Aung Sang Suu Kyi- Freedom from Fear

www.burmeseclassic.com
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;)
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
atmifqef;pk=unf
(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm)
“ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ?
tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG
jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk
oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk
a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru
,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#
jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991)
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
atmifqef;pk=unf
ESifh
tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;
a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf?
La Haule Books
(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm)
ra=umufr±GHŒESifh
vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm
a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh
EdkifiHa&;pepfukd
awmifhwaeol
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm;
&nf!$ef;ygonf?
This collection copyright © Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
ISBN 0 86120 049 7
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

This first edition of
Freedom from Fear and Other Writings
in the Burmese language
first published in 1993 by
La Haule Books
West Lodge
La Haule
Jersey
Channel Islands
United Kingdom
The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine
is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness"
Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford
(rmwdum)
rmwdum
pma&;ol. trSm 1
pwnf;. trSm 2
Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5
a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; 7
aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef; 43
tydkif; - u
1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm;
1? atmifqef; 54
2? 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97
3? a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113
4? ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120
5? &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127
6? awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132
7? ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm 138
8? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141
9? EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145
10? EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151
11? vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; 153
12? pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155
13? ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159
tydkif; - c
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS 1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
14? a&$wd*HkapwDawmftaemufrkcfvlxkpnf;a0;yJG 172
15? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾ 182
16? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-3 187
17? wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; 198
18? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&; 203
19? Zlvkdifckepf&ufae‹ 212
20? wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ 219
21? e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&; 227
22? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-6 235
23? jynfolvkdcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 253
24? rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 266
pma&;ol. trSm
pma&;jcif;/ rdef‹cGef;ajymjcif;/ pum;ajymjcif; paom vkyf&yfrsm;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufwckum;
vltcsif;csif; em;vnfr_wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfonf[k usr ,lqygonf? jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹udk urBmu ydkrdkI od&Sdem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
EdkifiHwEkdifiHudk trSefwu,ftusKd;ðyEkdifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm;
taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefydkifcGifhESifh
todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fydkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr ,Hk=unfygonf?
1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf
'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk wnfaxmifvdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk‹udk
trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifiHa&;yif jzpfygonf?
aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef‹cGef;rsm;/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;udk pkaygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;jzifh
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkolrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfEkdifrnf[k
ar#mfvifhygonf?
Tpmtkyfudk xkwfa0Ekdif&ef tm;ay;ulnDcJholwdk‹tm; aus;Zl;wifvsuf&Sdygonf? rsm;jym;vSaom
tvkyfwm0efrsm;=um;rS apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh t"dubmomjyefoltjzpf‚if;/ pmwnf;jzwfoltjzpf‚if;
aqmif&GufcJhonfh a'gufwmatmifcif(vef'ef) udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
pmwnf;. trSm
(1)
vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹
pka0;=uonf?
xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh
usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.?
a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrkef‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef;
a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif
vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.?
a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh
pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm;
jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?
(2)
xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI
vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf;
a':pkudk awG‹&onf?
usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk;
EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf?
a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif
cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG
tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?
(3)
a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom
"Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk
jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif
usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹
jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J
jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk;
tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf
t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u
od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf
em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm
ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh
i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk
&,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_
&,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?
(4)
uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/
tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI
atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹.
udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf
wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh
Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf?
rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef”
[laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf?
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh
tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m
c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?
a'gufwmatmifcif
vef'ef
7-9-93
Am;pvAf [mAJvf. pum;OD;
Am;pvAf[mAJvf (Vaclav Havel) onf txl;±dkav;pm;jcif;cH&aom jyZmwfESifh pma&;q&mjzpf+yD; ,cktcgwGif
csuf (Czech) EkdifiH. orwjzpfonf? csmwm-77 [k xif&Sm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1977 ckESpfY
pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m; (Czechoslovakia) wGif
'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;vmEkdifjcif; jzpf.? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcscH&jcif;/
aetdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJholjzpfojzifh Am;pvAf [mAJvfonf
atmifqef;pk=unftay:wGif txl; pmemaxmufxm;/ ±dkaoav;pm;ol jzpfonf? olrudk 1991 ckESpfY
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkay;&ef tqkdðyolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;yg0ifonf?
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

* * *
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh
vl‹*k%foduQmtwGuf tm%m&Sifpepftm; qef‹usifonfh olr. wkdufyJGudk ,cktcg tjynfjynfqkdif&mu
todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? olronf TqkESifh tvGefyif xdkufwefolwOD;jzpfonf? olronf
&Sif;vif;jywfom;cdkifrmpGm ajymqdkoljzpfonf? olrtm; E_wfqdwfoGm;ap&ef &nf±G,fI EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ t+rJwrf;
oGm;a&mufaexkdifyg&ef qJGaqmifurf;vSrf;vmonfudk olru vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf? tus,fcsKyf
uscHae&onfhb0wGif opPmw&m;udk apmifhxdef;vsuf&Sdonf? tm%mrJholwdk‹. pGrf;tm;udk olru
tvGefxif&Sm;pGm Oyrmjyaeygonf? EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf olrtm; tqdkðycJh&onfudk usaemf
av;eufpGm *k%f,lrdonfhtavsmuf olrtm; a&G;cs,fvdkufonfudk aumif;csD;=obmay;=uolrsm;wGif
usaemftygt0if jzpfonf?
jrefrmjynfY 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef OD;wnfaom wkdufyJGwGif b0udk ðryfESHxm;jcif;jzifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr. wkdif;jynfY w&m;r#wr_&Sd&eftwGufomru rdrdwdk‹. yef;wkdifudk
rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkol tm;vHk;twGufyg &J&ifhpGm ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfygonf?
urBmwcGifvHk;wGif vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfaeor# umvywfvHk;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xkwfazmfajymqdkcsufuJhodk‹aom ajymqdkr_rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udkyg
v_H‹aqmfodrf;oGif;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&; awmifhwonfh [pfaºuG;oHonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;rS
xGufay:vmonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;rSjzpfap/ tmz&durSjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tm&SrSjzpfap woHwnf;xGufaeygonf?
‚if;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk vl‹*k%foduQmESifhtnD qufqHyg&efESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wGif ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sd&ef
vdktyfonf[laom [pfaºuG;oHyifjzpfygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/
olr. pum;rsm;onf jrefrmESifh urBmhtajccHt,ltqudk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif
rðyvkyfEkdifyg? “vlom;. oaE<yg *k%foduQm/ vlom;ESifh cJGcGGmIr&aom nDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfh t,ltq/ vlwkdif;wGif trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifaom todOm%fESifh
qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdonfudk vufcHxm;aom t,ltq/ vlvlcsif; nDtudkarmifESrozG,f arwWmxm;&ef
t}uHðyaom t,ltq ponfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹
qef‹usifbufjzpfEdkifrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESifh em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpf&ayonf”[k
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkdif a&;om;xm;ygonf? &J&ifhowWd&Sdaom TtrsKd;orD;tm;
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_udk óud;pm;&SmazGae=uol usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;twGuf olru
ajymqdkaeonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif;
a':oef;at; ynmawmfoiftjzpf t*FvefEkdifiHY a&muf&SdaepOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG‹qHkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf
olronf a':cif=unf. rdwfaqGjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfESifh b0wavsmufvHk;wGif cspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfonf?
a':oef;at;udk xdkacwfu tqdkawmf ‘bdvyfjyefoef;’ [k vlodrsm;cJh.? q&mrtjzpf‚if;/
wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aomtcgwGif urBmhukvor*~Y yxrqHk; tr_xrf;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf?
ukvor*~wGif ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf=um tr_xrf;+yD;aemuff t+idrf;pm;,lum ,cktcg =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHY
aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf?
* * *
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u
awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk
(Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek)
wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u
cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdkufaom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS
bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm;
csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf
tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;)
tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk
ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y
txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?
Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf)
("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;)
tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf
Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf
atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf
+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf
(0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf)
ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/
zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm;
xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr
b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu
0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY
xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf?
usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom
oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif
jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/
rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?)
+Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh
&JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk
+Adwdo#wdk‹ vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdk‹udk pma&;q&mtrsm;u
tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twˆKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdŒrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk
acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv.
&moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efòrd‹v,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I
rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f
(Dorchester Hotel) oGm;vrf;udkyif ydwfqdk‹vkrwwf jzpfaeygonf? ppf+yD;pacwf
òcd;+cHpGmaexkdifa&;pepfonf tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdojzifh jrefrmrsm;vnf; tjcm;vef'efwGif aexkdifol
vltrsm;enf;wl ae‹pOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD;
&ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdk‹ESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom
tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufºuGjcif;wdk‹ jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awG‹qHkEkdif&ef *±kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd
jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wðzwf
&yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk‹ cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fðyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf?
tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
usrwdk‹wOD;csif;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGm pum;ajymygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. &eH‹oif;aom *k%fowif;rsm; usrwdk‹xH
a&mufcJhonfrSm twef=umyg+yD? vltrsm; todtrSwfðy&aom ol. t&Sdeft0g/ awmufajymifvSaom ol.
wnf=unfajzmifhrwfr_/ twdkuftcHrsm;tm; udkifwG,f&mY vdrRmyg;eyfyHk/ *syefacwftwGif;u *syefrsm;ESifh
ppf+yD;cgeD;ESifh ppf+yD;acwfY t*Fvdyfrsm;tygt0if/ olESifh qufqHvkyfudkif&olrsm;ESifh tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tm%mydkifrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udk &,lEkdifyHk/ olvdkvm;onfh vGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;tm;
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk‹
wOD;csif;pD. euf±_dif;aom ±dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. ±dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf
usrwdk‹. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;óuH;vdkufygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk
AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹wnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif;
pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS
ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv
ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdk‹udkum;
rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJG‹wzJG‹vHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif
jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY
tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum
("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&SŒwef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
atmifqef;pk=unf
atmuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
pkpkudk ayG‹csDxm;pOf
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg;tquf)
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh *syefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom tm&Se,fajrrsm;odk‹ toHv$ifhygonf? xdk‹aemuf qefz&efppPudk
(San Francisco) odk‹oGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;±Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG‹&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
xdk"mwfrD;vif;zdk rSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hae=uonfh vlpkxJ yg0ifolrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ/ bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmwOD;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg usruJhodk‹aom {nfhonfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHrª;tjzpf wdkusKdwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom Adkvfp}uFmvnf; xdkvlpkxJwGif yg0ifonf?
pum;tenf;i,fpJaomtcsdefrsm;Y olu *syefwGif aepOfu wwfcJhaom tvGrf;taqG;oDcsif;rsm;qdk+yD;/
usrwdk‹u jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
ti,fqHk;rSm rdef;uav;jzpfa=umif;wdk‹udk ajymavh&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk‹twGuf vufaqmifrsm; 0,fay;yg[k usrudk
ajymygonf? odk‹ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ tvkyfudpPrsm; +yD;pD;I vef'efrS jyefoGm;aomtcg ol. rdom;pk0if
wOD;csif;pDtwGuf usr 0,fay;vkdufaom vufaqmifrsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlygoGm;ygonf? pktwGuf
t±kyf}uD;wck 0,fay;vdkufygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg xdkt±kyf}uD;udk pku rysufrpD; aumif;rGefpGm
xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdao;onfudk awG‹&I usr auseyftHhtm;oifh&ygonf?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ rjyefrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdrdwdk‹ +yD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaom udpPt00ESifh
ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhae‹wGif usrwdk‹u AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdk‹tm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
ae‹vnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkae‹vnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk‹ tHk‹r_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
Xmerª;jzpfol (t*FvdyftrsKd;om;wOD;) u t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfrdef‹cGef;.
tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk jzwfawmufjyifqifcJh+yD;/ rl&if; jrefrmpmwrf;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyifqif&rnf[k
t=uyfudkifaeygonf? bDbDpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;yg EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
xm;&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;uef‹owfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&efjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;jyygonf?
Ttjzwftawmufrsm;udk vufcHvkduf&rnfavm/ toHv$ifhtpDtpOfudkyJ zsufodrf;vdkuf&rnfavmESifh
AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk‹ tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um ae‹vnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; óudwiftoday;jcif;
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk rðyvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#
rauseyfrESpfòrd‹jzpf&a=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh±_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
tawmfrsm;ygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDreftrwfrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfudpPt00 tqifajyacsmarG‹ap&ef
wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk‹
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGae‹Y *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhaom t*FvdyfrdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufxH usr tvnfoGm;cJh.? ol.
tdrf&Sd&mt&yfrS vef'efodk‹ tjyefc&D;rSm aES;auG;vSI usrESifhtwl ygvmaom rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhcHyJG
ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um &ifwrr jzpfae.? {nfhcHyJGrrDvdkufu AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ESifh
aemufqHk;awG‹&rnfhtcGifhta&; vGwfoGm;rnfxifum usrwdk‹ ylyefae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkef‹tenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk‹ ac:oGm;+yD;/
‘jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf’ [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdk‹jzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. ‘pdefjcL;=umanmif’ abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
usr. tqdkudk ol rnfr#oabmusESpfoufa=umif; ajymygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)
tay:
atmifqef;OD;/
a':cif=unf/
atmifqef;vif;ESifh
pkpk (xkdifaeol)
1948 ckESpf
atmuf
pkpk ajcmufESpforD;t&G,f
1951 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ txl;av,mOfESifh vef'efòrd‹ajrmufydkif;&Sd ppfzufqdkif&mavqdyfrS
xGufcGmoGm;csdefY wwdkif;jynfvHk; ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;ESifh zHk;v$rf;xm;qJyif jzpfygonf? E_wfquf&ef tqifhjrifh
t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG‹}uD;wzJG‹ a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmtcsKdŒvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhóudcef;r}uD;Y
oGm;a&mufpka0;aeygonf? usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;xkdifpum;ajym=uygonf? c%=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
t*Fvdyfrsm;t=um;rS xvm+yD; usrwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymygonf? usrudk òyH;+yD; ‘usaemfwdk‹ESifh Armjynfudk
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

vdkufcJhygvm;’ [k ajymygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹taygif;tazmfwpk ESif;cJrsm;t=um;&yf+yD;
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ av,mOf&Sd&modk‹av#mufI xGufcGmoGm;aeonfudk ai;ar#mf=unfh&if; vufrsm;a0S‹&rf;
E_wfquf=uygonf? aqmif;ae‹uav;. vGrf;zG,fhtoGifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh cJGcGm&jcif;/ txl;ojzifh
AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdk‹a=umifh usrwdk‹wawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd‹ rnfuJhodk‹r# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdk‹a=umifh ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifI
jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;òydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif òyduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG‹
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk‹ vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae‹/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdk‹aemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk‹.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif.? rtm;rvyf tvkyfwm0efrsm;txJ epfðryfaepOfyif
uH=urRm.'%fudk aemufwzefcH&jyef.? 'kwd,om;jzpfol atmifqef;vif;crsm &efukefaetdrf+cH0if;twGif;&Sd
a&uefabmif±dk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf ‘pk’
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk‹ xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
tawmfESifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJhyg? ‘pk’onf olr. tudkudk rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifouJhodk‹ olr.
zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm ‘pk’twGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk‹. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG‹0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’
u wyfrawmfom;rsm;vufay: }uD;jyif;vmcJhonf[k yuwd&Sd&if;twkdif; ajymEkdifygonf?
t&nftcsif;ºuG,f0/ tawG‹tóuHrsm;jym;/ &mxl;&mcHjrifhrm;aom jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif; trsm;tjym;
a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;wOD;tjzpf ajymifajrmufpGm wm0efxrf;&GufcJhaom w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹tay: v$rf;òcHxm;ygonf?
a':cif=unfonf rdrd. om;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmhvlr_a&;ESifh udk,fusifhoDv. wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
oGm;vm/ aexdkifr_t&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;I vltrsm;jrifuGif;wGif‚if;/ tdrfwGif;todkif;t0dkif;wGif‚if;/ ‘pk’ onf
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& pHwifavmufygonf? Oyrmwck ay;&rnfqdkv#if rdrdxuf wESpf/ w&uf/
wreuf}uD;olrSefor#udk udk,ftrlt,m/ E_wftrlt,mt& ±dkaoav;pm;or_jyjcif;jzpfaom
vl}uD;rsm;a&SŒrS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg cg;nGwfjcif;/ vl}uD;rsm;xHyg;wGif usKHŒusKHŒ,Hk‹,Hk‹ aexkdifjcif;/
,Ofaus;av;pm;aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm ‘pk’ twGuf
t±dk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk‹ xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’ udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; ‘pk’ . jrefrmyDor_rSm
arS;rSdef,drf;,dkifoGm;onf[lI r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEdkifiHvlxk}uD;tm; pJGaqmifI ‚if;wdk‹. twufºuGqHk;/
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk ‘pk’ &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif
jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; ±dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS txifu&yk*~Kdvftrsm;tjym; aexkdif=uygonf? ,ck ‘pk’ vnf;
xdktif;vsm;uefaetdrfwGifyif tus,fcsKyfb0ESifh txdef;odrf;cHae&ygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹odk‹ rdcifESifhtwl a&mufvmpOfu ‘pk’ onf uspfqH+rD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf}uD;rsm;ESifh
(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,±_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdk‹Y qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyef‹vmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmae±l;wdk‹. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef ‘pk’ tzkd‹ tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? ‘pk’ . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ae±l;ESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? ‘pk’ . rdcif
oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&csdefwGif ae±l;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ A[kokw tawG‹tóuH us,fjyef‹ap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
*syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmoifjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk‹ yg0ifygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH orRw}uD;.
udk,f&HawmfwyfzJG‹avhusifh&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum oHtrwfrsm;.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdk‹ESifh ‘pk’ awG‹qHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
}uD;rm;I tvGefcef‹nm;wifhw,faom yef;O,sOfysKd;xm;onfh +cH0if;us,f}uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf?
tqifhtjrifhqHk; tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tdrfrsKd;jzpf+yD; tpdk;&u
+Adwdo#vufxufuuJhodk‹yif vSyaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfudk
txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
‘pk’ txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemrSm pmzwfjcif;yif? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk
tm;ay;cJhaom OD;tkef;udk ‘pk’ tpOf cspfcifaus;Zl;wifpGm owd&avh&Sdygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;
jzpfcJhaom OD;tkef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; ppf+yD;acwfY vef'efwGif
zqyvtzJG‹csKyf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aemifwGif armfpudkòrd‹awmfodk‹
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? olonf ‘pk’ tm; zwfoifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
yef'pfae±l;ESifh a':cif=unf
atmuf
a':cif=unfESifh pk a'vDòrd‹wGif
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
zwfxdkufonfh jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtkyf pm&Sif;&Snf}uD;rsm; ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf? ‘pk’
. todynm tawG;tac:ydkif; zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdðyrd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJholrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;cJhaom
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; ‘pk’ . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom
OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
‘pk’ zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Auf*EW0if pmtkyfwJG wpHkvHk; (Harvard Classics) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;+yD;
r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; ‘pk’ u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u ‘pk’ udk pmayavmuwHcg;
zGifhay;cJhygonf? ‘pk’ . pmzwf0goemrSm tdENd,ra&mufrDuyif tjrpfwG,f+yD;jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹ qifajczHk;tpGeftzsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif
*±kwpdkufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfrSm =um+yDjzpfI ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&
trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&Sdygonf? xdkXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEkdifap&ef a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
txl;ojzifh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom EkdifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDudk a':cif=unf &,lcJhygonf?
Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS
Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDjzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf}uD;rsm; usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfðy&m urRÏmef; bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;qkdif&m tcrf;tem;
}uD;i,ftrsm;tjym;wdk‹wGif ‘pk’ yg0ifulnDcJh.? a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHom;
Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? ‘pk’ . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG‹0iftaygif;wdk‹uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawG‹tóuHrsm;onf ‘pk’ twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdk‹rSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
aemiftcg avm('f)*dk;bl(of)/ (Lord Gore-Booth) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdk‹onf a':cif=unfESifh
aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ESD;r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnfqef;opf&Sifoefvmygonf? odk‹ESifh ‘pk’
atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmoif&ef oGm;aomtcg ayg(vf)ESifh yuf}wD&Smwdk‹u rdbudk,fpm;
=unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJh.? ‘pk’ onf olwdk‹. rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhodk‹/ olwdk‹ om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdk‹. nDtr&if;csmwOD;uJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? xdkrdom;pktdrfwGifyif ‚if;wkd‹.
rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif ‚if;wdk‹zdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk ‘pk’
odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdkESifh xl;jcm;aom
"avhp±dkufuav;rsm;udk ‘pk’ pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJh.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm olr 0if&awmhvkqJjzpfonfh
us,f0ef;vSaom urBmavmurS yk*~Kdvfrsm;yif r[kwfygvm;?
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; ‘pk’ onf rdcif&Sd&m e,l;a'vDodk‹ jyefavh&Sd.? odk‹aomf
wESpfwGif usrESifh tJ(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹ (Algiers) wGif vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD
ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH (Algeria) . òrd‹awmfodk‹ ajymif;a±$Œum
tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif; cH&ygonf? t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;(vf)'D*dk;(vf)
(Charles de Gaulle) tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxkd;+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um ±kef;uefr_aemufydkif;
wjznf;jznf; emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk‹a=umifh t,f(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹wGif ae&mxkdifcif;
tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom &yfuGufa'orsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

[dkw,frsm;enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef‹owfxm;jcif;wdk‹rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGifhvSpfpoH±Hk;rsm;/ ukvor*~±Hk;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&&Sd&ef oJoJrJrJ vHk;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;wGif =umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm Twkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnfhtpm;/
y&[dwvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ axmufyHha&; pDrHudef;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
‘pk’ a&mufvmcsdefrSm [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari Boumedienne) u tmrufbifbJvm;
(Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
pkESifh a':oef;at;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;
a&muf&SdaepOf
atmuf
yef;csDq&m *sJ&,fu,fvD
a&;qJGxm;aom a':oef;at;.
yHkwlqDaq;yef;csDum;
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yJGðyvkyfum ðzwfcst+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfygonf?
zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcHyJGrsm;pGmodk‹ oGm;&rnfxuf ‘pk’ u tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG‹qHkum
‚if;wdk‹wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udk avhvm&ef ydkrdkI pdwfxufoefygonf? ‘pk’ rSm zwf±_usufrSwf&ef
pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_'%fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk uGyfuJaeaom tzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh usrwdk‹ qufoG,fygonf?
pDrHudef;w&yf. wm0efcHjzpfol vli,fwOD; vma&mufI ‚if;wdk‹vkyfief;ta=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwGif usqHk;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfae=u&m tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef
zdwfac:óudqdka=umif; ajymygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywftawmf=um
oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tvkyfoGefoif}uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpf+yD;
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;rSm tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ a[mfvefESifh *smreD paom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
‘pk’ . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk‹ vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh±_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwdk‹ESpfOD;twl q[m&oJuEWm&tpyf&Sd
òrd‹av;wòrd‹wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
òrd‹ysuf}uD;&Sd&modk‹ oGm;cJh.? xdkòrd‹ysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwf±Hk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u ‘bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap’ [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

a&;xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ armfa&mfudkodk‹ c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;
ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG‹&+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf vydkif;r# pmoifydk‹csjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk aqmif±Guf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif av;ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufydkif; usr ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk‹
jyefa&mufaeygonf? rdom;pkrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol z&ifhxa&*g (Frank Trager) u ‚if;tjynfjynfqkdifa&;&m
ygarmuQtjzpf aqmif±Gufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfY ‘pk’ bJG‹vGefoifwef;wuf&ef pDpOfygonf?
ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESifh ta&SŒzsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyef‹pGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdk‹wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk‹
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf ‘pk’ . wdk;wufr_udk *±kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdk‹ae&m òrd‹v,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk‹
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom ‘pk’ twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk‹ oifwef;wuf&ef
‘pk’ oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~±Hk;odk‹
usrwdk‹aetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odk‹jzifh avmavmq,f ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
awG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf =uef‹=umr_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;aomtcg ‘pk’
ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufðypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftulðy&aom
ukvor*~±Hk;tzJG‹wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹EkdifiHrsm;.
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfxm;&jcif; r[kwfbJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf
cef‹tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG‹/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJG‹rsm;uJhodk‹aom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
bwf*sufrsm;udk xdkaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcsjyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ygonf?
tvkyfrsm;cufcJaomfvnf; ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfpDppf&jcif;ESifh
xufjrufxl;c|efaom tzJG‹0ifrsm;wdk‹a=umifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? xdktzJG‹0ifrsm;ESifh ‘pk’
aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeydkif;ESifh owif;ywfukefydkif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y
y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? ref[wfwif&Sd usrwdk‹aetdrfrS bwfpfum;ESifhoGm;v#if
q,frdepfcef‹oma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;±Hk}uD;wck.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf? òrd‹}uD;&Sd tqif;&JqHk;/ ukr&aom a&m*gpJGuyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmòydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;±Hkodk‹
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfðy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk &efukefaetdrfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdaeonfh ESpfrsm;wGif ±dkuful;xm;onf?
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif ‘pk’ yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr
rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHrS OD;oef‹onf ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf jzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfudk
vSrf;Ijrif&aom ol.tdrf}uD;onf &D;Am;a';(vf) (Riverdale) t&yfwGif&Sd+yD; usrwdk‹aetdrfrS um;ESifh
wem&Dcef‹ oGm;&ygonf? OD;oef‹tdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae‹ xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdk‹tzdk‹
tvGefpdwf±$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdk‹tóuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef‹. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;ae‹uJhodk‹aom txl;ae‹rsm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl tpOft+rJ taumif;qHk;jrefrmxrif;[if;rsm; jzpfygonf? OD;oef‹rdom;pku
aEG;axG;ysLiSmum {nfh0wfausvSygonf? usrwdk‹url {nfhonfawG odyfrrsm;aom xrif;pm;yJGrsm;udk ydkrdkI
ESpfoufaomfvnf;/ xdktcgrsm;Yyifv#if vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ urBmhtajctae/ OD;oef‹udkifwG,fae&aom
jyemrsm; ponfwdk‹udk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef‹. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmif±Guf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk‹ pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olvnf; &D;Am;a';(vf)Yyif OD;oef‹. a*[mavmuf
}uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&Sdaom tdrfwvHk;Y aeygonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom
pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fcef‹twGif;qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&jcif;jzifh
rtm;rvyfjzpfaeavh&Sdygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl e,l;a,muf&Sd jrefrmrsm;udk ol. tdrfodk‹
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf tcgor,rsm;Y zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? usrwdk‹onf ol. ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udk
cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
a0zefolwdk‹jzpf+yD;/ omreftm;jzifh oH±Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;. yxm;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wiftdrfYum;
tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
wcsdefwGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH usif;yqJtcsdeftwGif; usrESifh ‘pk’ udk OD;pdk;wiftdrfodk‹
xrif;pm;zdwfygonf? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒu usrwdk‹ESifhawG‹vdka=umif; ajymygonf?
OD;pdk;wifonf tpOf,Ofaus;azmfa±GolwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; Tzdwf=um;yHkrSmrl xl;jcm;aeojzifh ‘wckckawmh
wckckyJ’ [k usr xifrdygonf? ol. &D;Am;a';(vf)aetdrfodk‹ usrwdk‹ ae‹v,favmuf a&mufoGm;ygonf?
yef;rsm;/ &GufvSyifrsm;/ teufESifh a±$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Gef;xnfrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom av;axmifhyHk
{nfhcef;}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;ab;udkuyfI a±$Œxm;+yD;/ aumfzDyef;uefwif
pm;yJG}uD;rsm;udk xdkifckHrsm;a&SŒwGif pDxm;.? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHwuf&ef
a&mufaeaom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;rsm; woDwwef;}uD; xdkifae=u.? usrwdk‹ESifh rawG‹zl;ao;aom
olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;+yD; ‘pk’ udk tcef;wzufpGef;Y vl}uD;ESpfa,muft=um;wGif xkdifapygonf? usrudkrl
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk OD;aqmifol Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif&Sd&mESifh ra0;vSaom vlESpfOD;t=um;Y xdkifapygonf?
OD;pdk;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm; vdkufIurf;jcif;/ tmvl;a=umf paom oGm;&nfpmrsm;udk
pm;yJGrsm;ay:csjcif; ponfh 0wW&m;rsm; +yD;pD;onfESifh txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh xdkufwefatmif
csufðywfxm;aom xrif;yJGudk t+yD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk‹ xGufoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; tv†my/
ov†my pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm òyH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u ‘pk’ tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJu
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? ‘pk’ rnfuJhodk‹ ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh ‘pk’
taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdŒaomtoGifjzifh
axmufcHoHrsm;ðyum ‘pk’ udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’ u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm
usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk‹aom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef‹=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk‹ olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk
vef'efoH±Hk;rS ydk‹ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/
±dk;±dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ ‘pk’
u ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I
ajymoGm;ygonf?
vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum ‘pk’ taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef
av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfðyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk
&efukefodk‹ydk‹xm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk‹enf;wl
aESmifhaES;=uef‹=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf,EW&m;ESifh
tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS
tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh rdrdvkyfcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k
oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.?
awmif;yefouJhodk‹aom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef
oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm ‘pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh
}uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf?
usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum ‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae‹ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk‹ usrwdk‹
ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ’ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹ ae‹v,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; “pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y ‘pk’ u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&Sd±Hkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;”[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrSm ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk‹. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk‹&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh ‘pk’ onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
ukvor*~±Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ
om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odk‹ESifh
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol
rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;.
pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY
ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf?
pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf
tay: - blwefEkdifiH awmifay:c&D; 1971 ckESpf
atmuf – cifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhtwl/ armfvòrdifòrd‹wGif 1973 ckESpf
om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u
zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹.
±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif
awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/
tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsufaphrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)
tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jyemrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-8-
88’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI
usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

w±kwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? ‘pk’ acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf
t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
‘pk’ onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taejzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;rsm;
zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&òcH
ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHŒpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;ðyum olr.zcifuJhodk‹yif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodk‹a&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodk‹wifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfðryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf
ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf ‘pk’ onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGef‹pm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
óuHawG‹&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef‹t& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf
Oya'ESifhqef‹usif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf?
wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdef‹xkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u
‘pk’ ESifh olr. pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG‹0ifwdk‹udk a&SŒqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdk‹ygonf? ‘pk’ u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odk‹z,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD;
olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef‹&efESifh
,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf
tvGef&J&ifh+yD; atmifjrifr_vnf; &cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefydkif;uav;rSmyif ab;rS
Adkvfrª;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H ‘pk’ u olrrdcif a':cif=unf.
pnf;urf;pepfuspGm oGefoifxdef;a=umif; vrf;n$efr_atmufwGif olr }uD;jyif;vmcJh&yHkrsm;udk ajymjywwf+yD;
Todk‹aom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawG‹óuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk‹aom tcuftcJ
t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf?
Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf
owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vuf±Hk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/
rdrdtvdkodk‹ygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;±Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdk‹udk toHk;csum
tusOf;t=uyfxJrS vGwfatmif qdk;0g;aom ab;tEW&m,frS z,f&Sm;Ekdifatmif }uHaqmifEkdifcJhygonf?
a':cif=unfu usrwdk‹udk olr awG‹óuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; ‘pk’ vnf;
Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS
t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk‹ &SdcJhygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrl trsm;od+yD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; vuf±Hk;&nfa&m/ ESvHk;&nfyg jynfh0&atmif
woufwmvHk; óud;yrf;cJhygonf?
‘pk’ . oabmobm0ESifh }uHŒcdkifaompdwf"mwfwdk‹. Zpfjrpfudk avhvmpl;prf;&mwGif usr.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDðyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck
jzpfay:vm&ouJhodk‹yif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk
qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

‘pk’ ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom
ZJGvHk‹vESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
=unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awG‹óuH&aomtcg
Áa¹ENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk‹'fwGif
ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESifh olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ðypkysKd;axmif&r_/
tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *±kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyef‹aom
oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;/ ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt&
olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemðyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawG‹tóuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹udk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm
&ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm
udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if ‘pk’ onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;.
ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwef‹vsuf &SdaeouJhodk‹ xif&aomfvnf;
olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom
vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay:
v$rf;òcHvsuf&Sdonfh “a=umuf±GHŒjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD;” udk òzdcJGypf&ef olr. óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm
tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf
olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf?
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
* * *
pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹ta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm
tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk‹. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodk‹aomtajctaersm; óuHawG‹ae=u&ygovJ?
‘pk’ wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeonf[k
toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ (e0w) u olwdk‹tajymESifhnDatmif
bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh
emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf;
edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHŒjcif;u
v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG‹0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH‹&Sdaeygonf?
rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdef‹pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdk‹vnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf;
vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhrðy/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf;
vHk;0r&Sdyg?
e0w u ‚if;wdk‹. uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif
[efjyaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ w±kwfESifh jrefrmwdk‹
arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhðy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk
rnfodk‹r# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u w±kwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹ESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk‹. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD;
&onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif
toHk;ðy&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?
e0w u olwdk‹ajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdk‹u
“ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef” óud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf?
olwdk‹a&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom “[kwfuJh” [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdŒu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðyaom tcef;u¾rS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkðyonfudk uef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdeftuef‹towfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif
tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk‹. vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsr_
trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodk‹aom
a0zefuef‹uGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom
a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJG‹u *sDeDAmòrd‹Yusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG‹.
txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf;
±_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk
twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SŒrS
rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHk‹yef;rsm;udka&m/
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf
txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;±_H;cJh+yD;
,ckrSom ðyjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifiHrsm;udk wifjy&ef óud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;?
a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk‹rSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;
toHk;ðyae=uonfudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD;
±_wfcsuef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif
usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh ‘pk’ wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk
wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxHodk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh
tem*wfqDodk‹ a&$Œqdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI ‘pk’ rSmrl ol.
EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk
tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu
1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;u olrudk
*k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr.
t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf
vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ óud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fðycsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&aom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef‹=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;wGif
“olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;wkd‹wGif
ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;
jzpfay:vma&;wdk‹twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf” [k ajymoGm;ygonf?
1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh
wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdk‹tygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJG‹wzJG‹u
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJG‹u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck ðyvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk‹ toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdk‹u
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD;
jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufºuGatmif v_H‹aqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk
vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf” [k ajymcJhygonf?
tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm
,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf?
Todk‹aom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk
pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?
olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG
rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodk‹r# ,kdifESJ‹zsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif
óud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ‘pk’ u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD;
olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh
jznfhqnf;wwfygonf?
olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf.
arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk ‘pk’
t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?
olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD;
oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif
e0w tpdk;&ukd ,cifuvnf; zdwfac:cJh+yD; ,ckxdvnf; zdwfac:aeqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ onf usrwdk‹. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk‹. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u ‘pk’ udk owd&ae+yD;/ ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf?
urBmuvnf; ‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk
apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom
&yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ‘pk’ u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk
pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?
‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkom usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?
roef;{
1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef;
1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae‹Y atmfpvdkòrd‹awmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csD;jr‡ifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted)
ajym=um;aomrdef‹cGef;
* * *
bk&ifrif;jrwf/ zdbk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm; cifAsm;/
,ae‹ Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk‹ pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom
vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk *k%fðy&efESifh olrtm; 1991 ckESpftwGufjzpfaom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk csD;jr‡ifh&efyif jzpfygonf? cHpm;csuf trsKd;rsKd;/ tzHkzHkjzpfay:&onfh
tcgor,jzpfygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif rvma&mufEkdifbJ jzpfae&ygonf? usaemfwdk‹
todtrSwfðyaeaom óud;yrf;r_}uD;rSmvnf; qHk;cef;a&muf&ef vdkygao;onf? olronf
olr.,Hk=unfcsuftwkdif; jzpfajrmuf&ef wkdufyJG0ifaeqJyifjzpfygonf? olr. pGrf;&nfowWdESifh
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfY ,Hk=unfcsuf. tusOf;om;b0Y
a&muf&Sdaeygonf? olr rvma&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk‹ pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm;
jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; olr.rdom;pk cHpm;ae&aom pdk;&drfylyefr_ESifhpmv#if ajymyavmufrnfr[kwfyg?
olr.rdom;pkjzpfaom cifyGef;onf rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh om;rsm;jzpf=uaom tvufZENm;ESifh uifrfwdk‹tm;
tvGefyif udk,fjcif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvdkygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf oifwdk‹ESifhtwl
cHpm;=u&+yD; oifwdk‹.ZeD;ESifh rdcifjzpfoludk,fpm; atmfpvdkodk‹ vma&mufI EdkbJvfqk vufcH,lonfudk
usaemfwdk‹ rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
usaemfwdk‹. pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_rsm;onf ,Hk=unftm;xm;r_/ ar#mfvifhr_wdk‹jzifhvnf;
a&maxG;Ijzpfay:aeygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk&,l&ef wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;&mwGif usaemfwdk‹
pHerlemtjzpf xm;&rnfhyk*~Kdvfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹&,l&ef óud;yrf;aeonfh t&mrsm;.
oauFwtjzpf&yfwnf+yD; usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdor# taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk v_yf&Sm;wufºuGapaom
yk*~KdvfrsKd;wdk‹udk tm;xm;=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf Todk‹aomyk*~Kdvfyif jzpfygonf? olronf
av;eufpGmwm0ef,lr_ESifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay: - EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkwHqdyf
atmuf – EdkbJvfqk&Siftm; csD;jr‡ifhtyfESif;onfhvufrSwf
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
ZJGowWdcdkif+rJr_wdk‹udk OD;wnfcsufESifhenf;vrf;wkd‹ wom;wnf;jzpfaompdwful;tjrifjzifh
aygif;pyfay;xm;ygonf? ,if;tjrif. ta&;}uD;qHk;aomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ tkyfpkrsm;t=um; aphpyfjzefajzr_/ t=urf;rzufr_ESifh
wOD;jcif;taejzifh‚if;/ pkaygif;I‚if; pnf;urf;user_ ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
olrtm; pwif pdwf"mwfwufºuGv_yf&Sm;apaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;onf y"getm;jzifh r[wWr*ENDESifh
olr.zcif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_acgif;aqmif atmifqef;wdk‹yifjzpfa=umif; olrudk,fwkdif &Sif;vif;pGm
&nfn$ef;xm;ygonf? t=urf;rzufa&; tawG;tac:orm;}uD;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk‹t=um;
uJGjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; tajccHwlnDcsufrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;pvHk;wGif ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;pdwfxm;/ ppfrSefaomed0gww&m;ESifh atmifqef;pk=unfu
ol‹zcifESifhywfoufI a&;om;&mwGif toHk;ðyonfhpum;twdkif; “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” wdk‹udk
awG‹&Sd&ygonf? atmifqef;tzdk‹ acgif;aqmifr_onf wm0efjzpfI rdrdacgif;aqmifrnfh jynfolvlxk.
,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹udk&,lI wm0efxrf;aqmif&mwGif ed0gww&m;&SdrS wm0efausyGefrnf
jzpfygonf?
*ENDESifh zcifjzpfolwdk‹xHrS tm;xm;erlem,lp&m pdwf"mwfa&;&mrsm;udk &,lcJhaomfvnf;
atmifqef;pk=unfwGifvnf; vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm;&Sd+yD; ,if;wdk‹onf olr.EdkifiHa&;0g'
jzpfvmygawmhonf? t"durl&if;rSm olr.zcifY olr jrifawG‹&aom “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” yif
jzpfygonf? olr.tawG;tac:wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tv,fA[dkY ae&may;xm;onfrSm vl‹*k%foduQmudk
umuG,f&ef wu,fwrf;vdktyfonfhoabmudk a&mifjyef[yfaeyHk&ygonf? vlom;onf
vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wGif aexdkifcGifh&SdonfomrubJ ±kdaoav;pm;cHydkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
Tt,ltqtay:wGif tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csuf pdwful;tjrifESifh wnf+idrfaomvufawG‹0g'wdk‹udk
xl;jcm;pGmaygif;pyfxm;aom vrf;pOfw&yfudk olru csrSwfwnfaxmifxm;ygonf? olrtzdk‹ TonfrSm
oDtdk&Dt,ltqr#om r[kwfyg? Todk‹aom t,ltqudk vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;Y usifhoHk;Ekdifonfudk
jyo&mwGif olronf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyol jzpfaeygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;rl0g'udk vufawG‹taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vHk;0r&Sdrjzpfaom
vdktyfcsufw&yfrSm a=umuf±GHŒjcif;uif;rJhr_yif jzpfygonf?Ttcsufudk atmifqef;pk=unf odem;vnfygonf?
olr.pmwrf;wckwGif tm%ma=umifhr[kwfbJ a=umuf±GHŒr_a=umifhom vlom;wkdif;
azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k pwifa&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? olr. wdkif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;
&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;jyðy&rnfjzpfaom jynfolvlxkudk ‚if;wkd‹u
a=umuf&GHŒaeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ azmufjyefapcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tonfa=umifh ‚if;wdk‹onf
raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olr.tawG;tac:wGif a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJh&ef
E_d;aqmfcsufonf OD;pGmyxrtaejzifh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom E_d;aqmfcsufjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;
a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;rJh=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf? olrudk,fwkdifvnf; a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJha=umif;udk
vufawG‹jycJhygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfudk wudk,fwnf; qef‹usifcJholjzpfygonf?
Todk‹aomowWdudk rnfonfht&mu cHEkdifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdef‹ay;vdkufol Adkvfrª;.
pdwfxJwGif rnfodk‹&Sdygoenf;? olr.owWdudk av;pm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ =urf;wrf;aom tiftm;jzifh
rnfonfht&mudkr# atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;Adkvfrª; oabmaygufoGm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqdk;0g;qHk;aom&efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI ,if;udkwkdufzsuf&mwGif
a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufqHk; vufeufjzpfygonf? olr. tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owWda=umifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol atmifqef;uJhodk‹ tmedoif}uD;rm;aom oauFw
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

trSwftom;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf ‚if;.óud;yrf;r_rsm; r+yD;jywfao;rD
aoewfypfcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh atmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rS z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf[k
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufomjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_. oauFwjzpfvm+yD; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk
wnfaqmufEkdif&ef ,ck wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfwufºuGaponfh yk*~Kdvfvnf;
jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk‹ pHerlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"mwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvHk;wGif
atmifqef;&,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh ‚if;aoqHk;+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf
EkdifiHa&;pwifvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaomtajccHudk &&SdEkdifcJhygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfudk qufcHcJh+yD;
,cktcg olrudk,fwkdifyif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&SwdkufwcGifvHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESH‹tjym;wGif
t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹onf usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdk‹uJhodk‹aom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodk‹aomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk‹
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr óud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdk‹ESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodk‹yif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk‹ ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvu‚if;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif‚if; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹[l‹pfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ 'eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG‹&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufòrd‹ ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk‹'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? olronf uav;i,f (2) a,muf&Sdaom tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufóud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdk‹wGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todk‹aom jyifytjzpftysuffrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;u¾udk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf wae‹wGif jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odk‹aomtcgwGif
cifyGef;onf. axmufcHtm;ay;r_vdka=umif; olru ajymcJhonfudk olr.cifyGef;u ajymcJhzl;ygonf? olr
avhvmqnf;yl;aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopforkdif;udkom ydkI
t"duxm;avhvmonfudk awG‹&ygonf? zcifESifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif zcifjzpfol yg0ifcJhaom tcef;u¾udk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. t±dkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
ydkrdkckdifrmvmapygonf?
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

*syefodk‹oGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;&ygonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif
atmifqef;wdk‹tzJG‹vnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odk‹aomf r=umrDwGif ‚if;wdk‹onf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk
wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif ‚if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk‹.
udkvdkeDacwftawG‹tóuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
±dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfh±dk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf? Todk‹ av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;u¾udk eufeJpGm
oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf?
xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodk‹jyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawG‹r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef‹ aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ðypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odk‹aom tajctaewGif
“'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_” [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufºuGºuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I
ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGusif;yonftxd wkdif;jynfudk OD;aqmifoGm;&eftvdk‹iSm ±dkaoav;pm;&aom/
oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJG‹pnf;cef‹tyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf?
&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefòrd‹ a&$wd*HkapwDa&SŒwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdef‹cGef;ajymqdkI vl‹tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um
wkef‹qdkif;ae+yD;rS pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif ydkI wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifjcif;jzifh wefjyefvdkufygonf?
“EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹” (e0w) udk zJG‹pnf;um tpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;udk
ydwfyifwm;jrpfvdkuf+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk usifhoHk;I tr_ppfjcif;r&SdbJ tjypf'%fay;ygawmhonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkrl ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg? (tpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;+yD;jzpfI
ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJG‹pnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdŒu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (tift,f'D) udk
wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u
oabmwl=uygonf?
e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u
qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf
w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;.
t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w
onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh
oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf;
qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty)
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif
tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrff;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m
tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf
taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS
pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf?
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ae&ma'owGif pdwfcs&aom+idrf;csrf;r_vnf; r&SdEkdifyg? +idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfrSm
twdkuftcHtm;vHk; E_wfqdwfaejcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ vHkòcHa&;[lonfrSm
rdrdwdk‹tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk aocsmatmifðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if; t"dy`m,faumuf,l=uaom
oabmxm;usOf;ajrmif;olwdk‹uomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹.
tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdk‹onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
vHkòcHa&;oabmudk at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf?
“opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;.
t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh
*±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom
tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdkua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tzdESdyfcHae&ojzifh EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwdkif rvma&mufEkdifonfrSm
Tt}udrfonf yxrt}udrf r[kwfyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol umvf;AGef
atmfpDtufpuD (Carl Von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEkdifcJhyg?
tif'a&qmcga&mAfh (Andrei Sakharov) ESifh vufbdk0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wdk‹onfvnf;
xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJh&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonf emZDtpdk;&rðywfusrD aoqHk;oGm;&+yD; qmcga&mhAfESifh
bdk0ifpmwdk‹rSmrl ‚if;wdk‹. óud;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyJGcHonfudk awG‹jrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf;
olr. óud;yrf;r_atmifyJGcHonfudk jrif&rnf[k usaemfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif a&mufrvmEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf aemufqHk;jzpfcsifrS
jzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmudkvnf; usaemfwdk‹ od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹aexdkif&m
urBmrsKd;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk wcgwnf;ESifh r&Edkifonfudkvnf; owdðy=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk‹. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; edrfhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdkodk‹rvkyfbJ
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomavmuudk vdktyfygu usaemfwdk‹ ydkI Edk;=um;zswfvwf&ef a=umuf&GHŒr_rS ydkI uif;&Sif;&ef
,ckESpfqk&SifajymouJhodk‹ “euf±_dif;aom ±dk;om;r_” &Sd=u&ef usaemfwdk‹ óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
TonfrSm usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; wOD;pDðyvkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqifh&Sdolrsm; usifhoHk;&ef
txl;vdktyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJhodk‹yif ±dk;om;ESdrfhcsr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;r_udk jy=uyg? ydkI
aecsifzG,faumif;aom urBmavmu ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfygonf?
(wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf)
(wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)
tydkif;-u
1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif;
a&;om;aom
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm;
(aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;)
atmifqef;
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 3-37 udk jrefrmjyefonf?
* * *
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

usr rSwfrdEkdifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr.zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh “azaz[m
b,fvdkvlpm;rsKd;ygvdrfh” [laom odcsifpdwfjzifh zcif. b0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpkaqmif; avhvmzwf±_jcif;yifjzpfygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyyg
txky`wWdpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"dutajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;t&mESpf&yfESifhywfoufIomv#if usrwdk‹rdom;pkESifh azazhtm; aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJholrsm;xHrS
od&Sd&aomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif tawmftoifh tajccHxm;ygonf? aoG;om;eD;uyfpGm
awmfpyfolwOD;. txky`wWdudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg? "rR"dXmefusus a&;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k
tpGyfpJGcH&Edkifygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; txky`wWda&;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹ &SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk‹. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfOm%fudk yHkpHoGif;ay;cJhaom tjzpftysuf/
tawG‹tóuHrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_rS uif;vGwfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? usrtaejzifh usrzcif. ±kyfyHkv$mudk
usrjrifonfhtwkdif; rSefuefpGm ay:vGifap&ef óud;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[kom ajymEkdifygonf?
* * *
atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufòrd‹uav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
&ufae‹wGif zGm;jrifygonf? rEWav;òrd‹awmf&Sd jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ysufokef;ap+yD; jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufodk‹ usqif;apcJhaom wwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyJGt+yD; ESpfaygif; (30)
t=umwGifjzpfygonf? ewfarmufe,fole,fom;rsm;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. tr_udkxrf;aqmifonfh
tpOftvm&Sdolrsm;jzpf.? atmifqef;. rdcifrsKd;±dk;xJwGif &mxl;}uD; rif;r_xrf;tcsKdŒ yg0ifcJhygonf?
zcifjzpfol OD;zmonf v,form;rsKd;±dk;rSjzpf+yD; avmuDa&;&mwGif vdrRma&;jcm;r&Sd/ pum;rajym wHk%Sdbma0
aewwfolwOD;jzpfygonf? Om%f&nfaumif;I pmayzufwGif xl;c|efaomfvnf; pum;enf;vGef;ojzifh
OD;zmonf rdrd. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfjzpfaom a&SŒaetvkyfY atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? xkd‹a=umifh
xufjrufoGufvufvSaom rdcif a':pkomv#if rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;udk t"duwm0ef,l&ygonf? a':pk.
OD;av;awmfolonf +Adwdo#wdk‹udk a&S;OD;pGm awmfvSefqef‹usifcJhaom jrefrmtkyfpkwpkudk
acgif;aqmifcJhygonf? aemufqHk;Y “Adkvfva&mif” ac: “OD;rif;a&mif”tm; +Adwdo#wdk‹u
zrf;qD;owfjzwfvdkufygonf? “ukvm;wdk‹u|efrcH” [laom pdwfxm;&SdcJhonfh xdk&J&Jawmuf
rsKd;cspfyk*~Kdvf}uD;um; atmifqef;rdom;pkESifh e,fole,fom;rsm; *k%f,lpHxm; tm;uszG,f&mjzpfvmygonf?
nDtudkarmifESr (6) OD; [uav;b0uyif uG,fvGef=uolrsm;tygt0ifqdkv#if arG;csif; - 9 OD;]
teuf taxG;qHk;jzpfol atmifqef;onf oludk,fwkdifa&;cJhaom rSwfwrf;t& npfywfcsLcsm tpm;=uL;I
vHk;0 ESpfvdkzG,fr[kwfaom uav;wOD;jzpfygonf? pum;ajymvnf; aemufusvSojzifh rdom;pku ‘pGef‹t’
aeovm;[lIyif ylyifcJh&.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;uav;onf y&d,m,fr&Sdjcif;/ tvGef±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/
qif;&Jolrsm;tm; oem;=uifemwwfjcif; paom cspfpzG,fpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh jynfhpHkonf[k ol‹tm; i,fpOfu
aumif;pGmodcJholrsm;ESifh ol‹rdom;pk0ifrsm;u aumufcsufcs=uygonf? atmifqef;rdom;pkrSm
Om%f&nfaumif;+yD; ynmzufwGif xGef;aygufolrsm;tjzpf emrnfaumif;&xm;ygonf? atmifqef;. tudk
(3) OD;rSm toufi,fi,fav;wGif ausmif;pwuf=u.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;rSmrl tarygwufrS
ausmif;wufrnfqdkum uwfzJhae.? pdwf"mwf}uHŒcdkifvSygonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfaom a':pkonf
om;axG;av;udk tvGefn‡mwmavh&Sd+yD; ol‹pdwfygrSom ausmif;wufygapawmh[k tvdkvdkufxm;cJh.? odk‹jzifh
(8) ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcgrS atmifqef; ausmif;wuf&ef qHk;jzwfygawmhonf? tudkjzpfol
atmifoef; &Sifomra%abmifodk‹ 0ifaomtcgY bkef;}uD;ausmif;ae oHCmwdk‹b0udk oabmusIayvm;/
&Sifavmif;rsm;pD;onfh uóud;wefqm qif&ifxm;aom jrif;jzLav;udk oabmusIvm;rod/ atmifqef;u
olvnf; &Sifðycsifygonf[k qdkvmygawmhonf? vdrRmyg;eyfaomtaru tcGifhaumif;udk csufcsif;,lI
&SifrðyrD pma&;pmzwfwwf&ef vdkrnf[k axmufjyvdkufygonf?
w
w
w
.burm
eseclassic.com

Aung Sang Suu Kyi- Freedom from Fear

Aung Sang Suu Kyi- Freedom from Fear

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

More from Lehkhabu Khawvel

More from Lehkhabu Khawvel (20)

Aung Sang Suu Kyi- Freedom from Fear