Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-Seminar report final

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION THROGH SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
SIET, VIJAYPUR DEPT. OF EEE Page 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-
connected power. Over 80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified, because it is difficult
to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and economy. The cost to install
and service the distribution lines considerably high for remote areas. Also there will be a
substantial increase in transmission line losses in are addition to poor power supply
reliability. In most of the remote and non electrified sites, extension of utility grid lines
experiences high capital investment, high lead time, low load factor, poor voltage
regulation and frequent power supply interruptions. Hence, a convenient, cost-effective
and reliable power supply is an essential factor in the development of any rural area.
Thus, to overcome all the disadvantages possessed by the conventional method of
electricity generation and transmission distributed energy generation is being preferred
and promoted.
There are several ways by which electricity can be generated locally using
renewable sources such as solar, wind, biogas, etc. At present, standalone solar
photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively
larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as
they are seasonal. Therefore, suitable energy storage systems will be required for these
systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is expensive and
the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be
cost effective. The cost effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can
reduce energy storage requirements.
For villages, where we can get abundant source of sun rays and wind blow, we
can use a hybrid technique employing energy. This can technique releases the
requirement of the electricity from conventional sources. Lot of research is reported for
exploration of renewable sources. It has been small photovoltaic systems generators in the
capacity range of 200-600 watts can be economically viable established that in
comparison to petrol generators is economically viable if the life cycle cost approach and
environmental benefits are considered. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling
have been in use since ancient times and since of 500-600 watts. Though the initial
investment for solar PV power plants is high, it the beginning of the 20th century it is
being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed
in many countries particularly in the rural areas. Small wind turbines called aero-

generators can be used to charge large batteries. Typically, winds are stronger during the
winter and spring months, then fall off during the summer months. The opposite is true
with sunshine, which is strongest in the summer, but affected by more cloudy days during
the winter and spring. It doesn't take a lot of clouds to have a significant effect on solar
output. A hybrid system can help overcome the seasonal variations of wind and sunlight
to give a more balanced output from alternative energy system. This papers presents
design and implementation of small solar –wind hybrid system which can feed a rural
load without any interruption
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the
world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems. In Nigeria, the low level of
electricity generation in Nigeria from conventional fossil fuel has been the major
constraint to rapid socio-economic development especially in rural communities. Moreso,
about sixty-five percent (65%) of 140million Nigeria populace are rural dwellers with
majority of them living far-off grid areas. These rural dwellers are mostly farmers whose
socio-economic lives can only be improved when provisions are made to preserve their
wasting agricultural products and provide energy for their household equipment such as
refrigerator, fan, lighting etc. There is also such a need to provide electricity for e-
information infrastructures in our rural communities to service school, rural hospital, rural
banking and rural e-library. Hence, there is the need to develop an indigenous technology
to harness the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity.
Electricity is most needed for our day to day life. There are two ways of electricity
generation either by conventional energy resources or by non-conventional energy
resources. Electrical energy demand increases in word so to fulfill demand we have to
generate electrical energy. Now a day’s electrical energy is generated by the conventional
energy resources like coal, diesel, and nuclear etc. The main drawback of these sources is
that it produces waste like ash in coal power plant, nuclear waste in nuclear power plant
and taking care of this wastage is very costly. And it also damages the nature. The nuclear
waste is very harmful to human being also. The conventional energy resources are
depleting day by day. Soon it will be completely vanishes from the earth so we have to
find another way to generate electricity. The new source should be reliable, pollution free
and economical. The non-conventional energy resources should be good alternative
energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are many non-conventional

energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind, solar etc. The tidal energy has drawbacks
like it can only implemented on sea shores. While geothermal energy needs very lager
step to extract heat from earth. Solar and wind are easily available in all condition. The
non-conventional energy resources like solar, wind can be good alternative source. Solar
energy has drawback that it could not produce electrical energy in rainy and cloudy
season so we need to overcome this drawback we can use two energy resources so that
any one of source fails other source will keep generating the electricity. And in good
weather condition we can use both sources combine.

CHAPTER 2: SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
2.1. Renewable Energy Sources: Indian Scenario
The estimated potential of various Renewable Energy sources in India by IREDA is
shown in table-1
Table 2.1: Renewable Energy potential in India.
SL.NO POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCE
01 SOLAR 20,000W/sq.cm
02 WIND 20,000MW
03 SMALL HYDRO 10,000MW
04 OCEAN THERMAL 50,000MW
05 TIDAL 10,000MW
06 BIOGAS 12 MILLION PLANTS
07 BIOGAS BASED
COGENERATION
3500MW
08 MSW 1000MW
India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in the world. The
estimated potential of power generation through solar photovoltaic system is about 20
MW / Sq.km in India. There is more than enough solar radiation available around the
world to satisfy the demand for solar power systems. The proportion of the sun’s rays that
reaches the earth’s surface is enough to provide for global energy consumption 10,000
times over. On average, each square meter of land is exposed to enough sunlight to
produce 1,700 kWh of power every year. It is useful for providing grid quality, reliable
power in rural areas where the line voltage is low and insufficient to cater to connected
load. The Govt. of India is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 through
renewable energy systems especially by solar PV systems. This offers tremendous growth
potential for Indian solar PV industry. The Govt. of India had a target of achieving 150
MW installed capacity in year 2007. It presented a tremendous business opportunity in
manufacturing of solar modules and other components Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It has been used for hundreds of years
for sailing, grinding grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic
energy to more useful forms of power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling

have been in use since ancient times and since the beginning of the 20th century it is
being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed
in many countries particularly in the rural areas. During periods of low winds or calm,
wind turbine can produce only limited power. On cloudy days, solar system is likewise
limited in its ability to produce power. Seasonal variations of sun and wind is shown in
fig.1.Seasonal variation in wind and sun means there are periods where system may be
limited in how much power it can produce. So there is need to find a way to offset the dog
days of summer and the rainy days of winter.
Fig. 2.1-Seasonal variations of sun and wind
Fortunately, one can utilize a hybrid system of wind and solar to capture the
strengths of each system, while at the same time overcoming the weaknesses of each
system, to create a balanced approach to producing energy. And as a bonus, for those
days where both wind and sun are available, there is increase in production over what a
single system could provide. This type of installation is particularly applicable for rural
areas where there are hilly areas from which wind and solar energy is available in
abundant respects. Thus the plant integrates benefits of PV and wind energy. The project
can also be applied in urban area but the overall cost for this project would be more than
the mains power supply installation. Therefore the methodology is particularly applicable
in rural areas only.

2.2 Solar-generated Electricity – Photovoltaic
The Solar-generated electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaics are solar
cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity. These solar cells in PV module are made
from semiconductor materials. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are emitted.
The electrical conductor attached to the positive and negative scales of the material allow
the electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C current. The generated electricity can be
used to power a load or can be stored in a battery.

Fig. 2.2: Schematic diagram of Hybrid solar-wind power source
Photovoltaic system is classified into two major types: the off-grid (stand alone)
systems and inter-tied system. The off-grid (stand alone) systems are mostly used where
there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in providing electricity at remote
locations especially rural banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments.
PV systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down
transformers especially to remote areas.

Solar modules produce electricity devoid of pollution, without odour, combustion, noise
and vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance is completely eliminated. Also, unlike the other
power supply systems which require professional training for installation expertise, there
are no moving parts or special repairs that require such expertise.

CHAPTER 3.INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION
SYSTEM BASED ON WIND ENERGY -PHOTOVOLTAIC
SOLAR ENERGY- SOLAR PANEL WITH NANO-
ANTENNA
To eliminate the drawbacks of individual renewable power generation system like
Solar and Wind, we design a new electricity or power generating system by integrating
the wind energy sources, Photovoltaic solar energy and Solar energy with Nano-antenna
simultaneously, so that power supply remains continuous without any sort of interruptions
or load shedding.
The aim of this work is design and implementation of a Hybrid power generation
system using wind energy photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with Nano-antenna for
continuous (24*7) power generation.
Fig. 3.1: Integrated Electricity Generating System
The Solar-Wind with Nano-antenna Power Generation System is designed as
shown in Fig 3. It has some special equipment to charge the battery or the power storage
(accumulator) circuit. Control circuit ad-joint with electric power generating system
provides necessary control functions such as adding or summing up electric power
derived from more than one sources at a time i.e. solar and wind power simultaneously,

solar with Nano antenna and wind power. Simultaneously, over voltage protection,
amount of electric power directed to the load and the battery etc. Thus by implementing
Solar with Nano-antenna Wind-Lightning Integrating Power Generation System in a
compact package, we have an uninterrupted power supply at the minimum cost to all
places at all times. Moreover, we can avoid the accidental risk and causes by lightning to
human and nature both. This method ensures a highly practical oriented pollution free and
accident free inventory for electric power generation system. The electric power afforded
by this system is completely pure and secured form without any sort of environmental
pollution. Also it does not produce any greenhouse effect or acid rain or emit any kind of
poisonous gases or radiation etc.

CHAPTER 4.DESIGN OF HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM
For designing of the hybrid energy system we need to find the data as follows
A. Data required for Solar System:
1. Annual mean daily duration of Sunshine hours
2. Daily Solar Radiation horizontal (KWH/m2/day)
B. Data required for Wind System:
1. Mean Annual Hourly Wind Speed (m/sec)
2. Wind Power that can be generated from the wind turbine
Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of energy generation system

Above figure 4.1 Shows the block diagram of the hybrid power generation system
using wind and solar power. This block diagram includes following blocks.
i. Solar panel
ii. Wind turbine
iii. Charge controller
iv. Battery bank
v. Inverter
4.1 Solar panel
Solar panel is used to convert solar radiation to the electrical energy. The physical
phenomenon of PV cell is very similar to that of the classical diode with a PN junction
formed by semiconductor material. When the junction absorbs light, the energy of
absorbed photon is transferred to the electron-proton system of the material, creating
charge carriers that are separated at the junction. The charge carriers in the junction
region create a potential gradient, get accelerated under the electric field, and circulate as
current through an external circuit. Solar array or panel is a group of a several modules
electrically connected in series parallel combination to generate the required current and
voltage. Solar panels are the medium to convert solar power into the electrical power.
4.2 Wind turbine
Wind turbine is that system which extracts energy from wind by rotation of the blades of
the wind turbine. Basically wind turbine has two types one is vertical and another is
horizontal. As the wind speed increases power generation is also increases. The power
generated from wind is not continuous its fluctuating. For obtaining the non-fluctuating
power we have to store in battery and then provide it to the load.
4.3. Charge controller
Charge controller has a basic function that it control the source which is to be active or
inactive. It simultaneously charge battery and also gives power to the load. The controller
has over-charge protection, short-circuit protection, pole confusion protection and
automatic dump-load function. It also has the function that it should vary the power as per

the load demand. It add the both the power so that the load demand can fulfill. And when
power is not generating it should extract power from battery and give it to the load.
4.4. Battery Bank
We have to choose battery bank size as per the load requirement so that it should fulfill
the requirement of load. For calculating the battery bank size we need to find following
data
4.4.1. Find total daily use in watt-hour (Wh).
4.4.2. Find total back up time of the battery
For increase in battery bank size we need to connect cell in series so that we can get the
larger battery bank size.
4.5 Inverter
We have to choose greater rating inverter than the desired rating .The pure sign wave
inverter is recommended in other to prolong the lifespan of the inverter. Inverter is need
to convert DC power into AC power. As our load is working on the AC supply so we
need to convert it to DC power. The input voltage Output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depends on the design of the specific device or the circuitry. The
inverter does not produce any power. The power is provided by the DC source.

CHAPTER 5.LIFE CYCLE COST
Life cycle cost
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a hybrid system consists of initial capital investment,
the present value of operation and maintenance cost and the battery replacement cost. Life
cycle cost analysis is a tool used to compare the ultimate delivered costs of technologies
with different cost structures.
Example:-
Consider, house consist of three rooms with 1 Tube, 3 CFL, 2 Fan & 1 T.V. as connected
load.
Table No.5.1 Total Consumption of House
Maximum Demand= It is greatest demand of load on the house during a given period.
Diversity Factor= sum of individual max. Demand / Max. Demand of house
Total Consumption= 1620wh
Approximate consumption= 1.8kwh or 1.8units/day
Consumption per month= 1.8 x 30= 56units/month
Monthly bill=56 x 4=Rs.224/-
Annual bill=224 x 12=Rs.2688/-
Approximate annual bill=Rs.2800/- per annum
For solar panel:-
Solar panel watt capacity= 1.8kwh/7hours x 1.25=0.32142kw or 321.42watts per day
Connected load Watt Hours Watt-hours
1 Tube 40 4 160
3 CFL 45 4 180
2 Fan 80 6 480
1 T.V 150 6 900
Total load 315

Solar panel cost= 321.42 x 150=Rs.48, 213/- (as per table given below)
For wind generation:-
For 800 w generation of electricity considering value from table,
Wind System Cost=0.8 x 45,000= Rs. 36,000/-
Total cost of solar and wind hybrid system= Rs 48213 + 36,000 + 8000 + 8000 = Rs.
1,00,213
Table No.5.2- Cost values of the economic parameters and components for the base case
5.1.Costing:
The cost of the system varies from Rs 2.50 lakhs to Rs 3.50 lakhs per kW depending on
the ratio of Wind and solar components. The approximate cost of installation, including
civil works, is about Rs 10,000 per kW. Repair and maintenance cost is about Rs 3000
per kW per annum.
5.2.Payback Period calculation:-
Total Cost of Solar and wind hybrid system=Rs. 1,00,213/-
Total Cost of utility supply= Approximately Annual bill + initial cost (substation,
transformer
and transmission line cost)
= Rs.1,00,000 + 3,000
= Rs. 1,03,000/-
So , payback period for hybrid system will be,

Payback Period= Total cost of solar and wind hybrid system/Total cost of utility supply
Payback Period= 1,00,213/1,03,000= 0.97 years
= 1 year (approximately)
So, Solar and Wind Hybrid System is more efficient for rural area which are not yet
electrified.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
Under current acute power shortage scenario with increasing cost of natural gas, coal and
turbine fuel and due to their impact on environment, there is a very urgent and great need
of finding alternate source of energy to generate electricity. There are several ways by
which electricity can be generated using renewable sources such as solar, wind, biogas,
etc. Individual generation of solar and wind energy is costlier. Solar and wind energy
integrated technologies have great potential to benefit our nation. They can diversify our
energy supply, reduce our dependence on imported fuels, improve the quality of the air
we breathe, offset greenhouse gas emissions, and stimulate our economy by creating jobs
in the manufacturing and installation of solar and wind energy systems. By using solar
and wind system we can electrify remote area also it is applicable for metro cities in
future to avoid unwanted load shedding.

REFERENCES:
[1]. Hybrid solar and wind power: An essential for information communication technology infrastructure
and people in rural community. I.A. Adejumobi1, S.G. Oyagbinrin2, F. G. Akinboro3 & M.B. Olajide4
[2]. Hybrid Power Generation through combined solar –wind power and modified solar panel-
N.Sivaramakrishna, Ch.Kasi Ramakrishna Reddy.
[3]. Hybrid Power Generation System Using Wind Energy and Solar Energy -Ashish S.Ingole*, Prof.
Bhushan S. Rakhonde
[4].Hybrid (solar and wind) energy systems for rural Electrification-M.
Muralikrishna
1
and V. Lakshminarayana
[5].Rural Electrification Through Solar and Wind Hybrid System: A Self
Sustained Grid Free Electric Power Source-Dr.Vadirajacharya*, Dr.P.K.Katti Assistant Professor,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere(M.S.) India.Professor, P.K.Katti,
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere(M.S.) India.

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