1. Afstoten en
Repatriëring
1

2. Collection Development
selection:
• accessioning
• de-accessioning
internal editing
core collection
community collection
interpretive collection
poor quality
critical
mass
“Internal editing”
- objects that are not part of the collection
- objects that are part of the collection
“Internal editing”
Objects that are not part of the collection
- office furniture.
- requisites
- educational collection
- loans
2

3. “Internal editing”
Objects that are part of the collection
- in storage
- in open storage
- in permanent exhibition
- in temporary exhibition
- on loan
non-disposal for other reasons
than collection-development
•
•
•
•
“the collection as object”
Legal limitations (donations,bequests)
No legal property (loans)
No moral property (colonial heritage)
Deltaplan 1990
Nationale musea
A 22 %
B 44 %
C 32 %
D 1%
disposal for other reasons than
collection development
• Disputed legal ownership (theft)
• Disputed moral ownership
disposal for reasons of collection
development
• reduction (= manageable) of the collection
• collectionsharper profiling of the collection
Hilversum 1987
3

4. International Council of
Museums
LAMO
Leidraad voor het afstoten van museale objecten
Netherlands guidelines for deaccessioning museum objects
1986
2001
LAMO procedure
Congres “Grenzen aan de groei” (Amsterdam, 29-30 Nov. 1999)
4

5. Declaration of Amsterdam
Declaration of Amsterdam
28 maart 2008
28 maart 2008
… acknowledge the growth of museum collections and the
responsibility that museums have to
- improve collections
- make collections effectively used
- make collections accessible for the society
contested ownership
• legal ownership
• intellectual ownership
• guardianship
… agree that
- disposal of museum collections is an integrated part of a
clearly defined collections policy,
- disposal should be solely undertaken for the benefit of the
collection and the public,
- a disposal process should be conducted in an accurate,
responsible and transparent way
…..
contested ownership
• legal ownership
- theft
- changed legal context
- moral rights
gift
Marcel Mauss, ‘Essai sur le don. Forme et
raison de l'échange dans les sociétés
archaïques’, l'Année Sociologique, seconde
série, 1923-1924, tome I.
• Native American Graves Protection and
Repatriation Act (1990)
5

6. De Volkskrant 25-09-2008
Primary
Context
Museological
Context
legal famework
restitution - return
UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970)
Unidroit Convention on Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)
6

7. “El Negro”
Natural History Museum
Banyoles (Spanje)
Issues
Exhibited 1916-1997
-
Burried in Gaborone
(Botswana)
5 oktober 2000
human remains
illegal excavations
Jewish property
Russia – Germany
former colonies
Central Europe
Saartje Baartman
(rond 1790 – 1815)
From 1810 living “exhibit”
in Englandand France
Body parts (skeleton, genitals, brains)
in presentation Musée de l’Homme
(Paris)
till 1974
Plaster cast shown till 1976
Burried in South Africa 9 april 2002
7

8. Hector Feliciano
Le Musée Perdu (1995)
The Lost Museum (1997)
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Adam and Eve
-
Stroganoff family
1918 Soviet Union
1931 Jacques Goudstikker
1940 Alois Miedl
1940 Hermann Goering
1945 Netherlands
1966 Stroganoff family
1971 Norton Simon Museum
Passadena
2000 Claim Goudstikker descendants
8

9. Heinrich Schliemann, Troi
Pushkin Museum, Moscow (april 1998)
9