SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
Download to read offline
Christopher McCann
@letterpress_se
27 November 2015
User Story Mapping
Berghs
Photos: images.superfamous.com
nos.twnsnd.co
How did we get here ?
Jeff Patton @jeffpatton
Story
+
Map
A Good Story
s
Inciting Problem
Crisis
Climax
End
Hero/Goal
Problem
A Product Story
s
Competition
Who/Goal
Product Value
Goal

Met
The Story of your Design
Lets imagine a future.
Let’s assume for a minute that this solution is live, and let’s talk
about a day in the life of someone using it, and start telling their
story.
First, they would do this, then this, and so on...
Goal, Task, Tool
Our Solution
Activity
Task
Tool
Goal Framed Problem
The Map
Activites
People will use the system
for (verbs)
Steps
That make up the
Activity (verbs)
Details
Of the step above (verbs):
What are the specific
things they would do
here?
What are the alternative
things they could do?
Points of frustration or
delight ?
What would someone do if
something went wrong ?
Time
Steps
Details
Benefits
Common understanding of the Big Picture
Collaboration - physical objects helps
Find holes in our thinking
Allows analysis and planning
Preparation
Appoint a facilitator.
Identify the problem to be solved.
Assemble cross functional group of 3-8 persons.
Enough physical space.
Plan for 2-3 hours (max).
Exercise - Tell your story
Planning Julafton
You and your partner have invited your family to your
new apartment (45m²) for Julafton.
Family: 2 parents, 2 grandparents, brother and his
girlfriend with 2 children (ages 5 and 7). 10 people.
Brother, girlfriend and children are vegetarian.
Grandparents are ‘traditional’ in their tastes.
Write down all Steps (verbs) you can think of. (3 min)
Present and assemble all of the post-its notes on a timeline.
(5-7 min)
Group all post-its that belong together - in silence. (2 min)
Remove duplicates.
Give each group a name.
These groups are called Activities.
Prioritise Steps under Activities.
Instructions
Summary
You and your partner have invited your
family to your new apartment (45m²) for
Julafton.
Family: 2 parents, 2 grandparents, brother
and his girlfriend with 2 children (ages 5
and 7). 10 people.
Brother, girlfriend and children are
vegetarian.
Grandparents are ‘traditional’ in their
tastes.
Write down all of the Steps (verbs) you can
think of.
Each person presents their post-it notes.
Group notes that belong together - in
silence.
Remove duplicates.
Give each group a name.
These groups are called Activities.
Prioritise Steps under Activities.
Iteration
What would Da Vinci do?
Iteration
Iteration 2
'Make it better'
Iteration1
'Make it work'
Activites
People will use the system
for (verbs)
Steps
That make up the
Activity (verbs)
Details
Of the step above (verbs):
What are the specific
things they would do
here?
What are the alternative
things they could do?
Points of frustration or
delight ?
What would someone do if
something went wrong ?
Time
What I have Learned
Frame the problem - Identify problems, users, desired impact.
Tell a good story - Storyboards are helpful.
Do your research - Include ALL stakeholders.
Aim for cross-functional teams.
Avoid too many detailed questions.

More Related Content

Similar to User Story Mapping

Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDay
Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDayАнна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDay
Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDayLviv Startup Club
 
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)04191988
 
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddis
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddisLiberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddis
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddisEuforic Services
 
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptx
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptxBP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptx
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptxRahulSrinivasan28
 
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2Flowa Oy
 
Systematic inventive thinking and game testing
Systematic inventive thinking and game testingSystematic inventive thinking and game testing
Systematic inventive thinking and game testingJohan Hoberg
 
Problem Solving TRAINING
Problem Solving TRAININGProblem Solving TRAINING
Problem Solving TRAININGKanaidi ken
 
User test projections
User test projectionsUser test projections
User test projectionsJames Hall
 
Complexity, Collaboration and Unconferencing
Complexity, Collaboration and UnconferencingComplexity, Collaboration and Unconferencing
Complexity, Collaboration and UnconferencingGeoff Brown
 
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementia
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementiaRoyal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementia
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementiaNiels Hendriks
 
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014Andrzej Marczewski
 
Dialogue & Collective Sensemaking
Dialogue & Collective SensemakingDialogue & Collective Sensemaking
Dialogue & Collective SensemakingPeter Jones
 
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your Community
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your CommunityMeeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your Community
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your CommunityEveryday Democracy
 
computational_thinking_gcse.pptx
computational_thinking_gcse.pptxcomputational_thinking_gcse.pptx
computational_thinking_gcse.pptxbirulangit23
 
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019Agile Software Community of India
 

Similar to User Story Mapping (20)

3 retro total recall
3 retro total recall3 retro total recall
3 retro total recall
 
Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDay
Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDayАнна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDay
Анна Мамаєва “Retrospective: Total Recall” - Lviv PMDay
 
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)
Spi 0501.3.13 graphic organizer (3)
 
Module 3 unit 1
Module 3 unit 1Module 3 unit 1
Module 3 unit 1
 
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddis
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddisLiberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddis
Liberating Structures 2 with blended f2f/online participation at #sfaddis
 
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptx
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptxBP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptx
BP_Ultimate_STEM_Challenge_Presentation.pptx
 
Mental Models2
Mental Models2Mental Models2
Mental Models2
 
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2
Coaching teams in Creative Problem Solving v.2
 
Systematic inventive thinking and game testing
Systematic inventive thinking and game testingSystematic inventive thinking and game testing
Systematic inventive thinking and game testing
 
Problem Solving TRAINING
Problem Solving TRAININGProblem Solving TRAINING
Problem Solving TRAINING
 
E task week 9
E task week 9E task week 9
E task week 9
 
User test projections
User test projectionsUser test projections
User test projections
 
Complexity, Collaboration and Unconferencing
Complexity, Collaboration and UnconferencingComplexity, Collaboration and Unconferencing
Complexity, Collaboration and Unconferencing
 
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementia
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementiaRoyal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementia
Royal College of Arts - method labs - on participatory design & dementia
 
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014
Gamified UK Gamification Method Workshop 2014
 
Dialogue & Collective Sensemaking
Dialogue & Collective SensemakingDialogue & Collective Sensemaking
Dialogue & Collective Sensemaking
 
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your Community
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your CommunityMeeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your Community
Meeting Agenda to Identify the Issue in Your Community
 
computational_thinking_gcse.pptx
computational_thinking_gcse.pptxcomputational_thinking_gcse.pptx
computational_thinking_gcse.pptx
 
Do you follow instructions
Do you follow instructionsDo you follow instructions
Do you follow instructions
 
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019
Retrospective Anti-Patterns by Aino Corry at #AgileIndia2019
 

More from Christopher McCann

More from Christopher McCann (9)

2016 european ux impact survey
2016 european ux impact survey 2016 european ux impact survey
2016 european ux impact survey
 
Christopher McCann UX portfolio 2016
Christopher McCann UX portfolio  2016Christopher McCann UX portfolio  2016
Christopher McCann UX portfolio 2016
 
Berghs Product UX - 'Create '
Berghs  Product UX  - 'Create 'Berghs  Product UX  - 'Create '
Berghs Product UX - 'Create '
 
Design Thinking in 4 Simple Steps that are Complicated
Design Thinking in 4 Simple Steps that are ComplicatedDesign Thinking in 4 Simple Steps that are Complicated
Design Thinking in 4 Simple Steps that are Complicated
 
Product Discovery - 10 , 11 Sept
Product Discovery   - 10 , 11 SeptProduct Discovery   - 10 , 11 Sept
Product Discovery - 10 , 11 Sept
 
This thing called Customer Reseach
This thing called Customer Reseach This thing called Customer Reseach
This thing called Customer Reseach
 
UX at Episerver - Commerce
UX at Episerver - CommerceUX at Episerver - Commerce
UX at Episerver - Commerce
 
Design Studio
Design Studio Design Studio
Design Studio
 
3 legs
3 legs3 legs
3 legs
 

Recently uploaded

Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Paola De la Torre
 
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone ProcessorsExploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processorsdebabhi2
 
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...Neo4j
 
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptxHampshireHUG
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking MenDelhi Call girls
 
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)Gabriella Davis
 
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Miguel Araújo
 
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreterPresentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreternaman860154
 
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationScaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationRadu Cotescu
 
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfThe Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfEnterprise Knowledge
 
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdfhans926745
 
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...Drew Madelung
 
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen Frames
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesUnblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen Frames
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
 
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024Rafal Los
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking MenDelhi Call girls
 
🐬 The future of MySQL is Postgres 🐘
🐬  The future of MySQL is Postgres   🐘🐬  The future of MySQL is Postgres   🐘
🐬 The future of MySQL is Postgres 🐘RTylerCroy
 
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountBreaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountPuma Security, LLC
 
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityBoost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityPrincipled Technologies
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...apidays
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
Salesforce Community Group Quito, Salesforce 101
 
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone ProcessorsExploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
 
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...
Neo4j - How KGs are shaping the future of Generative AI at AWS Summit London ...
 
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Civil Lines Women Seeking Men
 
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
 
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
 
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Partners Life - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreterPresentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
 
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organizationScaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
 
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdfThe Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
 
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf
[2024]Digital Global Overview Report 2024 Meltwater.pdf
 
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
 
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen Frames
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesUnblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen Frames
Unblocking The Main Thread Solving ANRs and Frozen Frames
 
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Diplomatic Enclave Women Seeking Men
 
🐬 The future of MySQL is Postgres 🐘
🐬  The future of MySQL is Postgres   🐘🐬  The future of MySQL is Postgres   🐘
🐬 The future of MySQL is Postgres 🐘
 
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path MountBreaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
Breaking the Kubernetes Kill Chain: Host Path Mount
 
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivityBoost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
Boost PC performance: How more available memory can improve productivity
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
 

User Story Mapping

  • 1. Christopher McCann @letterpress_se 27 November 2015 User Story Mapping Berghs Photos: images.superfamous.com nos.twnsnd.co
  • 2. How did we get here ? Jeff Patton @jeffpatton
  • 4. A Good Story s Inciting Problem Crisis Climax End Hero/Goal
  • 6. The Story of your Design Lets imagine a future. Let’s assume for a minute that this solution is live, and let’s talk about a day in the life of someone using it, and start telling their story. First, they would do this, then this, and so on...
  • 7. Goal, Task, Tool Our Solution Activity Task Tool Goal Framed Problem
  • 8. The Map Activites People will use the system for (verbs) Steps That make up the Activity (verbs) Details Of the step above (verbs): What are the specific things they would do here? What are the alternative things they could do? Points of frustration or delight ? What would someone do if something went wrong ? Time
  • 10. Benefits Common understanding of the Big Picture Collaboration - physical objects helps Find holes in our thinking Allows analysis and planning
  • 11. Preparation Appoint a facilitator. Identify the problem to be solved. Assemble cross functional group of 3-8 persons. Enough physical space. Plan for 2-3 hours (max).
  • 12. Exercise - Tell your story
  • 13. Planning Julafton You and your partner have invited your family to your new apartment (45m²) for Julafton. Family: 2 parents, 2 grandparents, brother and his girlfriend with 2 children (ages 5 and 7). 10 people. Brother, girlfriend and children are vegetarian. Grandparents are ‘traditional’ in their tastes.
  • 14. Write down all Steps (verbs) you can think of. (3 min) Present and assemble all of the post-its notes on a timeline. (5-7 min) Group all post-its that belong together - in silence. (2 min) Remove duplicates. Give each group a name. These groups are called Activities. Prioritise Steps under Activities. Instructions
  • 15. Summary You and your partner have invited your family to your new apartment (45m²) for Julafton. Family: 2 parents, 2 grandparents, brother and his girlfriend with 2 children (ages 5 and 7). 10 people. Brother, girlfriend and children are vegetarian. Grandparents are ‘traditional’ in their tastes. Write down all of the Steps (verbs) you can think of. Each person presents their post-it notes. Group notes that belong together - in silence. Remove duplicates. Give each group a name. These groups are called Activities. Prioritise Steps under Activities.
  • 17. Iteration Iteration 2 'Make it better' Iteration1 'Make it work' Activites People will use the system for (verbs) Steps That make up the Activity (verbs) Details Of the step above (verbs): What are the specific things they would do here? What are the alternative things they could do? Points of frustration or delight ? What would someone do if something went wrong ? Time
  • 18. What I have Learned Frame the problem - Identify problems, users, desired impact. Tell a good story - Storyboards are helpful. Do your research - Include ALL stakeholders. Aim for cross-functional teams. Avoid too many detailed questions.