrates functions and service needs for established
occupants. Such areas are normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.
• Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for load-bearing high-rise building
system
1. Central core
2. Split core
3. End core
4. Atrium core
Types of core:

a. If the building structure been R.C.C,the core structure
should be shear wall. In this case core structure may not be steel
structure.
b. If the building structure been steel , the core structure
should be steel structure. In this case core structure may be R.C.C
structure.
c. If the building structure been Composite ,the core structure
should be shear wall. In this case core structure may not be steel
structure.
Structure of Core:

Stair
 Medium of travel which connects two consecutive
horizontal surfaces.
 A complete arrangement of steps, stringers, newel
posts, hand rails, balusters, etc.
 Easy and quick access to different floors with comfort
and safety.
• a) Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of
Staircases.
b) Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.

Requirements of a good stair
Stairs should be safe and easy for everyone to use.
• They should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
• Width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use).
• Length of flight (maximum 12 steps ).
• Pitch of stair (should not exceed 40 degree and should
not be flatter than 25 degree).
• Head room (should not less than 2.14m).
• Materials.
• Balustrade to ensure safety.
• Landing (should not be less than the width of stair).
• Avoid winders and extra materials. Use optimum use
of materials.
• Step proportion.

Classification of stairs
2. Dog-legged stairs
1. Straight stairs

3. Open-newel stairs
5. Three Quarter Turn Stair :
4. Quarter turn newel stairs

6. Bifurcated Stair 7. Geometric stairs 8. Spiral stairs

Wooden stair Stone stair Metal stair

R.C.C stair Brick stair Glass stair

 String beam concrete stairs
Types of concrete stair

Continuous concrete stairs Cantilever concrete stairs

Limitations of stairs for high rise
• All step risers should be
solid.
• Open risers can be a source
of visual confusion and are
disconcerting for many
people to use.
• Spiral stairs and stairs with
tapered treads should not
be used, as they are much
more likely to cause
tripping.
• Spiral stairs create problem
as the force is more in
highrise .

Number of Stairways Required
 This is usually controlled by local building codes. This control may be
achieved by setting a minimum of two exits per floor, a restriction on the
maximum horizontal distance from any point on a floor to a stairway, or a
limitation on the maximum floor area contributory to a stairway. In addition,
codes usually have special provisions for assembly buildings, such as theaters
and exhibition halls. Restrictions usually also are placed on the maximum
capacity of a stairway. For example, the National Fire Protection Association
‘‘Life Safety Code’’ sets a maximum capacity for stairways of 60 persons per
22-in unit of width, up or down.
 The Number of Stair Case increases with the increment of building
height and purpose ( one stair case for 75 feet )

Elevator
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves along
guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and that transports passengers or
goods, or both, between two or more floors of a building.
• Considered as a requirement in all building over three storeys
• Minimum standards of service – one lift for every four storeys
with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby
• Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2𝑚2
per person
Passenger elevators-
Designed to carry people between building floors. Their capacity is determined by the need of the specific building
and it can vary between 5 and 25 peoples.
Express elevators-
They do not service all floors, but instead only selected parts of the building. Most notably they move passengers
from the building lobby to the top floor/sky lobby.
For express elevators, which make no intermediate stops, intervals of 30 to 35s may be considered acceptable. Car
speeds used vary with height of building: 4 to 10 stories, 200 to 500 ft / min; 10 to 15 stories, up to 700 ft /min; 15
to 20 stories, up to 800 ft /min; 20 to 50 stories, up to 1200 ft /min; and over 50 stories, up to 2500 ft /min.
Practically speaking, 200-ft /min elevators are generally not economically advantageous and have been replaced by
350-ft /min elevators for most passenger applications.

Urban transport elevators-
They move passengers between several altitude potions, not inside a building but rather in
open urban space. For example from bottom to the top of the hill.
Freight elevators-
Indented for transport of goods. Their carrying load can vary between 2000 to 4500
kilograms. Most often their source of power are electric engines.
Types of Elevator:
Elevators can be classified according to
 Hoist Mechanism
 Building Height
 Building Types
 Elevator Location
 Special Uses

According to Hoist Mechanism
1.Hydraulic Passenger Elevator
Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a
cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The
piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab.
Advantages:
• The absence of overhead machine room,
• Pent house, traction equipment
• Elevator Load is carried by the ground not
• By the structure
• Hoist way is smaller due to absence of counter
• Weight and its guide rail.
• Essentially there is no lifting limit.
Disadvantages:
• Operating is expensive is higher due to absence of counter weight
• This are limited to low rise (maximum 60ft)
• Speed is low, ride quality is inferior
• Can not be used in High-rise Building

According to Hoist Mechanism
2.Traction/pulley passenger Elevator
Traction lifts are the oldest and most versatile type of lift. They
basically consist of a lift car and a counterweight attached to
separate ends of a cable which travel over a large pulley wheel
called a Sheave at the top of the lift shaft.
Much higher travel speed
Applicable on low rise, mid rise and high rise
Strictly mechanical
Most common for high-rise Gearless models up to 825 ft
There are two types of traction lift
a) Gearless Traction Lift
b) Geared Traction Lift

Gearless Traction Elevators
• Gearless technology makes the tallest buildings in the world
possible
• These elevators typically operate at speeds greater than 500
feet per minute (2.54 meters per second)
• Hoisting ropes are attached to the top of the elevator
• Gearless traction elevators have the wheel attached directly to
the motor.
• Gearless traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000
feet per minute
• They have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so
they are the only choice for high-rise applications.

Geared Traction Elevators
• As the name implies, the electric motor in this design
drives a gear-type reduction unit
• These elevators typically operate at speeds from 350 to
500 feet per minute (1.7 to 2.5 meters per second)
• Carry loads of up to 30,000 pounds (13,600 kgs)
• An electrically controlled brake between the motor and
the reduction unit stops the elevator
• The maximum travel distance for a geared traction
elevator is around 250 feet.

According to building height
A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):-
Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their
lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):-
Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators
C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):-
Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators
According to elevator location:-
1.Outdoor Elevator (Inclined elevator) 2.Platform Elevator

According to Building types
 Hospital elevators.
 Residential /domestic elevators.
 Industrial elevators.
 Commercial elevators.
 Parking buildings elevators
According to special uses:-
 Handicapped elevator
 Grain elevator

Dumbwaiter
Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry
food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers.
• They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors.
• They usually do not have the same safety features found in
passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy.
• They have a lower capacity, and they can be up to 1 meter
(3 ft) tall.
• Control panels at every stop mimic those found in passenger
elevators, allowing calling, door control and floor selection.
Paternoster
A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a
constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar
concept, called the man lift or human lift,
moves only a small platform, which the rider
mounts while using a handhold seen in multi-
story industrial plants.

Rack-and-pinion elevator
Rack-and-pinion elevator are powered by a motor driving a
pinion gear. Because they can be installed on a building or
structure's exterior and there is no machine room or hoistway
required, they are the most used type of elevator for buildings
under construction (to move materials and tools up and down)
Scissor lift
The scissor lift is yet another type of lift. These are usually mobile work
platforms that can be easily moved to where they are needed, but can
also be installed where space for counter-weights, machine room and so
forth is limited. The mechanism that makes them go up and down is like
that of a scissor jack.

Capsule Passenger Lifts :
Glass capsule elevators is artistically designed to be used in offices,
shopping malls, multiplexes and other prestigious buildings.
• Capsule Lifts are inspired with creative flair to suit your particular
needs.
• Capsule elevators give an upscale, attractive feel to offices, shopping
malls,
• multiplexes and other prestigious buildings.
• They are offered in different sizes, specifications, shapes and capacity
according to the requirements of our clients.

Next Generation Lift
Horizontal + Vertical
• A revolutionary idea, but it’s not just a new elevator
–It’s an exciting new “vertical and horizontal transportation
system”.
• NO CABLES and no traveling cable required
• Application of totally new technologies, like
- Linear motor and drive
- Exchanger, which moves cabin from one shaft to the other
- New materials (light weight cabin & cabin door)
• It’s a shaft-changing cabin system with multiple cabins, running in one shaft
loop.
• However horizontal links between several loops or to a horizontal track is
possible at exchanger levels
• The basic approach is a circulating system (paternoster) with an available cabin
every 15 - 25s
• The safety concept is based on the TWIN know-how, collision prevention and
high level safety features
• Targeted speed: up to 5m/s, extension possible up to 7 m/s
• Ideal with 8 - 10 cabins per side which means 16 - 20 in total in one loop for
600m driveway or 300m height - however not limited

Technical Terms :
ELEVATOR HOISTWAYS: A hoist way is a shaft in which an elevator
travels.
1.Hoistway Enclosure:
The enclosure should have a 2-h fire rating, and hoist way doors and other
opening protective assemblies should have a 11 ⁄2-h rating. should enclose the
hoist way to a height of 8 ft above each floor and above the treads of adjacent
stairways. Openwork enclosures may be used above that level, if openings are
less than 2 in wide or high.
2.Venting of Hoist ways
In significant high-rise-building fires, the elevator hoist ways have served as a
flue for smoke and hot gases generated by fire. The prevailing thought has been
that hoist way venting means could minimize the spread of smoke and hot
gases throughout the building.

Machine Rooms
• If the driving machine is located at the top of the hoist way, other machinery and
equipment for building operation may also be installed in the machine room but
must be separated from the elevator equipment by a substantial metal grille at least
6 ft high.
• In machine rooms at the top of the hoist way, headroom of at least 7 ft above the
floor must be provided. For spaces containing only overhead, secondary, or
deflecting sheaves, headroom may be only 31 ⁄2 ft, but 41 ⁄2 ft is required if the
spaces also contain over speed governors, or other equipment.
Hoist way Doors
• Each opening in a hoist way enclosure for access to elevator cars should be protected
with a 11 ⁄2-h fire-rated door for the full width and height of the opening.
• single-section swinging doors or horizontally sliding doors are used for freight and
passenger elevators and vertically sliding doors are used exclusively for freight
elevators.
• Vision panels of clear wired glass or laminated glass, with an area between 25 and 80
in2 , may be inserted in any type of hoist way door and car door, to enable
passengers in a car to see if passengers at landings are waiting to enter.
• specifically requires such a vision panel to be installed in all horizontally swinging
hoist way doors and in manually operated, self-closing, sliding hoist way doors for
elevators with automatic or continuous-pressure operation.

Guide Rails:
The paths of elevator cars and of counterweights, if used, are controlled by
vertical guide rails installed in the hoist way.
Buffers and Bumpers:
Energy-absorbing devices are required at the bottom of a hoist way to absorb the
impact from a car that descends below its normal limit of travel
Hoist way Dimensions:
The clearance between a car and the hoist way enclosure, for example,
should be at least 3 ⁄4 in. The clearance between the car platform sill and
vertically sliding hoist way doors or the hoist way edge of the landing sill
should be at least 1 ⁄2 in where side door guides are used and 3 ⁄4 in where
corner guides are used, but not more than 11 ⁄12 in. Maximum clearance
between the loading side of the car platform and the hoist way enclosure
generally is 5 in but may be as much as 71 ⁄2 in when vertically sliding hoist
way doors are used.

ELEVATOR CARS
A car consists basically of a platform for transporting passengers and goods. The platform is
raised or lowered by wire ropes or a hydraulic piston or plunger.
Door Controls
Car doors may be horizontally or vertically sliding. They usually are power operated. For safety,
they should be equipped with devices that prevent them from opening while the car is moving
or is outside the landing zones, the space 18 in above and below a landing.
The doors should be kept open for at least 20 s after reopening.
Car Equipment
The interior of the car should be ventilated and illuminated with at least two electric lamps.. In
addition, an emergency electric-lighting power source should be installed, to operate
immediately after failure of the normal power source. Emergency stop switch should be installed
about 35 in above the platform. The height of the highest push button or of a telephone should
not exceed 48 in. A handrail should be provided about 32 in above the floor along the rear car
wall.
An emergency exit should be provided in the roof of each car.

Car Capacities and Sizes:
Cars are rated in accordance with their load-carrying capacity.
For passenger elevators, capacities generally range from 1500 lb for use in apartment buildings to
5000 lb for use in department stores and hospitals. (Approximate capacity in passengers can be
estimated by dividing the rated capacity, in pounds, by 150.)
Capacities of freight elevators usually range from 1500 lb for light duty up to 10,000 lb for general-
purpose work or 20,000 lb for heavy duty.
To obtain the outside dimensions of a car, add 4 in to the clear width (parallel to car
door) and the following to the clear depth:
• 10 in for passenger elevators with center-opening doors or a single sliding door
• 11/12 in for passenger and hospital elevators with two-speed, center opening doors at one end
only
• 19 in for hospital elevators with two-speed front and rear doors
• 7 in for freight elevators with front doors only
• 10 in for freight elevators with front and rear doors

Car Leveling at Landings
Elevator installations should incorporate equipment capable of stopping elevator cars level with landings within a
tolerance of 1⁄2 in under normal loading and unloading conditions. Because changing car loads vary the stretch of
the hoisting ropes, provision should be made to compensate for this variation and keep the car platform level with
the landing. Most elevators employ automatic leveling.
Terminal Stopping Devices
• Emergency terminal speed-limiting device
• Normal terminal stopping device
• Final terminal stopping device
Counterweights
The weight of the counterweight usually is made equal to the weight of the unloaded car and the ropes plus about
40% of the rated load capacity of the car.
Roping for Elevators
• All these ropes should be at least 1⁄2 in in diameter.
• The 1:1 single-wrap roping often is used for high-speed passenger elevators.
• The arrangement, called 2:1 roping, is suitable for heavily loaded, slow freight elevators.

Sky Lobby Zone
A sky lobby is an intermediate interchange floor where people can change from an
express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local elevator which stops at every
floor within a segment of the building.
• For building > 40 levels.
• A group lift with high speed moving lift
without interruption from the floor to
the sky lobby.
• The elevator will move with normal
velocity at the next level.

T6: Elevator Equipment Recommendation

• Traffic is measured by the number of persons requiring service during a
peak 5-min period.
• 𝑛 =
𝑉
𝐻𝐶
=
𝑉𝐼
300𝑝
V = peak traffic, persons in 5 min

Elevators in Single-Purpose Buildings
The maximum 5-min periods may be 13.5 to 16.0% of the population, depending on the type
of occupancy. If traffic volumes are high, occupancy of the building should be carefully
balanced against elevator requirements.
Elevators in Government Buildings
Population density often may be assumed as one person per 140 to 180 ft2 of net area. The
5-min maximum peak occurs in the morning and may be as large as 16% of the population.
Professional-Building Elevators
Since crowding of incapacitated patients is inadvisable, elevators should be of at least 3000-lb capacity. If the
building has a private hospital, then one or two of the elevators should be hospital-type elevators.
Hotel Elevators
The 5-min maximum occurs during checkout hour and can be about 12.5 to 15% of the
estimated population, with traffic moving in both directions.
The service elevator quantity is 50 to 60% of the passenger elevator quantity.
Apartment-Building Elevators
Traffic flow at that time may be 6 to 8% of the building population in a 5-min period
Typically, a 2500-lb elevator with a 9-ft clear ceiling height can be relied on to carry most
furniture.

Function Lif capacity (lbs) Min. Speed
(ft/min.)
Building height (ft)
Office Building
Small size
Medium size
High scale
2500
3000
3500
350 – 400
500 – 600
700
800
1000
0 – 125
126 – 225
226 – 275
276 – 375
> 375
Hotel 2500
3000
Same as above
Hospital 3000
3500
4000
150
200
250 – 300
350 – 400
500 – 600
700
0 – 60
61 – 100
101 – 125
126 – 175
176 – 250
> 250
Residential 2000
2500
100
200
250 – 300
350 - 400
0 – 75
76 – 125
126 – 200
> 200
Commercial 3500
4000
5000
200
250 – 300
350 – 400
500
0 – 100
101 – 150
151 – 200
> 200

Other Information:
• A 3-ft 6-in opening is excellent, because two passengers may conveniently enter
and leave a car abreast.
• Department stores, hospitals, and other structures served by larger passenger
elevators (4000 lb and over) usually require 4-ft door openings.
• In a well-diversified office building, the 5-min peak used is about 12.5% of the
population.
• For busy, high-class office buildings in large cities, time intervals between elevators
may be classified as follows: 26 to 28 s, excellent; between 28 and 30 s, good;
between 30 and 32 s, fair; between 32 and 35 s poor; and over 35 s may be
unsatisfactory. In small cities, however, intervals of 30 s and longer may be
satisfactory.
• For greatest efficiency and lowest cost, elevator group sizes should not exceed six
elevators, with four elevators per group as a more practical approach.
• Since one cannot guarantee equal use of the two groups, each group should be
designed to handle 60 to 65% of the traffic
• Buildings of up to 500,000 or 600,000 gross square feet frequently have only a
single service elevator, whereas larger buildings are provided with two or more
separate service cabs.

Arrangement pattern & spatial effect of Vertical circulation:
(ELEVATOR)
ARRANGEMENT TWO-CAR GROUPING
•Side-by-side arrangement is best
•Passenger face both cars& can react immediately
•AVOID separation of elevators
•EXCESSIVE separation destroy advantages of group
operation
THREE-CAR GROUPING
•3 cars in a row is PREFERRABLE
•2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable
•PROBLEM: location of elevator call button

(ELEVATOR)
Arrangement Four-Car
Grouping
•commonly in large, busier buildings
•2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most
efficient
Six-Car Grouping
•found in large office buildings, public
buildings & hospitals
•provide quantity & quality
•3-opposite-3 position is PREFERRED
•dimension of the LOBBY must not be less
than 3m or 3.6m if function as a
passageway
Arrangement Eight-Car
Grouping
•the largest PRACTICAL group
•4-opposite-4 arrangement

(ELEVATOR)
Express Elevator:
• fastest elevator
• interval stoppage: specific floor
• interval time: 33 ft/s(World Trade Centre)
54 ft/s (Taipei 101)
Local Elevator:
• normal speedy elevator
• interval stoppage: each floor
• interval time: up to 10 ft/s

ELEVATOR
1.Central Core
(ELEVATOR)
Elevator position preferable in
centre &Horizontal circulation is
easier
Petronas Twin Tower 43th floor plan

ELEVATOR
2.Split Core
(ELEVATOR)
• Individual elevator layout position
according to using purpose
• Horizontal circulation is not
easier
Commerce Bank Frankfurt
Norman Foster & Partners

ELEVATOR
3.End Core
(ELEVATOR)
Horizontal circulation is not
easier

ELEVATOR
4.Atrium Core
(ELEVATOR)

ESCALATORS
Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when it is necessary to move large numbers of people
from floor to floor. They provide continuous movement of persons and can thus remedy
traffic conditions that are not readily addressed by elevators. Escalators should be viewed as
preferred transportation systems whenever heavy traffic volumes are expected between
relatively few floors. Escalators are used to connect airport terminals, parking.
Maximum rise 21 ft 4 in (NCE model)
Dimensions for Escalators
• Minimum depth of tread in direction of travel—153⁄4 in
• Maximum rise between treads—81⁄2 in
• Minimum width of tread—24 in
• Maximum width of tread—40 in
• Maximum clearance between tread and adjacent skirt panel—3⁄8 in
• Maximum distance between handrail centerlines—width between balustrades plus 6 in
with not more than 3 in on either side of the escalator
Escalator Speeds and Capacities
Escalators typically operate at 90 or 120 ft /min, as needed for peak traffic.

Standard escalator widths are 32 and 48 in. Manufacturers rate their 90-ft /min units at
corresponding capacities of 5000 and 8000 persons per hour, although observed capacities,
even in heavy traffic, rarely exceed 2000 and 4000 persons per hour, respectively. Although
120-ft /min escalators will move about 30% more volume, they are rarely specified because
of the potential for adverse litigation.
Structural Considerations in Escalator Installation
Floor-to-floor height should be taken into account in determining loads on supporting
members. Generally for floor-to-floor heights of less than 20 ft, the escalator truss need be
supported only at top and bottom. Increased vertical rise can create the need for
intermediate support points. A structural frame should be installed around the escalator well
to carry the floor and well way railing.

WHAT IS BUILDING SERVICES?
• Imagine yourself in the most fabulous building in the world. Now take away
the lighting, heating and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, acoustics,
plumbing, power supply and energy management systems, the security
and safety systems...and you are left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell.
o Everything inside abuilding which makes it safe and comfortable to be in
comes under the title of Building Services'. A building must do what it was
designed to do - not just provide shelter but also be an environment where
people can live, work and achieve.
Building services are “what makes a Building come to life”. . . .
They include:
o energy supply -gas ,electricity and renewable sources
o heating and air conditioning
o water, drainage and plumbing
o natural and artificial lighting, and building facades
o escalators and lifts
o ventilation and refrigeration
o communication lines, telephones and IT networks
o security and alarm systems
o fire detection and protection

Service:
Simply state that service is defined as those part of a building that consists of
the service lift, fire stair, Toilet, M&E service riser duct .
Element of Service :
1. TOILET
2. FIRE STAIR.
3. SERVICE/FIRE
ELEVATOR
4. RISER DUCT
1.Escape stair
2.Service lift
3.Lift lobby
4.Lavatories
5.Service
rooms
6.Combi-offices
7. Team offices

1. TOILET
2. PLUMBING
3. DUCTING
4.
SERVICE/FI
RE LIFT
5. FIRE STAIR
PLAN: SEARS TOWER
Elements of service :

PLUMBING
o Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures
installed for the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and
washing, and waterborne waste removal. "Plumbing" also refers to the
skilled trade which installs and maintains it.
o The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every
developed economy.[1] The word derives from the Latin plumbing for
lead, as the first effective pipes used in Roman era were lead pipes.
o "Plumbing" often denotes the supply and waste system of an individual
building, distinguishing it from water supply and sewage systems that
serve a group of buildings.
Plumbing System
• The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:
• potable cold and hot tap water supply
• plumbing drainage venting
• sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat
recycling and gray water recovery and treatment systems
• Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage[relevant? – discuss]
• fuel gas piping
• hydronic, i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport
thermal energy, as in district heating systems, like for example the New
York City steam system.

Ducted Distributionof Services
• Service duct require careful planning and should be
considered at an early stage in the design of a building.
• Accommodation of the plant and the layout of services are
the two essential factors in design.
• It is usual to need some 7 – 10% of the total floor area for
plant spaces and ducts.
• The purpose :
• conceal the services and to facilitate inspection,
repair and alterations.
• Helps to reduce noise
• Protects the services from damage

Important of unified system of services distribution
• Most services can be run in common ducts except flammable
liquids and gases
• The pattern of distribution of services is considered as a
whole in relation to the building planning
• 3 different categories of services run having different
requirements for patterns of distribution:
• Wells and flues
• Pipes and ventilation trucking's
• Electrical cables
• Stair and lift wells run vertically through buildings. They do
not required linkage with services at each floor level but
prevent an obstacle to horizontal distribution of other
services

Arrangement pattern & spatial effect of Service:
(RISER DUCT)
• Duct layout should be near of toilet block for cost
effective ducting
• Duct shaft should be included maintenance door

Verticalducts & Undergroundducts
• Vertical ducts: dimensions are
often found varied due to lack
of planning in the design
process
• Underground ducts: would
conflict with columns and
foundations in construction

(TOILET)
• Toilet layout should be in service core
• Toilet block should be near of riser duct
• Block position is located in a place so
that people can use it without access in
lift lobby
TOILET

STAIR & FIRE
EXIT
1.Central Core
(STAIR & FIRE EXIT)
Easily escape for central
position & mechanical lighting

2.Split Core
STAIR & FIRE EXIT
(STAIR & FIRE EXIT)
More easily escape for split
position

3.End Core
STAIR & FIRE EXIT
(STAIR & FIRE EXIT)
Easily escape for end
position

4.Atrium Core
STAIR & FIRE EXIT
(STAIR & FIRE EXIT)

SERVICE ELEVATOR
1.Central Core
FIRE ELEVATOR
(SERVICE & FIRE ELEVATOR)

2.Split Core
SERVICE
ELEVATOR
FIRE ELEVATOR

3.End Core
SERVICE
ELEVATOR
FIRE ELEVATOR

Ventilating is the process of replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality ( to control
temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria and
carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce
outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air.
Types of ventilation:
1. Natural ventilation: occurs when the air in a space is
changed with outdoor air without the use of mechanical
systems, such as a fan. Most often natural ventilation is
assured through operable windows. Open windows or
vents are not a good choice for ventilating a basement or
other below ground structure. Allowing outside air into a
cooler below ground space will cause problems with
humidity and condensation.
2. Mechanical ventilation: an air handling unit or
direct injection to a space by a fan. A local exhaust fan
can enhance infiltration or natural ventilation, thus
increasing the ventilation air flow rate.
3. Mixed Mode Ventilation: both mechanical and
natural ventilation processes.
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
VENTILATION

Preferable ventilation: Mechanical.
Preferable ventilation: Natural.
Preferable ventilation: Natural.
Preferable ventilation: Natural & Mechanical
Core and ventilation

1.Central Core
4.Atrium Core3.End Core
2.Split Core
Mechanical Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
& Mechanical Ventilation
Arrangement pattern & ventilation:

Core size and daylight satisfication:
Assessment:
Larger light well ensures much satisfaction.

Building shape and lighting
Example:

Fire fighting lobby ventilation

Ventilation requirement:
Equation to calculate:
#For 5000 occupancy needed ventilation .375cfm for per sq ft.
#If the area is 30000 sq ft required ventilation is 11250 cfm
#High-rise Residential – for habitable areas not ventilated with Natural Ventilation,
cfm=(0.06 cfm/ft2 + 5 cfm/occ).
"Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality" (7.5 L/s per person). In
this case (a one bedroom suite for 2
people in a high-rise) a minimum of
30cfm (15 Lls)
continuous ventilation supply is required plus
an intermittent exhaust capacity of 100 cfm
(50LIs) for the kitchen.
Ventilation Capacity - Code Considerations

B. Fixed Minimum Damper Set point
C. Dual Minimum Set point Design
D. Energy Balance Method
E. Return Fan Tracking (ASHRAE standard)
F. Airflow Measurement of the Entire outdoor air Inlet(acceptable)
G. Injection Fan Method
H. Dedicated Minimum Ventilation Damper with Pressure Control
Ventilation System Operation and Controls
A. Outdoor Ventilation Air and VAV Systems
A
D E F
HG

Lighting
Commerzbank: Frankfurt, Germany, Noman Foster
• The Central atrium, free of structuralmembers, was
essential to provide light
• Both vertically, from the glass roof at the atrium’s top &
horizantally, from
• The winter garden facades to the office across the atrium

Activity Lux Footcandles
Direct Sunlight 32000–100000 2300 - 9300 (approx)
Daylight (not sun) 10000–25000 930 - 2300 (approx)
Full moon (clear) 1 0.1
Kitchen ambient 108 10
Kitchen task 538 50
Dining 54 5
Living Space 54 5
Living Space (task) 323 30
Desk lighting 431 40
Bedroom ambient 54 5
Bedroom reading 431 40
Bedroom dressing table 431 40
Bathroom ambient 54 5
Bathroom task 323 30
Laundry 323 30
Circulation 54 5
Sewing 538 50
Garage/Workshop 108 10
Small detailed task 1076 100
Lighting Calculation
Lumen
A lumen (symbol lm) is a measure of the total
amount of light visible light emitted by a source
in any particular direction. That's keeping it
simple. For a more precise definition Wikipedia
can tell you more about what a lumen is.
Lux - the metric system
Lux is a measure of illuminance which basically
means it's a measure of how much light there is
over a given surface area. One Lux (lx) is equal
to one lumen per square meter.
1 lx = 1 lm/m2
Footcandle - the imperial system
Footcandle is also a measure of illuminance for
those of you who prefer to work in feet. One
Footcandle (fc) is equal to one lumen per
square foot.
1 fc = 1 lm/ft2

Lighting Calculations
How Many Fittings are Required for a Room The utilization factor table and a few simple formulas
allow us to calculate the number of fittings required for any room.
Step1: Understand the utilization factor table that is available on most fittings
Step2: Calculate Room Index (K)
K = L x W ; Hm (L+W)
Where:
L = Room Length ; W = Room Width
Hm = Mounting Height of Fitting (from working plane)
Step3: Using the room index and reflectance values in the utilization factor table.
Step4: To calculate the number of fittings required use the following formula:
N =E x A
F x uF x LLF
Where:
N = Number of Fittings E = Lux Level Required on Working Plane
A = Area of Room (L x W) F = Total Flux (Lumens) from all the Lamps in one Fitting
UF = Utilisation Factor from the Table for the Fitting to be Used
LLF = Light Loss Factor. This takes account of the depreciation over time of lamp output and dirt
accumulation on the fitting and walls of

Example:
Consider the below fig as small office room length is12 m, width is8 m & height of the room is3.5 m.
Lux required for the work area is150 lux & consider the36 watts lamb.
Lamp mounting in fall ceiling at height of3m. Calculate the no of lamp required ?
Formula: N= (E X A)/ (F X UF X LLF)
K= (L X W) / Hm ( L + W)
= (12 X8) /3 X (12 +8)
K =1.6
From the first table of utilization factor table
find the value of U.F. for the corresponding K value
UF = 0.52 (FOR k=1.6) X O.7 (REFLECTANCE
VALUE FOR CEILING)
UF =0.364
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR VALUE ( LLF)= 0.8
(For Air conditioned office)
N= (E X A)/ (F X UF X LLF)
= (150 X96) / (3000 X0.364 X0.8)
N =16.48=16 Nos.

Case study :
Babylonia, Dhaka
Shanta western tower, Dhaka

Babylonia:
Project name: Babylonia
Architect: Mustapha Khalid Palash
Location: Bir Uttam Mir Shawkat Sarak,
Tejgoan
Land area: 40 katha, 28818 sq.ft
Occupancy type: commercial
Building stories: 12 stories +3 basement
No of floor: 15
Size of spaces: 4363-14566 sq.ft
No of lift: 5
Car parking :128+

Vertical Circulation & Services:
1. Elevator
2. Stair
3. Fire Stair
4. Toilet
5. Fire & Service Elevator
6. Riser Duct
5.6.
Core Type: End Core
Ventilation Type: Natural Ventilation

Shanta western tower, Dhaka
Project name: Shanta western tower
Architect: Mustapha Khalid Palash
Location: Bir Uttam Mir Shawkat Sarak,
Tejgoan
Occupancy type: commercial
Building stories: 14 stories + 3 basement
No of floor: 17
No of lift: 7
Car parking :333+

WEST PARTSOUTH PART
NORTH PARTEAST PART
2
1
Central core:
Mechanical ventilation
Vertical Circulation & Services:
1
22
3 3
4
5 5
5 5
1 .Lift Lobby
2. Fire Exit
3. Toilet Block
4. Fire & Service Elevator
5. Riser Duct

Building: Genzyme Center
Architects: Behnisch Architekten
Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
(North Latitude)

Table-1
Business and Mercantile
Business and Mercantile
(Occupancy type‐B)
Shops, department store
1 car parking per 200 m²
gross area
Restaurants
1 car parking per 1000 ft²
gross area
Office
gross area
Other
gross area
Assembly Theater or auditorium 1 car parking per 20 seats
Parking

For a 4 storied commercial building,
Let the total area of the building 14600 sq.m
The area of ground floor (departmental stores and shops) ( for per 200 m² 1 car parking is required) :5000 sq.m = 53,819 sq. ft
The area of 1st floor (office ( for per 200 m² 1 car parking is required) : 3500 + 500 sq.m = (37,673 +5,400)sq.ft
+restaurant ) ( for per 100 m² 1 car parking is required)
The area of 2nd floor (office) ( for per 200 m² 1 car parking is required) : 5000 sq.m = 53,819sq. ft
The area of 3rd floor (auditorium) ( for per 20 seats 1 car parking is required) : 600 sq.m = 6,458 sq. ft (300 seats )
Total area : 14600 sq.m = 157169 sq. ft
So the number of parkings –
For ground floor = 5000/200 = 25 cars
For 1st floor = 3500/200+ 500/100 = 22.5 cars = 23
cars
For 2nd floor = 5000/200 = 25 cars
For 3rd floor = 300/20 = 15 cars
Total = 88 cars

Ramp break over angle
Angleofapproach
Angleofdeparture
Angle of departure
Max 10 Degree
To reduce incident of
tailpipe and rear bumping
dragging.
Angle of approaches
Max 15 Degree

Ramp break over angle
• Gradient

Minimum width and length of parking aisle (car type):
Parking angle
to
aisle
One way traffic Two way traffic
Bay on
one side
Bay on
both side
Bays on one or
both sides
0°(parallel) 11.5’ 13’ 14’
45° 13’ 13’ 14’
90°
(perpendicula
r)
14’ 14’ 14’
Car type Parking width Parking length
Normal car (for each ) 2.4 m
7.8 ft
4.6 m
15 ft
2 wheel motor bike
(for each)
1.0 m
3.28 ft
2.0 m
6.56 ft
Minimum width of driveway :
Onewaybothsidebay
Twowaybothsidebay

• A single helix (two-way) arrangement
should be limited to five or six levels
because of the number of turns
required to pass all parking spaces.
• For a double threaded helix (one-
way), arrangements allow for a
vehicle to circulate up and then back
down without making a U-turn at the
top.

Stair
Stair
Circulation from Basement
Toilet

• For using parking ramp ,the maximum required slope is 1: 8.
In front of ramp 4.25 m horizontal space is required. but it is not applicable for arising .75m height.
• For one way traffic the minimum width of the ramp will be 3 m. for two way traffic the minimum
width
of the ramp will be 4.25m and for others minimum width of the ramp will be 6 m.
• For 10 m of front lengthen land there should me only one entry and exit way.
• In car parking, car lift can be used as an alternative of ramp.
• For residential site minimum 100 car parking and for other site 50 car parking is required for
these
parking separate traffic margin lane and holding bay must be required.
• The clear height between parking place and ramp will be at least 2.25m.
• In the place of car parking car lift can be built in stead of ramp for movement.
• For maximum 4 no of cars, if necessary the angular parking from the ramp can
be considered by the following conditions:
1. 45° parking is required.
2. parking is not allowed around 15 m bus stand.
3. Parking is not allowed around 25m of any road junction or across footpath.
4. parking must not be allowed at national highway.
RULES AND REGULATION ON PARKING (ACCORDING TO BNBC) :

Thank YouMy Building will be my Legacy, they will speak for me long
After I m gone…
- Julia Morgan
Group A
Salim, Effti, Amitabh, Ariful, Raja
Department of Architecture
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200
Bangladesh

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