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Innovation of music players
- 2. Digital Audio Player - “portable music players that use nonremovable, erasable digital media instead of removable media as a means for storing and playing digital music recordings” (Holmes 2006) Major transformation for the recording industry. Nowadays audio devices are both portable and fashionable.
- 3. Léon Scott de Martinville, 1857. First device capable of recording sound signals. Could not reproduce sound signals.
- 4. Emile Berliner, 1887. Disc-style. Especially popular through- out the invention of spring motor record player.
- 5. Berliner & Johnson, 1905 „Victrola‟ – recording industry‟s premiere disc phonograph. This led to the birth of the 78 RPM disc standard era. (Holmes 2006)
- 6. 33-1/3 RPM long- playing record. Initially introduced by RCA, 1931. Re-released by Columbia in 1948. Still a relatively popular product today.
- 7. Phillips, 1968. Popular among home audio enthusiasts. Led to consumers wanting to take music with them wherever they went.
- 8. Sony, 1979. Revolutionized the world of personal audio with „Walkman‟. Went on to sell 100million+ audio players.
- 9. Sony & Phillips, 1980 Technology was expanded and the CD- R drive was introduced. Minidisc launched in 1992. Despite reduced prices and major marketing campaigns, it never achieved mass-market popularity.
- 10. Apple, 2001. Achieved meteoric success and became a worldwide icon. Enabled many industries to combine in one product.
- 12. Poster Information http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/08/04 _ipod.html http://www.videointerchange.com/audio_hist ory.htm http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent /view.php?id=397861§ion=1.12.4 Poster Images Google Images
Editor's Notes
- Major transformation since removeable media had long been the standard method for recording sound, from early tinfoil cylinders of phonographs, through to LPs and film discs. Early digital music gave cause for concern with regards to piracy issues however recent years have seen an explosion of digital music as computer software and other formats have made music and digital audio players both portable and fashionable.
- Designed by Frenchman Leon Scott de Martinville in 1857. it was a barrel shaped device capable of transcribing clear, visible audio sounds, but had no means of playing back the sound after it was recorded. Device consisted of a barrel that focused soundwaves on to a membrane to which a bristle was attached. When the soundwaves hit the bristle, it moved and was able to inscribe the sound onto a visual medium. General idea went on to be adapted by other inventors, such as Emile Berliner.
- Gramophone was a disc music player. Emile adapted the idea from de Martinville’sphonautograph invention – where Martinville had used a barrel device, Berliner designed specialised discs to be played on this device. Spring motor record player – first used by Eldridge Johnson in a hand-cranked motorized gramophone for Berliner in 1896.
- Phonograph initially created by Thomas Edison – tinfoil cylinder phonograph which made the first recording of a human voice in 1877. Berliner and Johnson joined interests in 1901 and formed their company, the Victor Talking Machine, whose first product was the disc phonograph. RPM – Revolutions per minute.
- By 1920s innovation in electrical recording helped drive the recording industry for at least the next 2 centuries. RCA’s launch was unsuccessful. After Columbia’s launch, the LP served as a primary release format until the introduction of the compact disc in 1980s. Niche market nowadays for vinyl records and demand has been steady.
- Phillips introduced the audio cassette tape format that became popular amongst home audio enthusiasts. The increase in demand of the audio cassette tape by the market eventually led to consumers wanting to be able to listen to music on the go, not just at home.
- The demand for portable music prompted Sony to develop the first digital audio recording device in 1978. In 1979, Sony revolutionised the world of personal audio with the introduction of the Walkman portable audio cassette player, initially called the ‘Soundabout’. Though compact discs emerged shortly after, Sony went on to sell over 100 million Walkman-like audio players, even in addition to other manufacturers selling similar but cheap knock-off products.
- Sony and Phillips initially introduced the audio compact disc to the market in 1980, however research into the market needs showed that consumers wanted to be able to choose the music they could store on CD so by 1988, the companies had expanded the technology and created the recordable compact disc, also known as the CD-R. In a wide manner we can say that this dramatically changed the way music and electronic information was distributed. Sony eventually released its new product, the Minidisc player in 1992 as a next-generation portable audio player. Met with great success in Japan but had poor reception in USA , selling less than 50,000 units in its first year.
- Though initially the introduction of the iPod generated confused and hostile reactions, mainly for the high price tag and new scroll wheel, it went on to achieve meteoric success and revolutionised digital audio music, making it not only portable like it had been in previous years, but also fashionable. To date, the development of the ipod has now enabled the music industry to merge with many others, such as telecommunications, camera, internet, gaming etc.
- With both technology and the market constantly changing, innovation and invention can become a challenge. In many industries, invention can only be stimulated by either focusing on market needs or technological development. In the case of digital audio development, both aspects play a vital role in the process of innovation. RoyRothwell’s Coupling Model of Innovation, 1992. In the coupling model there is a series of distinct functions or stages, that are interacting and interdependent. This model, to an extent, follows the traditional sequence in that the process is still linear and sequential, but both technology and the market are influential. New ideas are the product of both, and are generated and developed to enable us to create new products all the time.