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Neonatal Cranial Spinal Sonography
1. NEONATAL CRANIAL
SONOGRAPHY
Joan K. Zawin, M.D.
Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical
Center
Saturday, April 21, 2012
2. Indications for HUS
• Prematurity • Hypoxia
• ↑ Head • FTT
circumference
• Mass
• Persistent large
fontanelle • Intracranial infection
• Craniosynostosis • Trauma
• ECMO
Saturday, April 21, 2012
3. Limitations of HUS
• Small acoustic window
• Cannot assess myelination
• Diffuse white matter injury
• Cerebellar lesions, infarctions, small isolated
IVH - can be missed
3
Saturday, April 21, 2012
21. Choroid Plexus
• Thin in roof of III vent and in temporal
horn
• “Split choroid” sign in trigone
• Present but not seen in roof of IV vent
• Never seen in occipital horn or anterior to
foramen Monroe
21
Saturday, April 21, 2012
28. Midline Cystic
Structures
• Communicate with each other
• Do not communicate with ventricular
system or subarachnoid spaces
• Obliterated from posterior ➞ anterior
Saturday, April 21, 2012
29. Cavum Septum
Pellucidum
• Between frontal
horns
• Anterior to foramen
of Monroe
• Usually closes 2-6
months after birth
Saturday, April 21, 2012
30. Cavum Septum Vergae
• Between bodies of
lateral ventricles
• Posterior to foramen
of Monroe
• Begins to close at 6
mos. gestation
• 97% closed at birth
Saturday, April 21, 2012
32. Cavum Veli Interpositi
• Posterior extension
of CSV
• Posterior to
quadrageminal plate
cistern - pineal gland
• Only seen in very
premature newborns
Saturday, April 21, 2012
37. Germinal Matrix
• Between ependyma lateral vent floor above
and caudate nucleus below
• Roof of III and IV ventricles
• Involution begins at 3 mos gestation
• complete involution by 36 wks
• NOT seen unless there is a bleed
37
Saturday, April 21, 2012
40. ICH and PVL
• Most common CNS pathologies in premies
• Risk factors:
• < 1500 gm (20 - 25% incd)
• < 30 wks. gestation
• 67% < 32 wks. will have ICH
40
Saturday, April 21, 2012
41. Intracranial
Hemorrhage
• 25 - 50% clinically silent
• Usually within first 3 days of life
• 50% Day 1
• 25% Day 2
• 80 - 90% occur by 3 - 4 days of age
41
Saturday, April 21, 2012
42. Intracranial
Hemorrhage in
Premature Newborns
• Impaired autoregulation ➟
pressure passive circulation
42
Saturday, April 21, 2012
43. Causes of ICH in
premies
• Systemic ↑ BP
• [↑P CO2, ↓Hb, ↑ intravascular vol]
• Increased CNS Venous Pressure
• asphyxia, tension PNTX, CHF, mechanical
ventilation, tracheal suctioning
• Decreased CNS Perfusion
• ↓ Hb, ↓PO2, systemic hypotension
43
Saturday, April 21, 2012
44. Screening
day 3-5
asx
day 10-14
<1,000 gm
day 28
asx
day 3-5
1,000 - 1250
day 28
gm
asx
day 3-5
1,251 - 1,500
Prior to discharge
gm
44
Saturday, April 21, 2012
45. Papile Classification
Grade I 40% GMH only
Grade II 25% GMH + IVH
Grade III 20% GMH + IVH + ↑Vents
GMH + IVH +
Grade IV 15% parenchymal blood
+/- ↑Vents
45
Saturday, April 21, 2012
46. Grade IV Hemorrhage
• Venous hemorrhagic infarction
secondary to venous outflow
compression
46
Saturday, April 21, 2012
68. Connatal Cysts
• Normal variant; incidence = 0.7%
• Superolateral to frontal horns
• Anterior to Foramen of Monroe
• “String of Pearls”
• Resolve spontaneously
Saturday, April 21, 2012
100. Posterior Fossa
• Cerebellar vermis = midline/echogenic
• Cerebellar hemispheres= hypoechoic
• Cisterna magna - posterior/ inferior to
vermis
• communicates with IV vent via vallecula
• ↑ in Dandy Walker, ↓ with Chiari
100
Saturday, April 21, 2012
109. Dandy Walker
Continuum
• Variant with vermis present and less
posterior fossa enlargement
• Persistent Blake Pouch Cyst
• looks like non-specific posterior fossa
cyst
• Mega Cisterna Magna
Saturday, April 21, 2012
153. Pilonidal Sinus
• aka sacral dimple; incd= 2-9%
• < 5 mm diameter, <2.5 cm from anus
• No cutaneous abnormalities
• Do not extend to neural structures
• Short hypoechoic tract from skin to coccyx
153
Saturday, April 21, 2012
196. Caput Succandeum
• Serosanguinous subcutaneous fluid
collection
• Below scalp and superficial to
periosteum
• Associated with moulding and over-
riding sutures
196
Saturday, April 21, 2012
199. Contact
• http://www.slideshare.net/lembark/
neonatal-cranial-spinal-sonography
• Joan K. Zawin
<bariumqueen1@yahoo.com>
199
Saturday, April 21, 2012