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EM
4
2016/07/15(Fri.)
1
Agenda
intro
EM
em
2
Agenda
intro
EM
em
3
“ ”
EM
Agenda
intro
EM
em
4
“ ”
EM
Agenda
intro
EM
em
5


6
( ) 











2 







β
D = (X, y)
ˆy = X
E( ) = ||ˆy y||2
= ||y X ||2
7




















@E( )
@
= 2( XT
)(y X ) = 0
XT
X = XT
y
= (XT
X) 1
XT
y
ˆy = X = X(XT
X) 1
XT
y
8
S
X =
0
@
xT
1
:
xT
N
1
A
y
ˆy = y
= X(XT
X) 1
XT
S X
9
S
X =
0
@
xT
1
:
xT
N
1
A
y
ˆy = y
= X(XT
X) 1
XT
S X
Data
Model
Data Model
10
https://staff.aist.go.jp/s.akaho/papers/infogeo-sice.pdf
= → 

⇒ Euclid
11
p1
p2 q2
q1
12
p1
p2 q2
q1
KL[p1||q1] =
Z
p1(x) log
p1(x)
q1(x)
dx = 8
KL[p2||q2] =
Z
p2(x) log
p2(x)
q2(x)
dx = 2
13
Euclid
(Kullback-Leibler ) 

⇒ ” ”
Euclid ( )
14








ξ-
1 1
f(x; ⇠)
⇠ = (⇠1
, · · · , ⇠n
)
⇠ = (µ, 2
)
15
i) M Hausdorff
ii) Λ M
3
1)
2) λ
3) 



Cr
: U ! Rn
{(U , )} 2⇤
M =
[
2⇤
U
(U )
U↵ [ U 6= ;
1
↵ : ↵(U↵ [ U ) ! (U↵ [ U )
16
i) M Hausdorff
ii) Λ M
3
1)
2) λ
3) 



Cr
: U ! Rn
{(U , )} 2⇤
M =
[
2⇤
U
(U )
U↵ [ U 6= ;
1
↵ : ↵(U↵ [ U ) ! (U↵ [ U )
M
Cr
(M, {(U , ) 2⇤)
17
i) M Hausdorff
ii) Λ M
3
1)
2) λ
3) 



Cr
: U ! Rn
{(U , )} 2⇤
M =
[
2⇤
U
(U )
U↵ [ U 6= ;
1
↵ : ↵(U↵ [ U ) ! (U↵ [ U )
18
” ” ” ”
=
atlas= atlas
M
U
Rn
c(t) p
=
c(t)
p
v =
dc(t)
dt
1
” ”
p p’ p
dε p+dε
dε’ …
p
p + d"
p
p + d"
dε










dε i
p ˜p = p + d"{ei} {˜ei}
{˜ei}ej
⇧d"[ej]
⇧d"[ej] = ˜ej
X
i,k
d"i k
ij ˜ek
k
ij
p
ej
⇠j
˜p
˜⇠j
˜ej
⇧d"[ej]
X
i,k
d"i k
ij ˜ek
d"
d"i
dε
” ”
” ”
α- α−
α 



Markov
[1]
5 α− [3]
α- 0 α-
α- 





















α- Euclid
≒
p
ej
⇠j
˜p
˜⇠j
˜ej
⇧d"[ej]
X
i,k
d"i k
ij ˜ek
d"
2
” ”
α- α 



α=+1 

α=0 

α=-1
1- e- (exponential) -1- m-
(mixture)
α- 





α=±1 Kullback-Leibler


⇒ 1- (e- ) -1- (m- )
p M α- q M


⇒ α-
D(↵)
(p||q) = (✓(p)) + '(⌘(q))
X
i
✓i
(p)⌘i(q)
D(↵)
(p||q)
25
α-
” ”
α- α=±1


(“ ” Kullback-Leibler )
Agenda
intro
EM
em
27
EM
X: Z: θ: 















p(X, Z|✓)
28
p(X|✓) =
Z
p(X, Z|✓)dZ
EM
[2] p.166 

KL Kullback-Leibler 





















L[q, ✓] =
Z
q(Z) ln
p(X, Z|✓)
q(Z)
ln p(X|✓) = L[q, ✓] + KL[q(Z)||p(Z|X, ✓)]
ln p(X|✓) =
Z
q(Z) ln
p(X, Z|✓)
P
q(Z) + KL[q(Z)||p(Z|X, ✓)]
29
EM
KL ≥0 







EM 2
[E ] q(Z)
[M ] ⇔ θ
ln p(X|✓) = L[q, ✓] + KL[q(Z)||p(Z|X, ✓)]
ln p(X|✓) L[q, ✓]
30
EM
[E ] q(Z) 

⇔ KL =0 





[M ] ⇔ θ 

E = KL
≥0


ln p(X|✓) = L[q, ✓] + KL[q(Z)||p(Z|X, ✓)]
max
q
L[q, ✓] = L[p(Z|X, ✓), ✓]
31
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
32
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
E
L[q; ✓]
33
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
34
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
✓0
M
35
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
36
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
E
37
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
38
EM
ln p(X|✓)
✓
L[q; ✓]
✓0
M
39
Agenda
intro
EM
em
40
em
⇒
KL
e- : KL
m- : KL
e- m- KL
M
M
D
D
p
p
q
q
41
em
M
D
e-
m-
42
em
M
D
e-
p
q
q = argmin
q2D
KL[q||p]e-
43
em
M
D
m-
p
q
p = argmin
p2M
KL[q||p]m-
44
e- E
KL 







q
q 1 









KL[q||p] =
Z X
Z
q(X, Z) ln
q(X, Z)
p(X, Z|✓)
dX
q(X, Z) =
NY
n=1
(X Xn)q(Z)
X
Z
q(Z) = 1
{Xn}N
n=1
EM
KL
45
e- E
KL 







q
q 1 









KL[q||p] =
Z X
Z
q(X, Z) ln
q(X, Z)
p(X, Z|✓)
dX
q(X, Z) =
NY
n=1
(X Xn)q(Z)
X
Z
q(Z) = 1
{Xn}N
n=1
EM
KL
X 1
46
e- E
KL[q||p] =
Z X
Z
q(X, Z) ln
q(X, Z)
p(X, Z|✓)
dX
=
X
Z
q(Z){ln q(Z) ln p({Xn}, Z|✓)}
Lagrangeq(Z)
q(Z) = e ( +1)
p({Xn}, Z|✓)
λ
47
=
Z X
Z
NY
n=1
(X Xn)q(Z) ln
P
Z
QN
n=1 (X Xn)q(Z)
p(X, Z|✓)
dX
e- E
1 =
X
Z
q(Z) = e ( +1)
X
Z
p(Z|{Xn}, ✓)p({Xn}|✓)
= e ( +1)
p({Xn}|✓)
q(Z) =
p({Xn}, Z|✓)
p({Xn}|✓)
= p(Z|{Xn}, ✓)
EM E
48
m- M
KL[q||p] =
X
Z
q(Z){ln q(Z) ln p({Xn}, Z|✓)} =
X
Z
q(Z) ln
q(Z)
p({Xn}, Z|✓)
KL p
L[q, ✓] =
Z
q(Z) ln
p(X, Z|✓)
q(Z)
EM
KL[q||p] = L[q, ✓]
(M ) KL
(m- )
49
Euclid
→
EM em


E ↔ e- / M ↔ m- 

50
Reference
[1]
[2] C.M.Bishop (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine
Learning. Springer
[3]
[4]
[5] EM <http://
enakai00.hatenablog.com/entry/2015/05/09/145257>
[6] EM <http://
www.slideshare.net/ShinagawaSeitaro/em-58323841>
51

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