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1. 交通部觀光局交通部觀光局 100100 年東部地區導遊人員年東部地區導遊人員
課程課程
台灣住民之美台灣住民之美
Languages and Cultures of Taiwan
Akiyo Pahalaan 黃 東秋
美言巧語從我做起、好山好水大家歡喜美言巧語從我做起、好山好水大家歡喜
Institute & Department of ForeignInstitute & Department of Foreign
Languages & CulturesLanguages & Cultures
佛光大學 外國語言與文化學系 主任兼所長佛光大學 外國語言與文化學系 主任兼所長
Language Instruction CentreLanguage Instruction Centre
語言教育中心 主任語言教育中心 主任
英國英國 雷汀大學雷汀大學 （（ The University of Reading, Great BritainThe University of Reading, Great Britain ））
語言與讀寫能力國家中心語言與讀寫能力國家中心 （（ National Centre for Language and LiteracyNational Centre for Language and Literacy ）） 博士博士
E-mail:E-mail: akiyo@mail.ndhu.edu.twakiyo@mail.ndhu.edu.tw ; tchuang@mail.fgu.edu.tw; tchuang@mail.fgu.edu.tw
3. Fai-aw,
Faki-aw
Ato Kita
Sali-kaka a Ma-polong,
Nga’ay ho! Mamanay aca
1.Hiyo hiyo hohayan
haoway hahay! (Creator and
my dear ancestors. Come down and let’s
enjoy your knowledge and wisdom)
2. Hi, hay-hahay! (Yes!
Please!)
6. Pa-lecad-en to tanestes no
‘alilis ko mami-tao’-ay.
身為智者必須對社會的變化有
敏銳的察覺力及深刻的解讀力 !
Knowledge is different from wisdom. The former is obtained
from receiving education; the latter is achieved through
congenital inheritance or natural endowment.
Being a leader,Being a leader,
one must followone must follow
the capacity ofthe capacity of
the flying eagle.the flying eagle.
7.
8.
9. O Hohayan a ‘oripO Hohayan a ‘orip/ Sagacity of Life/ Sagacity of Life
O likat (a) no folad ko lakelaw noO likat (a) no folad ko lakelaw no
ma-to’as-ay mi-talakal to mangcelma-to’as-ay mi-talakal to mangcel
微弱的月光獵山羌微弱的月光獵山羌 ,, 耆老展雄風耆老展雄風
O likat (a) no folad ko lakelaw noO likat (a) no folad ko lakelaw no
siningkay mala-holol i lakelalsiningkay mala-holol i lakelal
RomanticRomantic 的月光編織了青少年的夢想的月光編織了青少年的夢想
Hohoyan na hoyan hoiyanHohoyan na hoyan hoiyan
Hoiyan hohayan ho iya hohohayanHoiyan hohayan ho iya hohohayan
10. Taiwan is a multiracial,Taiwan is a multiracial,
multicultural, and multilingualmulticultural, and multilingual
diverse society (diverse society (Wright, 1998Wright, 1998).).
The circumstances have forcedThe circumstances have forced
everyone to learn from eacheveryone to learn from each
other in order to form positiveother in order to form positive
relationships with people fromrelationships with people from
various cultural backgrounds.various cultural backgrounds.
12. Within a multicultural society,Within a multicultural society,
education needs to affirm and helpeducation needs to affirm and help
students understand their home andstudents understand their home and
community languages and cultures.community languages and cultures.
( 費 孝通 教授 箴言 )
1990 年提出 ' 各美其美、美人之美
、美美與共、天下大同 ' 的社會
Developing Policy and Programs for Multicultural Art Education: CurriculumDeveloping Policy and Programs for Multicultural Art Education: Curriculum
and Instruction Responsive to Cultural Diversityand Instruction Responsive to Cultural Diversity
Sandra C. DilgerSandra C. Dilger
Art EducationArt Education, Vol. 47, No. 4, Cultural University (Jul., 1994), pp. 49-53 (article, Vol. 47, No. 4, Cultural University (Jul., 1994), pp. 49-53 (article
consists of 5 pages)consists of 5 pages)
Published by:Published by: National Art Education AssociationNational Art Education Association
13. The diversity of languages
and cultures
allows for much greater
adaptability, flexibility and
creativity(Crystal, 1999).
14. ContentsContents
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Aboriginal languages and cultures
• The folk songs/ Ballads/Food
• Conclusion
• Six Different Ethnic Elders at
National Dong Hwa University
15. AbstractAbstract
• Taiwan lies midway between Japan
and the Philippines. Because of the
rich natural resources and the
attractive geographical location close
to the Malayan Archipelago, the
Chinese mainland, and Japan, Taiwan
has attracted diverse peoples and
nationalities through the centuries.
• Food specialities interest most people.
16. IntroductionIntroduction
• History is like a mirror, we can use it to
reflect the past and predict the future.
Taiwan's unique topographical and
geographical position, and its ethnic and
linguistic diversity are the factors which
constitute its uniqueness in history.
• The people of Taiwan are made up of
two main different ethnic groups: Han
& Austronesian(Fine for being
drunk ).
17. The Han Chinese consists of theThe Han Chinese consists of the
Hoklo speakers, the Hakka people andHoklo speakers, the Hakka people and
the Honourable citizens, but it wouldthe Honourable citizens, but it would
be much better to identify them asbe much better to identify them as
former residents and latter inhabitantsformer residents and latter inhabitants
in order to differentiate the newin order to differentiate the new
residents and the original peoples,residents and the original peoples, 1414
official-recognized aboriginalofficial-recognized aboriginal
ethnicities of Taiwanethnicities of Taiwan..
18. Aboriginals’ languages and culturesAboriginals’ languages and cultures
• Although some scholars have suggested that
Taiwan is the original homeland of all
Austronesian peoples (Li, Paul 1995: 1-16),
noting the rule-of-thumb “greatest diversity is
found at the origin”, Taiwan’s aboriginal
peoples are believed to have come from the
Malay archipelago or the south-eastern coast of
the Asian continent in different waves about
8,000 years ago at the earliest and less than
2,000 years ago at the latest (Chang, 1995; Li,
1979, 1992, 1995; Tsao, 1999b).
19. There are 14 official-recognizedThere are 14 official-recognized
ethnicities of Taiwan, the names ofethnicities of Taiwan, the names of
which are Amis, Atayal, Paiwan,which are Amis, Atayal, Paiwan,
Bunun, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Rukai,Bunun, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Rukai,
Tau, Thao, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya,Tau, Thao, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya,
and Seediq. Numbering 484,000 inand Seediq. Numbering 484,000 in
2007, they represent nowadays less2007, they represent nowadays less
than 2% of the total population ofthan 2% of the total population of
Taiwan (http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat).Taiwan (http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat).
(A proportion similar to the minorities of Australia or(A proportion similar to the minorities of Australia or
Canada in regard to their population)Canada in regard to their population)
20. The culture and language ofThe culture and language of
every ethnic group on this islandevery ethnic group on this island
is a crystallization of ancestralis a crystallization of ancestral
wisdom, a priceless asset thatwisdom, a priceless asset that
should be preserved.should be preserved.
21. 真人互動
!
真心、、
真誠、、
純真、純真、
的分享與
互動
Tayra kita mi-paliw, tayra kita mi-
radom,
i tira i Tarawadaw!
Tayra kita mi-paliw, tayra kita mi-
radom,
sapa-nanom to ka-nanam-an!
Aciya iraay sa ci kaka ako!
Aciya iraay sa ci safa ako!
Matawa-ay titanan a mitala,
Fangcalay a romi’ad sa anini!
Hoiyan na iya hohohayan,
Hoiyan na iya hohohayan!
Narowan to iya naya ho,
Hoiyan na hohayyan!
22. The Amis
The largest community of
aboriginal peoples are the Amis
ethnicity. With a population of
182,685 (2010), they form over
38% of the aboriginal peoples
living in Taiwan and Orchid Isle.
The two most impressive
characteristics of the Amis tribe
are the matrilineal society and
their social organization through
male work ranks.
23.
24. Sipihinhin sipihonhon, sipihin naronaro, sipihin
naronaro Sipihinhin sipihonhon
Kasoy-ay to ‘araway, kasoy-ay to ‘araway,
Hacowa i ‘araw-en no tao kina tireng.
Dateng-ay to tamana, dateng-ay to tamana,
Hacowa i tanam-en no tao kina tireng.
Safel-ay to tatokem, safel-ay to tatokem,
Hacowa i kemkem-en no tao kina tireng.
阿美族人結婚三步曲
27. Ira saca ko ‘icep, facidol, ato kamayaIra saca ko ‘icep, facidol, ato kamaya
i lomaloma’an no Pangcah.i lomaloma’an no Pangcah.
檳榔、麵包樹和毛柿是阿美族人的家檳榔、麵包樹和毛柿是阿美族人的家
居環境特徵之一。居環境特徵之一。
The planting of betel-nut trees,The planting of betel-nut trees,
breadfruit trees, and persimmonbreadfruit trees, and persimmon
around the house is a particulararound the house is a particular
feature of Amis life.feature of Amis life.
30. Sa cilemed saca ko fafahiyan toSa cilemed saca ko fafahiyan to
“Palecaden to ka tomireng no ‘icep“Palecaden to ka tomireng no ‘icep
ko tanektek no tireng no fa’inay noko tanektek no tireng no fa’inay no
mako”.mako”.
婦女們讚嘆著部落男士如同檳榔樹婦女們讚嘆著部落男士如同檳榔樹
一樣『頂天立地、一柱擎天』。一樣『頂天立地、一柱擎天』。
Women are always expecting thatWomen are always expecting that
males in the villages must be as toughmales in the villages must be as tough
as the stability of the betel-net trees.as the stability of the betel-net trees.
31. Sa harateng saca ko fa’inayan toSa harateng saca ko fa’inayan to
“Matiya o papah no facidol ko“Matiya o papah no facidol ko
kakahad no faloco’ no fafahi nokakahad no faloco’ no fafahi no
tireng, a ma’alol ko lihaf i tira itireng, a ma’alol ko lihaf i tira i
pifaca’an.”pifaca’an.”
男士們讚佩著部落女士的心地如同麵包樹葉男士們讚佩著部落女士的心地如同麵包樹葉
一樣『過眼雲煙、心廣體胖』。一樣『過眼雲煙、心廣體胖』。
The carefree and contented heart of the womenThe carefree and contented heart of the women
is like the leaf the breadfruit, making the malesis like the leaf the breadfruit, making the males
lead delightful life.lead delightful life.
32. Papelo saca ko ‘afedo’ay to “O kemod noPapelo saca ko ‘afedo’ay to “O kemod no
limecedan, o namoc no kapah, todongen kolimecedan, o namoc no kapah, todongen ko
tanestes no kamaya a mangiraw no cimacima..”tanestes no kamaya a mangiraw no cimacima..”
部落酋長總是讚許著部落男男女女的新生代如同黑部落酋長總是讚許著部落男男女女的新生代如同黑
檀木樹一樣『質地典雅、堅忍挺拔、人人稱羨』。檀木樹一樣『質地典雅、堅忍挺拔、人人稱羨』。
Virginity or honesty is the critical measure ofVirginity or honesty is the critical measure of
being a lady and a gentleman, and the chiefbeing a lady and a gentleman, and the chief
of the village always expects that the newof the village always expects that the new
generation of the ethnicity must develop thegeneration of the ethnicity must develop the
characteristics like features of thecharacteristics like features of the
persimmon tree, elegance and firmness.persimmon tree, elegance and firmness.
34. The Atayal/
Lokah suka
The third-largest ethnicity in Taiwan
is the Atayal. They range over a
broad area in the Central Mountains,
from Taipei County to Taoyuan,
Hsinchu, Taichung, Nantou and
Hualien Prefectures. Men and
women have distinctive facial
tattoos in the form of patterns,
messages or pictures to distinguish
villages and groups.
Religion(Utux) and
faith(Gaga)
35. Limuy limuy linmuy so la,
Linmuy so la linmuy yo, (Appreciation)
Linmuy so la linmuy yo,
Limuy so, linmuy yo, linmuy so, linmuy yo.
Meqoyat kewara Tayal,
Meqoyat kewara Tayal, (Luckiest Ethnicity)
Meqoyat kewara Tayal,
Meqoyat kewara Tayal.
Lokah Suka!
36. The Bunun
They inhabit the central mountain areas,
and their territory is second in size only
to the Atayal. Millet, their staple crop, is
regarded as precious, a symbol of wealth,
which can be brewed into alcohol for
social and religious purposes. For
instance, at a special Millet-Harvesting
Festival in July, all the people of the
village celebrate and drink this brew from
millet. They are the best hunters, and
after the hunt, it is time to form a circle to
drink and tell their hunting adventures.
40. 噶瑪蘭族 Kebalan/Kavalan
Wanay
In 2002, the Kavalan,
meaning people living on
the plain, became the 11th
indigenous ethnicity to
receive formal designation
by the Executive Yuan.
Kavalan society is primarily
based on matrilineal clans,
like the Amis and Puyuma.
Banana fibers are used to
make material for clothing.
42. Truku /Teruku(Taroko) 太魯閣
The Truku ethnicity is located mostly in Hsiou-
Lin and Wan-Rong villages of Hualian County,
and Ren-Ay Village of Nantou County. In
2003, the Truku became the 12th officially
designated indigenous ethnicity in Taiwan.
They deeply believe that the ancestral spirits
are the guardians of the "gaya" (social
systems and orders).
在 2004 年 1 月 14 日獲得官方承認，成為第 12
個臺灣原住民族。
45. Sakizaya 撒奇萊雅族
The Sakizaya were recognized as
a 13th ethnicity on January 17,
2007 (Cheng 2007). The famous
Galiwan incident in 1878, whcih the
Qing then tried to commit genocide
of the Sakizaya ethnicity, caused
them to hide within the Amis tribes
for safety. Since the Sakizayan
language is more than 60%
different from the Amis language,
they became the 13th officially
designated aboriginal ethnicity in
Taiwan.
46. O ‘ilol Ako ci Kakaan:
Missing my Lover 思惹情牽
Yo cilin-cilin yo cilin-cilin ko citingsa to na ni amis-ay.
Hay hapinang han ako ili, ma-tiya o tangic ni safa i
rarom tina tireng.
Sa kotay-kotay, sa kotay-kotay no saan ci safa.Hay
mi-sikol no saan kako, ma-lecad to pisikol ni kaka i
rarom tina tireng.
Sa tafesiw-fesiw, tafesiw-fesiw no saan ci safa.Hay
mi-sikol no saan kako, ma-lecad to pisikol ni kaka i
rarom tina tireng.
48. 塞德克族 Seediq/Sediq
Seejiq/Sejiq
In many ways, the Seediq and Taroko are warrior peoples like
the Mohawks of North America, who are known for resistance
against any encroachment of their sovereignty. During the
Japanese era, they struggled against the Japanese longer
than other indigenous communities, culminating in the Wushe
Incident of 1930.
The Eastern Sediq, currently divided into the Taroko
of Hualien and the Sejiq/Seediq/Sediq of Nantou,
consists of speakers of three dialects: Truku,
Tkedaya, and Teuda. The spelling of the preferred
tribal name in Nantou differs by dialect, respectively
Sejiq, Seediq, or Sediq; the literal meaning of the
word being “human being.”
50. The Paiwan
The Paiwan live in the southernmost region of the Central
Mountain range. The Paiwan have strictly delineated
social classes, a stratified social system similar to
feudalism that prevailed in China during the Chou dynasty
(AD 1066 to 221BC). There are major divisions between
the three classes: nobility, gentry and commoners, and then
smaller divisions within each class. 甕 urn
The name of this ethnic group has various forms and
possible transliterations, such as Paiyuan, Bawun,
Paiwun, Peiwan, Paywan, Bawan and Paiwan.
51. The folk song “Mayamaya
azuwa, niyamena azuwa,
‘usini paciwmong anga
(You have been booked by
my family, and be happy.)”
directly indicates the power
of delineated social classes
and a social stratification
system.
Masalu!!!Maljimalji!!!
52. The Rukai/ Sabaw
They are scattered in the areas
along the sources of the Cho-Shui
River,…. Like the Paiwan, the
Rukai have a stratified social
system. Their traditional costumes
show that they are the descendants
of the leopard. The chiefs of the
villages wear leopard skin jackets,
and use leopard teeth, pig teeth,
deer antlers, and eagle feathers for
head ornaments.
53.
54. The Puyuma are spread throughout the environs of Peinan rural township
and Taitung City. Like the Amis, Puyuma society was organized
according to a matriarchal system with property passed down to
daughters, with women having the right to make decisions over family
affairs and the distribution of money. When young Puyuma males
reach twelve or thirteen years of age, they enter the ‘palokuwan’, a
system of political authority, which is organized according to age.
Under the instruction of the elder ranks, the young males study rituals,
obedience, courage, wisdom, humility, patience, self-disciplines and
skills like fighting, hunting and farming.
Magic plays an important role in their life, and
an unfaithful spouse can be subject to spells
that lead to sickness and general malaise.
Inavayan!!!
The Puyuma
55. Pasalaw bulay, naniyam
kalaumayan garem,
Hoiyan hoiyan nalu hoyan,
Adalepe mi adalepe mi,
E mareani yo hoyan, hoiyan,
hoiyan, nalu hoyan, iya ho hoyan.
Patiyagami, patiyagami,
Ku kanbali etani kingmong.
56. The Saisiyat
Generally speaking, they are
divided into two communities:
North and South. The South
Saisiyat are scattered across
Miyawli County, and in the
plain areas alongside the Han
Hakka people. The North
Saisiyat inhabit the mountain
areas of the Hsinchu County.
57. So’o Kazahay!
The Saisiyat have a well-developed
pantheon. There are, in fact, four
deities, each with specialized
functions: Pacusiru is concerned
with birth, Tenanto with death,
Kaaran with rain, and Ta’ay with
agriculture (Fujizaki, 1930). They
hold ceremonies to placate the
dwarfs and invoke their
forgiveness in a well-known
annual ceremony.
58. The Tsou/ Aviyoviyoyu
A well-known folk song celebrates the Tsou as an example of
the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan in the following terms: The
mountains are green, the flowing waters blue; the lasses of
Alishan are as graceful as the water, and the lads as rugged
as the mountains...
The Tsou originally specialized in hunting and fishing. Each
family had its particular fishing and hunting area, and
could only catch fish or animals in their own designated
area. There are two main features of the Tsou: one is that
they are noteworthy for using leather for clothing,
inclusive of caps, detached sleeves, tight leggings, and
puckered moccasins, and the other is their men’s house
‘kuba’.
60. The Thao/ Idasau
Pasta kalinking
The Thao are the tenth ethnic minority
group of Taiwan after the Amis, Atayal,
Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou,
Saisiat, and Tau (Yami). In 2001 they
were recognized as the tenth group with
283 people only. Since the Qing
dynasty, they have nearly been
assimilated into Chinese society. They
lived by growing millet, and pounding it
to remove its ears with a mortar and
different sizes and lengths of pestles,
making a specific and elaborate rhythm
and sound (Tung, Masegseg C. 1996:
144-147).
61. The Tau
(Yami)
The Tau (which means simply human beings) are also known
as Yami, a name given to them by the Japanese
anthropologist, Torii Tatsuzo. Just 3,987 Tau live on a
small isolated island, called Orchid Isle. Fishing plays an
important role in their economy, and that is why their
many rituals relate to fishing activities.
Two aspects of their life are worthy of mention: the notion of
sharing and the number of doors in the house. For Tau
male adults, building boats is like shaping a male body: it
is a sacred task equated with the creation of life.
62. Multilingualism is a natural product of languageMultilingualism is a natural product of language
spread and development in Taiwan. As we knowspread and development in Taiwan. As we know
that an important characteristic of a multilingualthat an important characteristic of a multilingual
society is the allocation of functions andsociety is the allocation of functions and
distribution of languages across various domains,distribution of languages across various domains,
but the present generation of Taiwan’s aboriginesbut the present generation of Taiwan’s aborigines
do not understand themselves fully, and knowdo not understand themselves fully, and know
very little about their own cultural heritage.very little about their own cultural heritage.
WithoutWithout distinctdistinct aboriginalaboriginal social structure,social structure,
language, customs and culturelanguage, customs and culture, how could, how could
Taiwan make up further promote its uniqueTaiwan make up further promote its unique
cultural scene?cultural scene?
63. Conclusion
The variety of languages and cultures associated with
different groups, countries, communities, generations,
and individuals is a source of great enrichment and
offers the potential for endless exploration.
Exposure to other cultures can help us to
understand ourselves in relation to others
and others in relation to ourselves. It also
promotes respect and tolerance for others.
65. 人的互動不再於檳榔和酒的
多寡
真誠的分享乃是人們活著的
真諦 Ano cecay to ko takid/ ‘icep
A ‘inip-’inip han ita/ ngiciw-ngiciw
Maherek sa to aka lasiwa-siwas
Aro’ han ita sali-kaka
Aka pisa-raka-rakat
Cecay tosa tatolo ko ‘inip-ay/ mi-’icep-ay
Sepat lima a ‘enem ko mi-layap-ay
Pito falo sa-siwa to ma-mo’etep ko
ma-lasang-ay/ Ma-fayo’-ay
77. 台灣住民之美
多樣化的台灣之美
包容性的台灣人品
Akiyo Pahalaan 東秋黃
佛光大學 外國語言與文化學系 / 東華大學 通識中心
英國 雷汀大學 （ The University of Reading, Great Britain ）
語言與讀寫能力國家中心（ National Centre for Language and Literacy ）博士
E-mail: akiyopahalaan@yahoo.com.tw; akiyo@mail.ndhu.edu.tw
Hewan hayyaw!
Hewan hayyaw!
Narowan hoiyan
hohohay,
Hohohay yan!
Hiyan, iya hohay
iyan
Hohohay yan!
Hewan hayyaw,
Hayyaw!!!
再繽紛燦爛的時光
都不及尋覓到自我來的美妙
放下了
回歸自在、尋獲自我
視野開闊、喝完還要
Let us learn to treasure only the good,
and reject the evil in everything!
No one was ever honored for
what one received;
Honor has been the reward for
what one gave!
78. Cirahod saca ko kolong ni Fotong.
蒸氣 總是 牛 智慧之神
Nanay cirahod ko kolong no miso to
期望 蒸氣 牛 您的
nian a fa’eloh-ay a mihecaan.
這 新的 年 ( 牛轉乾坤 )
Every morning,
take a full glass of gratitude
天早上，飲用一杯「感恩」每
79. The real joy of life comes from doing
something and doing it well.
平安 ! 人生真正的快樂是有事做而且把事做好 !
「學語言不是為贏別人，而是為連結生命。」
