2. Definition of Visual Aid
A visual aid is a material that can be seen
that aids learning.
Function
Visual aids function as a learning tool for
children and educators. They function by
providing a visual representation of the
subject that is being learned. This is something
that regular text or oral presentation cannot
do.
3. Non projected visuals are those aids which are used
without any projection.
Non-Projected Visuals can translate abstract ideas
into a more realistic format. They allow instruction to
move down from the level of verbal symbols into a
more concrete level.
Non-projected visuals are easy to use because they
do not require any equipment.
Inexpensive.
4. It can be used in many ways at all levels
of instruction and disciplines.
It is use to stimulate creative expression
such as telling or writing stories or
composing poetry.
It is use in testing and evaluation.
5.
6. A. GRAPHIC MATERIALS
The term graphics comes from the Greek word
graphein which means “to write” “to draw” or “to
represent by lines”. Graphics are instructional
materials which present summarized information
and ideas through drawings, words, pictures and
symbols. Graphics are generally abstract.
7. Drawings and
illustrations are non-photographic
reconstructions or
representations of
reality, etched or
drawn by an
illustrator, like the
teacher or students.
Illustrations can be
black or white or in
full color.
8. 1. Giving faces to characters in a story.
2. Displaying a number of examples of an
item described in a textbook.
3. Visualizing stepwise sets of instructions in a
technical manual.
4. Communicating subtle thematic tone in a
narrative.
5. Making a reader laugh or smile.
9. Advantages
1. Drawings and illustrations could be prepared ahead of
time by having it drawn on the board and covered until
the class starts.
2. Drawings and illustrations can be easily prepared once
materials are available. They are also easy to utilize
because they do not require special equipment.
3. They are less detailed; hence, learners can easily
understand their message.
Limitations
1. Drawings could be subject to misinterpretations.
2. Technical expertise in drawing could be needed to
produce good drawings and illustrations.
10. Charts are instructional materials which
present relationship such as chronologies,
quantities, and hierarchies. They usually
appear as tables and flowcharts, and
present a combination of pictorial,
graphic, numerical or verbal materials.
11. 1. Flowcharts or Process Charts
–show a sequence, procedure, or as the name implies,
the flow of the process.
12. 2. Classification Charts
––show the classification or categorization of
objects or events or species.
13. 3. Tabular Charts or Tables
–show data, usually numerical and are
presented in columns.
14. 4. Organizational charts
––show the structure or chain of command in an
organization such as company, corporation or government
department. Lines show the interrelationship of data.
15. 5. Stream or Tree Charts
–show the relationships of data as shown in a hierarchy.
16. 3. Time lines
–illustrate chronological relationships between events.
17. Advantages
1. Charts can present summaries of information.
2. Charts can be easily made by students. These can
be easily used because they do not require special
equipment.
3. Charts can be moved with ease from one place to
another.
Limitations
1. Charts cannot show motion.
2. Big charts can be cumbersome to handle.
3. Charts can be outdated.
18. Although considered as charts, these
consist of lines and symbols that show the
relationships or key features of a process,
an object or an area. It could be very
abstract such as construction blueprints or
very simple such as diagrams showing
relationships of verbs, subject or other parts
of speech in English grammar classes.
24. Advantages
1. Like charts, diagrams show relationships of
a large amount of data in a condensed
form.
2. Diagrams are easy to use because they do
not require special equipment.
Limitation
1. Ideas rely heavily on symbolic means,
hence, could be difficult to understand.
25. Graphs are instructional materials which
represent numerical data. Graphs also
illustrate relationships among units of data
and trends in the data. Graphs could be
produced from tabular charts, or could be
easily made through computer
spreadsheet applications, such as
Microsoft Excel.
26. 1. Line graphs
–these are used
frequently in plotting
relationships between
changes in a set of
data, usually over a
period of time.
27. 2. Bar graphs
–these consist of bars,
either horizontally or
vertically, which are
useful in presenting
comparisons of data.
28. 3. Circle or Pie Graphs
––these are used to
show how a whole is
divided into parts and
the relationship of the
parts.
29. 4. Picture Graphs or
Pictographs
–these are pictures to
represent and
compare numerical
data instead of bars or
lines.
30. Advantages
1. Graphs are made to summarize data, hence,
facilitate understanding.
2. Graphs which are colorful are more appealing
than tables.
Limitations
1. Graphs can be easily misinterpreted.
2. Because these employ numerical data,
graphs could be uninteresting for some
students.
31. Posters are materials
which combine images,
lines, colors, and words.
These materials intend
to catch and hold
viewer’s attention to
present a brief,
persuasive message.
Posters may be
obtained from a variety
of sources. These can
also be prepared by
teachers and students.
32. Advantages
1. Posters can be easily prepared by
teachers and students.
2. Posters can easily convey message.
3. Because of its color, posters can easily
catch attention.
Limitations
1. Posters can portray different
interpretations.
33. Cartoons are colorful line drawings with
exaggerated features or symbols that
provide humor or satire.
They usually appear in newspapers,
periodicals and textbooks. It also include
comic strips or strip drawings, which is
sequence of closely related drawings
intended to make important social and
political comments.
They can be often used by teachers to
make or reinforce a point of instruction.
Strip drawings can be used to arouse
interest, develop vocabulary and other
reading skills and serve as springboards to
lessons.
34. Advantages
1. Strip drawings can be easily read and understood;
thus encourages reading.
2. Cartoons satisfy children’s idea of art.
3. Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip drawings
contain illustrations.
Limitations
1. In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is a
tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings
rather than on the words accompanying them.
2. Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which
could lead to misinterpretations.
35. B. PICTORIAL MEDIA
The visual or pictorial media are often
considered the “universal language”.
Moreover, pictures are said to be “worth a
thousand words.” This attests to the power of
pictorial media as a communication device.
36. Still pictures are two-dimensional
aids,
photographic or
photographic-like, which help
illustrate and teach specific
lesson topics, help learners
recall information, and visually
explain information that
would be difficult to convey
using verbal or written terms.
Good pictures convey
authentic and clear
messages. They are well
composed and use effective
color and possess technical
and mechanical quality.
37. Advantages
1. Still pictures abound in various materials such as books,
magazines, newspapers, catalogs, and calendars.
2. Pictures provide a more realistic interpretation of verbal
symbols.
3. Pictures, especially those which are large and colorful,
motivate students and relate an action or depict a story.
4. Still pictures are easy to use and can be easily carried
from place to place and do not require any equipment or
electricity.
5. Still pictures are relatively inexpensive to produce or
purchase and can be reused.
38. Limitations
1. Since pictures are two-dimensional, they
often fail to present scale size or perspective
2. Unless proper care is taken, pictures can
easily get torn, disordered or lost.
3. Choosing the right picture could be a problem
for some teachers. Some pictures cannot
depict the totality of the message intended to
be presented by the teacher.
39. This refers to pictures
which are produced
by the 35 mm still
camera or the digital
camera. They appear
in black and white or in
full color.
40. Advantages
1. The material could easily capture the subject as deemed
important for instruction.
2. Photographs could be easily taken and produced as in
the case of those taken from digital cameras.
Limitations
1. Like pictures, photographs fail to present scale size or
perspective. However, providing series of photographs of
the same object or scene from several different angles
can address this limitation. A series of sequential
photographs can suggest motion.
2. Carelessness in getting pictures may lead to distortion of
images.
41. Flash cards are
valuable materials for
drill activities
particularly in the
teaching of
Mathematics, English,
and Filipino. It comes in
the form of picture
cards, word cards,
phrase cards, sentence
cards or mathematical
cards.
42. Advantages
1. Flash cards can be an important means of fixing
skills and automatizing responses of students.
2. Flash cards can be easily made from recycled
materials.
3. Flash cards are easy to use and can be easily
carried.
Limitations
1. Flash cards may be small to be seen by the entire
class.
2. If flashing is too snappy, the students could find
difficulty in recognizing what is in the flash card.
43. Projected visuals have long been popular as a
medium of instruction as well as entertainment.
Projected media refers to media formats in which
visual and verbal images are projected or enlarged
and displayed on a screen by passing strong light
through a transparent material (transparencies, slides,
filmstrips) or through opaque materials.
Integration
Projected visuals are suitable for all use at
all grade levels and for instruction in all
curriculum areas.
44. Provide a tour for new employees of a local business
without walking through the plant.
Make a visual history of your community, schools or
organizations.
Illustrates lectures about art history or art technique.
Document student activities, products and student work,
and community problems (e.g. crime and pollution)
Present a preoperative explanation of surgical tailored to
a specific surgeon’s patient.
45. Show people at work in various jobs, for career awareness.
Illustrates the uses of company’s product throughout the
world.
Teach a step-by-step process with close-ups of each
operation.
Simulate a field trip.
Promote public understanding of your school of your
organization.
46. The document camera is
a video camera
mounted on a copy
stand, pointed
downward at
documents, flat pictures,
or graphics and small
objects like coins. The
image may be
projected onto a large
seen within the room or it
may be transmitted to
distant sites via television.
47. No projected required.
A document camera allows on-the-spot
projection of readily available classroom materials.
All students have equal view.
Permits everyone to have an equal opportunity
to view the same materials easily.
Allows group viewing of student work.
Permits group viewing and discussions of
student work, such as drawings, student
compositions, solutions to math problems and the
like.
48. Bulky hardware. It requires monitor or
video projector, which is bulky, heavy,
and cumbersome to move without cart.
Monitor or projection required. You
cannot use it without a monitor or video
projector.
Additional lighting. Document cameras
need additional lights for good image.
49. All subjects –group critique of student work and
review the test items.
Art –group discussion of reproductions of paintings, etc.
Business –group work on business and accounting forms.
Home Economics –group viewing of sewing pattern,
recipes, etc.
Industry –projection of blueprints for group study.
Language Arts –group critique of student composition.
50. Medicine –group study of anatomical drawing .
Military –review of maps and official documents
Music –group reading of musical colors.
Religion –religious story illustrations.
Science –magnification of specimens ; group study
of maps and tables.
Social Studies –viewing of artifacts from other
cultures, etc.
51. Overhead projection is done using an overhead
projector –a device like a box with a large stage on the
top surface. Light from the powerful lamp inside the box is
condensed by a spherical type of lens, known as Fresnel
lens, and passes through a transparency placed on the
stage. A lens and mirror system mounted on a bracket
above the box turns the light beam 90 degrees and
projects the image onto a screen or blank wall (Heinich,
1996).
52. Overhead projection has become the
most widely used audiovisual device in
North America classrooms and training
sites.
A projector capable of projecting
enlarged images of written or pictorial
material onto a screen or wall from a
transparency placed horizontally below
the projector and lighted from underneath.
54. 2. Reflective type
–the light from the
lamp is reflected off
the mirror like stage.
This type is easy to
carry since it is lighter
and more compact.
55. 3. Acetate –transparent
film whose regular size is 8
x 10 inch
Overlays –are sheets of
transparent film
56. Brightness
Eye contact
Ease of use
Abundance of materials
Manipulable
Availability of materials
Self-prepared materials
Advance preparation
Impact attitudes
Organization and discussion
57. Not programmed –overhead projector cannot
be programmed to display visual sequences
by itself, nor is an audio accompaniment
provided.
Not self-instructional –it is designed for large-group
study.
Production process required –materials have to
be made into transparencies by means of
some production process.
Keystone effect –distortion
58. Art
Consumer Science
Drama
Geography
Language Arts
Laboratory Skills
Literature
Music
Science
59. Overhead transparencies may be created from
clear acetate, photographic film, or any other
transparent material such as plastics used to
cover books. These are usually 10” x 10” in size to
fit the size of most overhead projectors.
Transparencies may contain images or letters to
be projected or may be left blank for teachers to
write on them. One can also have materials
photocopied to the acetate using photocopier
or could be printed directly from computers.
Transparencies may be used individually or with
one or more overlays.
60. Direct Drawing Method
Electrostatic Film Process (Xerography)
Overhead Created by Computer
61. a.1 Presentation programs –special software that
simplifies creation of slide or transparencies of
graphics that combine text, data and visuals.
62. a.3 Photo-enhancement programs –allow the
manipulation of color and use of special effects
to alter photographic and styles.
63. a.2 Drawing and paint programs –allow the user
to draw geometric shapes and figures.
64. a.4 Desktop publishing programs –combines
features of many other methods to create
sophisticated products such as newsletters and
books.
65. Laser printers print images directly onto special film
Ink-jet printers spray droplets of ink onto specially
coated ink-jet film.
Thermal transfer printers use heat to imprint images
onto thermal film
Pen plotters draw with pens directly onto specially
coated film
Impact printers press the ink from ribbons onto impact
film
66. Sequencing –arrange slodes into many different
sequence
Automatic cameras –automatic exposure control,
easy focusing, and high-speed color film have
contributed to this trend.
Automatic projection –offers convenience use of
remote control
Collection building –easy to build up permanent
collections
Individualized instruction-feasible for small-group and
independent study
67. Disorganization –since slides comes as
individual units, they can easily becomes
disorganized.
Jamming –they are made of cardboard,
plastic and glass varying thickness
Susceptible to damage –slides can easily
accommodate dusts and fingerprints;
careless storage or handling can be lead to
permanent damage.
68. Slides are small, transparent photographs individually
mounted for one-at-a-time projection. Slides are
inserted into a slide projector. The standard size of
slides is 2 x 2 inches (5 x 5 cm) measured by the outer
dimensions of the slide mount. The actual dimensions
of the image will vary with the type of film and
camera.
69. Photographic slides are interesting media
for lessons, especially for topics that involve
places, sceneries and people.
70. Advantages
1. Slides are portable and can be easily stored.
2. Most slide projectors offer the convenience of remotely
controlling the presentation of slides. They also allow
the presenter to remain in front of the room.
3. It is easy to build collections of slides due to the
general availability and ease of handling slides.
4. Slides can be used in individualized instruction
programs.
5. Viewing slides can be controlled by users.
71. Limitations
1. There is a tendency for slides to become easily
disorganized.
2. Use of slide projection is not effective in a fully-lighted
environment. Face-to-face contact could not be possible
since the room is darkened.
3. The lack of a standard way of mounting slides may lead
to jamming of slides.
4. Slides may be costly.
5. Slides are becoming outdated. They are already
replaced by CDs.
6. Careless storage or handling of slides can lead to
permanent damages.
72. It is possible to store images in a digital
form and show them on a computer or
television monitor or project them before a
group. Available digital storage media
includes CD-ROM. Photo CD, DVD-ROM,
and computer disks.
73. CD-ROM
(Compact disc-read only
memory) has the capacity
to handle not only quality
sound but also large
quantities of text and
visuals.
CD-ROMs are read only
which means that the user
cannot change or modify
information on the disc.
CD-ROM discs requires their
own special player; the
audio VD player attached
to your stereo will not play
them.
74. PHOTO CD
(Photographic
compact disc –utilized
digital technology to
store photographic
images. You can only
show the photographs
on CD using a special
photo CD player.
75. DVD-ROM
(digital videodisc –read
only memory) –is also a
digital storage but with
greater capacity. DVD
is an ideal medium for
text, visuals, animation,
motion video and
audio formats that
have large storage
requirements.
76. DIGITAL CAMERA
Digital cameras are directly
connected to a computer
to place the image onto
the computer. Others store
digital images directly onto
a computer disk or a small
digital “flash memory” card
or “smart card” inside the
camera.
This camera can be used in
many ways. You can
connect the computer to
an LCD panel or data
projector for group viewing.
It is also possible to use
software programs called
photoshop.
77. Random access. Digital images stored on discs can be
rapidly and randomly access.
Durability. The discs are very durable. Fingerprints do not
interfere with the quality of the projected visual, as is the
case of slides and filmstrips.
Storage capacity. All the discs store thousands of colorful
images at your fingertips.
High quality visuals. The quality of digital still images is
better than the photographic images on slides and does
fade with time as photographic images do.
Portable. Digital discs are extremely portable.
Less storage space. It would require 67580 slide trays to
store the 54000 still images on a single videodisc.
78. Expensive to produce –time consuming and
expensive to produce
Requires player and projection –more complex
and more difficult to operate
Format becoming outdated – the laser disc format
is rapidly being placed by CD-ROM and DVD, and
fewer new titles are available.
79. Projected digital visuals are suitable for
most of the same applications where you
would use overhead transparencies or
slides.
80. Digital (and analog) images can be shown
to individual using a computer monitor.
81. Designed for use with presentation
graphics software, liquid crystal display
(LCD) projection panels project computer
images on screen. Power point is also
presentation package that has become
very popular. You can include sound and
animation in your presentation.
83. The extra expense and logistical
arrangements required by LCD projection
would be difficult to justify for simple, static
presentations. Where it yields real benefits in
providing dynamic or interactive presentation.
-THE END-
85. THANK YOU!!! PHY.SCI
Reported By:
Cortez, Mary Jo
Cristal, Frinces Mae
Cuachon, Rona Mae
Dela Pena, Jonnel
Despi, Leizel
Edollantes, Mary Joy
Group 1
BSED 3C
