Humans communicate on many levels: spoken language, tone, body language, style and personality. The fact that we have complex cultural identities and a host of differing past experiences increases the probability of cross-cultural miscommunications. This workshop presents major cross-cultural communication theories; ways that cultural values, power, privilege and differences affect the way we communicate; tools for questioning assumptions; and ways to improve cross-cultural communications skills.
WSAME 5 Hour Cross Cultural Communication Workshop
1. What I Said and What I Meant:
Cross Cultural Communication
WSAME Workshop March 2010
Rosetta Eun Ryong Lee
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2. Agenda
Cross Cultural Communication
Exercise: Yin-Yang Telephone
Break
Cultural Norms, Behaviors, and Communication
Exercise: Non-Verbal Violations
Break
Cultural Identifiers, Power, and Communication
Exercise: Whispers
Break
Cross Cultural Communication Skills
Exercise: Left Column Communication
Resources
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3. Cross Cultural Communication
What is it?
How is it Different from Intercultural
Communication?
CCC Theories
– Face-Negotiation Theory
– Conversational Constraints Theory
– Expectancy Violation Theory
– Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory
– Communication Accommodation Theory
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4. Dimensions of Variability
Individual - Collectivistic
Low Context - High Context
Masculinity - Femininity
Low Uncertainty - High Uncertainty
Vertical - Horizontal
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5. Exercise: Yin-Yang Telephone
1: Write a direct statement
2: Write indirect version
3: Write direct version
4: Write indirect version
5: Write direct version
6: Compare Statements
NOTE: When not writing your statement or translation,
please converse about your own cultural communication
style according to your learning so far.
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6. Debrief:
Yin-Yang Telephone
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7. Break
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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8. Factors that Influence
Personality Orientation
Individual Values
Self Construal
- Independent
- Interdependent
Individual Socialization
Cultural Norms and Rules
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9. Cultural Values
Norms, and Rules
Values
Value Priorities
Norms of Behavior
Non-Verbal
Communication
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10. Exercise: Non-Verbal Violations
1: Please pick a partner.
2: Begin to converse about the most
recent movies you have seen or
books you have read.
3: You will receive a piece of paper
describing nonverbal behaviors.
4: Scan the piece of paper. Do not
share the information.
5: INCREMENTALLY dramatize the
nonverbal behavior.
6: Make note of thoughts or feelings
you experience.
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11. Debrief: Nonverbal Violations
Cultural Value Differences (Milton and Janet Bennett), Rosetta Lee, Non-Verbal Communication Across
Cultures, Adapted from Erica Hagen and Rebecca McDaniel
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12. Cultural Effectiveness
“To be culturally effective doesn’t
mean you are an authority in the
values and beliefs of every culture.
What it means is that you hold a
deep respect for cultural differences
and are eager to learn, and willing to
accept, that there are many ways of
viewing the world”
Okokon O. Udo
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13. Break
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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14. Identifiers, Power,
and Communication
Internalized Oppression/Dominance
Stereotype Threat
Accumulated Impact
Code/Mode Switching
Fish Seeing the Water
“Normal” versus “Good”
“Intent” versus “Impact”
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15. Exercise: Whispers
Rosetta Lee, Adapted from “Double Talk,” Thiagi.com
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16. Exercise: Whispers
Form groups of 3.
Decide who will be A, B, or C.
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Person A reads “whisper script 1.” Based on
the instructions, whisper into Person B’s ear.
Persons B and C hold a 3-minute
conversation about their learning from the
workshop that they found most interesting.
Rosetta Lee, Adapted from “Double Talk,” Thiagi.com
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17. Exercise: Whispers
ROUND 2
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Person B reads “whisper script 2.” Based on
the instructions, whisper into Person C’s ear.
Persons C and A hold a 3-minute
conversation about their respective families.
Rosetta Lee, Adapted from “Double Talk,” Thiagi.com
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18. Exercise: Whispers
ROUND 3
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Person C reads “whisper script 3.” Based on
the instructions, whisper into Person A’s ear.
Persons A and B hold a 3-minute
conversation about their respective jobs and
responsibilities.
Rosetta Lee, Adapted from “Double Talk,” Thiagi.com
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19. Debrief: Whispers
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20. Break
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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21. Cross Cultural Communication Skills
• Know Dimensions of
Variability
• Learn Cultural Values
and Norms
• Examine Cultural
Identities, Power, and
Privilege
• Know Your Own Place in
these Elements
• Practice Effective
Communication Models
• Be able to Adjust and
Accommodate Others
Based on Knowledge
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22. Continuum of Cross-Cultural Fluency
and Competence
Developmental Model of Intercultural
Sensitivity (DMIS) Schematic
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23. Effective Communication Models
Common Threads
SUPPORTIVE DEFENSIVE
Description Evaluation
Problem-Orientation Control
Spontaneity Strategy
Empathy Neutrality
Equality Superiority
Provisionalism Certainty
Brenda J. Allen, Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity
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24. Berlo’s Communication Model
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25. Assumptions and Interpretations
• Mental Models
• Ladder of Inference
Belief
Conclusions
Selective Data
Observable Data
• Tools of Action
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26. Break
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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27. Effective Interventions
1. Reduce Defensiveness
2. Keep the Conversation Going
3. Listen, Listen, Listen… Speak
4. Set aside your “ouch” for the moment
5. Seek to connect with the other person
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28. Checking Assumptions and
Interpretations: Steps to Analyze
1. What did you see/hear (raw data)?
2. What are your personal filters (cultural
values, norms, and identifiers)?
3. What was your interpretation of what you
saw/heard (inference)?
4. How did you feel as a result?
5. What do you want?
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29. Exercise:
Left Hand Column Communication
1. Identify a cross-cultural conversation that went awry.
2. Examine your own cultural styles, identifiers, power,
privilege, and assumptions influenced the
conversation.
3. Reexamine with the added lens of the other person’s
cultural styles, identifiers, power, and privilege.
What might have been going on for that person?
4. What would you have done differently according to
your increased fluency in cross-cultural
communication?
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30. Final Questions or Comments?
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31. Resources
• “Stereotype Threat” by Joshua Aronson
• David K. Berlo, The Process of Communication (New York:
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960)
• Brenda J. Allen, Difference Matters: Communicating Social
Identity
• William Gudykunst, Cross-Cultural and Intercultural
Comunication
• Milton Bennett, PhD, Intercultural Communication Institute
www.intercultural.org
• National Coalition Building Institute
• “Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures” by Erica Hagen,
Intercultural Communication Resources
• Thiagi.com
• Thrive! Team Dynamics
• Nonverbal Violations by Stella Ting-Toomey
• http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/action_science_ history.htm
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