(1) RedTacton is a new human area networking technology that uses the human body as a transmission medium. It works by inducing weak electric fields on the skin's surface and detecting fluctuations in those fields to transmit data. (2) RedTacton devices can communicate through direct contact or indirectly through clothing or shoes. Data transmission speeds of up to 10 Mbps have been achieved between different points on the body. (3) Potential applications include personalizing devices with a touch, secure authentication systems, and connecting multiple devices simultaneously through indirect body contact instead of traditional wireless technologies. The human body's conduction properties provide a simple and secure alternative to existing wireless communication methods.

1. Wireless Communication Using Local Area
Networking
Lalithkrishnan H
Lokesh kumar B
logi.b91@gmail.com
lalithkrishnanh@gmail.com
Keywords: Human area network, Red tacton, Blue tooth, Intra-body tacton,
Infrared, Electro-optic sensor, Laser.
Abstract: The major problem in today’s communication systems such as Blue tooth and
world is communication. Even though the wireless local area networks. Throughput is reduced
digital communication has evolved, it is by packet collisions. In crowded spaces such as
still not efficient for all the people to meeting rooms and auditoriums filled with
access and also the infrared people , Communication is not secure
communication has some serious because signals can be intercepted.The ultimate
disadvantages .To overcome this a newer human area network solution to all these constraints
communication method, which uses of conventional technologies is “intrepid”
conduction property of human body to communication, in which the human body
transmit signals called as red tacton is serves as the transmission medium. In everyday
proposed in this paper. RedTacton is services, if we could use the human body itself as a
a new Human Area Networking transmission medium, then this would be an ideal
technology that uses the surface of the way of implementing human area networks
human body as a safe, high-speed because it would solve at a stroke all the
network transmission path. Red tacton problems throughput reduction, low security, and
uses the very weak electric field emitted high network setup costs.
on the surface of the human body. A
transmission path is formed Red tacton
automatically by body contact and this Red Tacton involves initiating
initiates communication between action with a touch that could result in a wide
electronic devices. range of actions in response. So, NTT Combined
touch and action to coin the term Tacton, and then
Introduction added the word Red - a Warm color -- to
Today people can emphasize warm and cordial communications,
communicate any time, anywhere, and with creating the name RedTacton. RedTacton operates
anyone over a cellular phone network. on the idea that optical properties of an electro-optic
Moreover, the Internet lets people crystal can vary according to the changes of a person
download immense quantities of data from own electric field. After contract with another
remotely located servers to their home RedTacton enabled device, the transmitter one wears
computers. Essentially, these two induces an electric field on the body. Next, the
technologies enable communications transceiver on the device detects changes in the
between terminals located at a distance wearers electric field which was caused by the
from each other. Short-range wireless device. The devices then communicate and send

2. data by inducing fluctuations in the electric
field of the human body. Data is received
using a photonic electric field sensor that
combines an electro-optic crystal and a laser
light to detect fluctuations in the minute
RedTacton works through shoes and
clothing as well. fingers, arms, feet, face,
legs or toes. using any body surfaces, such
as the hands,legs.etc.
PRINCIPLE:
The principle of initiates the flow of data For example, two
RedTacton is illustrated in Fig. 2.The weak people equipped with RedTacton devices
electric fields pass through the body to a could exchange data just by shaking hands.
RedTacton receiver, where the weak electric
fields affects the optical properties of an
electro-optic crystal. The extent to which the
optical properties are changed is detected by
laser light, which is then converted to an
electrical signal by a detector circuit.Ea
represents the electric field induced toward
the body by the transmitter’s signal
electrode. The system requires a ground
close to the transmitter signal electrode, so
electric field is induced from the body can
follow a return path to the transmitter
ground. Moreover, since people are usually
standing on a floor or the ground, electric
field Es escapes from the body to ground,
mainly from the feet.. The
electric field Es that reaches the receiver is (2) Using a RedTacton electro-optic sensor,
Es = Ea – (Eb + Ec) to be initiated two-way communication is supported
through natural actions such as between any two points on the body at a
grasping, sitting walking and stepping throughput of up to 10 Mbps.
onto something. Electrical sensors basically Communication is not just confined to the
involve two-wire communication with a surface of the body
signal line and a ground line, so when (3) RedTacton can utilize a wide range of
there is only a signal line a(i.e., the human materials as a transmission medium, as long
body) ,the signal cannot be transmitted as the material is conductive and dielectric,
properly. which includes water and other liquids,
various metals, certain plastics, glass, etc.
The three major functional features of Using ordinary structures such as tables and
RedTacton are highlighted below. walls that are familiar and readily available,
one could easily construct a seamless
(1) A communications path can be created communication environment at very low cost
with simple Touch, automatically using RedTacton [Fig 4].

3. The propagation used here is similar
PROPAGATION INSIDE THE HUMAN
to that of nerve impulse. Neurons send
BODY
messages electrochemically; this means that
chemicals (ions) cause an electrical impulse.
Neurons and muscle cells are electrically
excitable cells, which means that they can
transmit electrical nerve impulses. These
impulses are due to events in the cell
membrane. In nerve and muscle cells the
membranes are electrically excitable, which
means they can change their membrane
potential, and this is the basis of the nerve
impulse. The sodium and potassium channels
in these cells are voltage-gated, which means
that they can open and close depending on
the voltage across the membrane. The normal
membrane potential inside the axon of nerve
cells is –70mV, and since this potential can
change in nerve cells it is called the resting

4. vibration. Pacinian corpuscles are also
located in joints and tendons and in tissue
that lines organs and blood vessels.
Pressure on the skin changed the shape of
the Pacinian corpuscle. This changes the
shape of the pressure sensitive sodium
channels in the membrane, making them
open. Sodium ions diffuse in through the
channels leading to depolarisation called a
generator potential. The greater the
pressure the more sodium channels open and
the larger the generator potential. If a
threshold value is reached, an action potential
occurs and nerve impulses travel along the
potential. When a stimulus is applied a brief
sensory neurone. The frequency of the
reversal of the membrane potential, lasting
impulse is related to the intensity of the
about a millisecond, occurs. This brief
stimulus.once the potential is created a current
reversal is called the action potential:
is induced this current is the characteristic of
signal transmitted.the amount of deformation is
The Pacinian Corpuscle characteristic of organ not the potential.based on
the changes it is fed to optical crystal receiver for
Pacinian corpuscles are pressure
processing.
receptors. They are located in the skin and
also in various internal organs. Each is RED TACTON TRANCEIVER
connected to a sensory neuron. Pacinian
fig. 3 shows a photograph of the RedTacton
corpuscles are fast-conducting, bulb-shaped transceiver connected to a PDA and a block
receptors located deep in the dermis. They diagram of the Red Tacton transceiver
developed by NTT. The transmitter
consist of the ending of a single neurone consists of a transmitter circuit that induces
surrounded by lamellae. They are the largest electric fields toward the body and a
data sense circuit, which distinguishes
of the skin's receptors and are believed to transmitting and receiving modes by
provide instant information about how and detecting both transmission and reception
data and outputs control signals
where we move. They are also sensitive to corresponding to the two modes to enable

5. two-way communication. The receiver
consists of an electro-optic sensor and
a detector circuit that amplifies the
minute incoming signal from the electro-
optic sensor and converts it to electrical
signal.. We quantitatively measured the bit
error rates of signals sent through the body.
ANALYSIS
The results showed that the
system had no significant practical problems
at a transmission speed of 10 Mbit/s. Besides
communications between two hands, we also
demonstrated reliable communication
between a foot and finger and between
other locations on the person’s body.
We also verified that good communication
was achieved not only when the electrodes
were in direct contact with the person’s APPLICATIONS
skin, but also when the signals passed
through clothing and shoes. Information recorded in the
RedTacton device is sent to the touched
objects. Thereby, the following applications
are inhibited.
(1)Personalization
(1.1) Personalization of mobile phones,
(1.2) Personalization of Automobiles
(2) New Behavior patterns
(2.1) Conferencing system
(3) Security Applications
(3.1) User verification and lock
management at entrance. It forms
a replacement for biometric
systems and also the alternative
FIG 4 for a secured world

6. DESIGN ARCHITECTURE
The design architecture for our
prototype system is illustrated, which
exploits wideband signaling (WBS) for the
digital audio streaming over the human body.
Its architecture consists of five parts: physical
medium, interface layer, signaling link layer,
transceiver module, and application. The
human body as the physical medium shows a
wide band-pass operational spectrum and
sustains the channel capacity sufficient to
Fig 5 transfer real-time multimedia data streams as
investigated in [2]. The electrical signal can
Just by touching the lock be flowed by the feeble electric field induced
Trans-receiver circuit gets activated to on the skin of the body. The interface layer
enable other biometric system to recognize provides the connection with the physical
individual. medium. After the connection is established,
(3.2)Confidential document management the digital audio data transfers to the
(4) Mobile computation wearable I/O devices over a WBS link.
(4.1) Can connect a single phone Transceiver module performs the packet
with several other phones via blue generation of the streaming data and supports
tooth using this principle. the WBS link that enables a point-to-point
transfer or broadcasting between each
application layer.
REALIZATION
The prototype system is
realized by using the WBS transceiver chip
developed of [2]. The system hardware
excluding the transceiver chip consists of
off-chip components: 24-bit analog-to-digital
Fig 6 converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog
converter (DAC), digital audio interface
(4.2) Without any blue tooth device, transmitter and receiver as shown in Figure 8.
just by touching a device you could The S/PDIF standard is chosen for the digital
can hear sounds. audio interface. The analog audiosignals for
two stereo channels are sampled by the 24-bit
sigma-delta ADC. The 24-bit sampled audio
data is converted to a 32-bit packet consisting
of a 4-bit preamble, the 24-bit data, and a 4-
bit channel status and error detection bits.
Subsequently, the data is transmitted with
biphase-mark encoding at twice of the bit
rate, which allows clock recovery from the
data at the receiver. The effective data rate is
Fig 7 2.048-Mb/s at the sampling rate of 16-kHz

7. over the channel. The audio sound is played claims to be able to send data over the human
back by the 24-bit DAC. No audio decoder skin surface at transfer speeds of up to
is required at the earset. Thus, it leads to the 10Mbps, or better than a broadband T1
reduction of the cost and the power connection. Receiving data in such a system
consumption. The transceiver chip controls is more complicated because the strength of
the WBS link for the transmission of digital the pulses sent through the electric field is so
audio data. The 0.25-0.5m CMOS WBS low. Red Tacton solves this issue by utilizing
transceiver chip including a receiver AFE a technique called electric field photonics: A
consumes only 5-mW from a 1-V supply. laser is passed though an electro-optic
Compared with a Bluetooth transceiver [3], it crystal, which deflects light differently
exhibits lower power consumption at high according to the strength of the field across it.
data rate. Figure 3 (b) shows the photo of the These deflections are measured and
prototype system consisting of a WBS audio converted back into electrical signals to
transmitter connected to a MP3 player and a retrieve the transmitted data.
WBS audio receiver assembled into an earset.
The transmitter attaches to the back of the It has some limitations:
audio player.The Rx electrode is mounted on
the hanger of the earset. 1) The operating range through the body was
Limited to a few tens of centimeters and
2) The top communication speed is only 40
K bits/s. These limitations arise from the use
Of an electrical sensor for the receiver. An
Electrical sensor requires two lines (a signal
Line and a ground line), whereas in intra-
body communication there is essentially only
one Signal line, i.e., the body itself, which
leads to an unbalanced transmission line,
so the signal is not transmitted correctly.
3)if we want to get a information form a
device then that device should be equipped
with red tacton transmitter .this process is
Fig 8 costlier and time consuming.
Block diagram of wireless MP3 player CONCLUSION:
In a busy place there could
ADVANTAGE OVER BLUETOOTH be hundreds of Bluetooth devices within
range.Chances are more for the information
The system envisioned by to be trakked. Using this transceiver, we
NTT, utilizes a conversion method which succeeded in achieving 10 BASE
takes digital data into a stream of low-power communications through a human body from
digital pulses. These can be easily transmitted one hand to the other hand. While our
and read back through the human electric immediate objective is to implement a Red
field. While it is true that similar personal Tacton system supporting two-way intra
area networks are already accessible by using body communication at a rate of 10 M bits
radio-based technologies like Wi-Fi or between any two points on the body, our
Bluetooth, this new wireless technology

8. longer-term plans include developing amass-
market transceiver interface supporting
PDA’s s and notebook computers. Thus this
problem has been solved by the red tacton
and has made it very innovative.
REFERENCES
(1) T. G. Zimmerman, “Personal Area
Networks: Near-field intrabody
communication,” IBM Systems Journal, Vol.
35, Nos. 3&4, pp. 609-
617, 1996.
(2) M. Shinagawa, “Development of Electro-
optic Sensors for Intra-body
Communication,” NTT Technical Review,
Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 6-11,
2004.
(3) http://www.redtacton.com/
4)http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overv
iew/st_j.html
(5) M. Mizoguchi, T. Okimura, and A.
Matsuda, “Comprehensive
Commercialization
Functions,” NTT Technical Review, Vol. 3,
No. 5, pp.