A PowerPoint Presentation On Superstructure created by kuntan

1. PROJECT - Construction of superstructure
Group-c

2. Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together with
mortar.
Classification of stone masonry
Stone masonry
Rubble masonry
1. Randam rubble masonry
- Coursed - uncoursed
2. Square rubble masonry
- Coursed - uncoursed
3. Polygonal rubble masonry
4. Flint rubble masonry
5. Dry rubble masonry
Ashlar masonry
1. Ashlar fine masonry
2. Ashlar rough tooled
3. Rock (or) quarry faced
4. Ashlar chamfered
5. Ashlar block in course

3. Random rubble masonry
 Coursed
 In this type of masonry, the stones used are of
widely different sizes. This is the roughest and
cheapest form of stone masonry.
 In coursed random rubble masonry, the
masonry work is carried out in courses such
that the stones in a particular course are of
equal height.
 Uncoursed
In this type of masonry, the stones used are
of widely different sizes. This is the roughest
and cheapest form of stone masonry.
In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the
courses are not maintained regularly. The
larger stones are laid first and the spaces
between them are then filled up by means of
spalls or sneaks.

4. Square rubble masonry
 Coursed
In this type of masonry stones having
straight bed and sides are used. The stones
are usually squared and brought to hammer
dressed or straight cut finish.
In the coursed square rubble masonry, the
work is carried out in courses of varying
depth.
 Uncoursed
In this type of masonry stones having
straight bed and sides are used. The stones
are usually squared and brought to hammer
dressed or straight cut finish.
In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the
different sizes of stones having straight
edges and sides are arranged on face in
several irregular patterns.

5. Polygonal rubble masonry
In this type of rubble masonry, the stones
are hammer dressed. The stones used for
face work are dressed in an irregular
polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are
seen running in an irregular fashion in all
directions.
Flint rubble masonry
In this type of masonry, stone used are flints
or cobbles. These are irregularly shaped
nodules of silica. The stones are extremely
hard. But they are brittle and therefore they
break easily.
Dry rubble masonry
In this type of masonry, mortar is not used
in the joints. This type of construction is the
cheapest and requires more skill in
construction. This may be used for non-load
bearing walls such as compound walls, etc…

6. ASHLAR MASONRY
1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY
In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut
to uniform size and shape with all sides
rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly
horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining
stone. This type of ashlar masonry is very
costly.
Ashlar rough tooled masonry
In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and
sides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is
made rough by means of tools. A strip, about
25mm wide and made by means of chisel is
provided around the perimeter of the rough
dressed face of each stone.
Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry
In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about
25mm wide and made by means of chisel is
provided around the perimeter of every
stone as in case of rough-tooled ashlor
masondry. But the remaining portion of the
face is left in the same form as received from
quarry.

7. Ashlar chamfered masonry
In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as
below. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45
degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm.
Ashlar back in course masonry
This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar
masonry. In this type of masondry, the face work is
provided with rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and
backing of the wall may be made in rubble masonry.

8. Brick Masonry
Brick masonry is the process of constructing a building from individual bricks laid in a
specific pattern and bound together, usually by mortar.
Bonds in Brick Masonry

9. Brick Laying
Striking And Raking Of Joints

10. Lead And Lift
Most joint finishes, that are tooled with
a jointer or trowel, are carried out at the
end of laying every course or two. The
exception is the raked joint that may be
left for a couple of hours.
At the end of each day all work should be
cleaned down with a stiff brush. A piece
of hessian bag or other material may be
used to remove any marks from the wall
first.
Precautions In Brick Masonry

11. Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the
water penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of
wetting is sufficient.
• A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork.
Vertical joints
shouldn't be continuous but staggered.
• The joint thickness shouldn't exceed 1cm. It should be thoroughly
filled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume)
• All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on
top(depression on top of the brick for providing bond with mortar).
• Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment,
verticality and horizontality of construction.
• Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float,
to provide good bond.
• A maximum of one meter wall height should be
constructed in a day.
• Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days

12. Tools And Plants Used In Brick Masonry
You've heard it said many times, having the right tools makes any
job easier. Before you start, there are some basic tools and
equipment you'll need. These tools may change depending on the
type of job, but generally, the following tools are required when
building a masonry wall.

13. Comparison Between Brick And Stone Masonry

14. Hollow concrete block Masonry
Concrete masonry blocks have been in existence for centuries.
Revolutionary changes in manufacturing technology and material
sciences have made multi sized, shaped, colors and textured blocks
a reality. They are used as both structural and non-structural
components and have been the preferred building blocks in the w
eastern world. They are fast replacing traditional bricks and other
masonry products in India
too.

15. Composite
Composite masonry is the one which is
constructed out of building units or of
different types of building materials

16. What is ‘DOOR’?
Door, which is a
frame-work of
timber, glass,
steel
combination of
these material, a
connecting link
between various
internal parts in
a building unit.

17. PANELLED
DOOR
A door constructed with panels, usually shaped
topattern, installed between
the stiles and rails that form the outside frame of
the door.

18. TYPES OF DOORS
GLAZED DOOR-Glazed door , which gives very
good elevational effects, uses in posh residential
building.
BATTENED DOOR- Battened door, which is a
simplest type of door shutter, is economical than
other doors as workmanship involved in it is very
small. Battens are 100 - 150mm wide & 20 - 30mm
thick.
COLLAPSIBLE DOOR-Collapsible door, which
may be fabricated in form single/two shutters,
consists of vertical mild steel channels 16 - 20mm
wide, a vertical gape 12 – 20mm.
ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER-Rolling steel
shutter , which is capable of being rolled up &
causes no obstruction when open, is usually
provided for garages, shops, godowns etc.
P.V.C. DOOR- P.V.C door uses bathroom, shops
etc.
REVOLVING DOOR-Revolving door, which is
incoming & out going door, is provided in big
hostels, banks etc.

19.  A louver is a window blind or shutter with
horizontal slats that are angled to admit
light and air, but to keep out rain, direct
sunshine, and noise. The angle of the slats
may be adjustable, usually in blinds and
windows, or fixed.[1] Modern louvers are
often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or
glass. They may be opened and closed with a
metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized
operators.
 Glazing can be mounted on the surface of
a window sash or door stile, usually made
of wood, aluminium or PVC. The glass is
fixed into a rabbet (rebate) in the frame in a
number of ways including triangular glazing
points, putty, etc..
 Glazing is commonly used in low
temperature solar thermal collectors
because it helps retain the collected heat.

20.  Sliding windows are becoming increasingly
popular because they are easy to operate and
do not occupy space either on the interior or
on the exterior. There are several series
ranging from two-track to four-track. They
are capable to being fabricated in heights
ranging from a standard 4' to as high as
10'.The windows have very sophisticated
facilities such as interlocking sections,
grooves for weather strip, provisions for
fixing.
 The process of removing used air by fresh air
from buildings and spaces is called
ventilation. This is done by Natural or
Artificial methods.

21. Vertical communication is also called as two-way
communication because in this communication, the management can
give directives and send information downward and in addition receive
periodic information from subordinates about the effectiveness of their
directives and the progress of the organization.
Stair case Elevator Ramp

22. Requirement Of Good Staircase

23.  1.LOCATION:--It should be so located that sufficient light and ventilation is ensured in the
stairway. If possible should be located centrally so as to be easily accessible from the different
corner of the building.
 2. WIDTH OF A STAIR:--Width of the stair varies with the situation and the purpose for
which it is provided. In public building where there is a regular traffic of people using the stair
way ,it's width should be sufficient while in a residential building it may be just the
minimum. The usually adopted average value of the stair width for public and residential
building is 1.8m and 80 cm respectively.
 3.LENGTH OF FLIGHT:-- For the comfortable ascent of stair way the number of step in the
flight should be restricted to a maximum of 12 and minimum of 3.
 4.PITCH OF STAIR :--The pitch of long stair should be made flatter by introducing landings
to make the ascent less tiresome and less dangerous. In general, the slope of stair never exceed
40degree and should not be flatter than 25degree.
 5.HEAD ROOM:--The head room or the clear distance between the tread and the soffit of the
flight immediately above it should not be less than 2.14m
 6.MATERIAL:--The stair should preferably be constructed of materials which possess fire
resisting qualities.
 7.BALUSTRADE:--The open well stairs should be provided with balustrade so as to minimize
the danger of accidents.
 8.LANDING:--The width of the landing should not be less than the width of stair.
 9.WINDERS:--The introduction of winders in stair should be avoided as far as possible. They
are liable to be dangerous and involve extra expense in the construction. They are difficult to
carpet and are especially unsuitable for public buildings, However where the winders cannot
be dispensed with, they should preferably be provided near the lower end of the flight.
 10.STEP PROPORTIONS:-- The rise and tread of every step in a stair should be uniform
dimensions throughout. The ratio of the going and the rise ,of the step should be so
proportioned as to ensure a comfortable access to the stair way.

24. Types Of Staircase

25. Fabricated Stair

26. SCAFOLTING AND SHOARING
TYPE -
A number of patented shoring systems have been developed with adjustable legs which
eliminate cutting, close fitting, and wedging. Figure 3 shows schematic diagram of one such
device.
Figure 1 - Shoring system with adjustable legs
Figure 1 shows a picture where this device is being utilized.
Figure 2 - Application of shoring system with adjustable legs
Scaffold-Type Shoring
Tubular steel form scaffolding was first designed to support loads imposed by the workers
getting to the work area. Since the system of jacks in the tubular steel scaffolding makes it
easy to adjust and level elevations, it is often used as a support for formwork. Since it is a
modular assembly, it makes it an attractive option for rapid utilization for formwork support.

27. Shoring and underpinning
1.The stability of a structure is endangered due to removal of a defective portion of the structure.
2.The stability of a structure is endangered due to unequal settlement during construction itself or in long
run.
3.Certain alterations are to be done in present structure itself. Eg: remodeling of walls, changing position of
windows,etc.
• Alterations are carried out in adjacent building for remodeling, strengthening of foundation, etc
Frame Shoring Safety Rule
• POST THESE SHORING SAFETY RULES - in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect,
dismantle or use shoring frame are aware of them.
•FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS - pertaining to shoring
•A SHORING LAYOUT - shall be available on the jobsite at all time.
•INSPECT ERECTED SHORING AND FORMING – a) immediately prior to pour, b) During pour, c) After pour
until concrete is set.
•CONSULT YOUR SHORING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER WHEN IN DOUBT - shoring is his business .